Bayburt University Research Articles

Determination of Salivary Cortisol Levels and Nutrition, Smoking and Physical Activity Status of University Students during the Exam Period

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the salivary cortisol levels and nutrition, smoking and physical activity status of university students during the exam period. Method: This study was conducted at Bayburt University Faculty of Health Sciences during the 2023-2024 final exam period. A questionnaire determined the demographic characteristics, dietary and physical activity behaviors, while anthropometric measurements were taken and nutritional status was evaluated. ELISA analyzed the cortisol hormone levels in saliva samples taken before and after the final exam. Results: The study was conducted on 120 volunteer students between the ages of 18-25 who had no clinical health problems. In the study, a significant difference was found between the students' salivary cortisol levels before and after the exam (p

Bibliometric Analysis: An Example of Journal Publishing on Furniture and Wood Materials

Bibliometric analysis is a literature review tool, and with this technique, the status of the analyzed field or journal is determined, its development course is revealed and deficiencies are identified. In this study, it is aimed to make a bibliometric analysis of the “Furniture and Wooden Material Research Journal”, which makes research on furniture and wood materials, in terms of various criteria. The scope of the research consisted of 72 academic studies published to journal. According to the results obtained, all publications in the journal were written by Turkish researchers. Research in the Journal was predominant by team research. Mostly researchers working at Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Bayburt University and İzmir Katip Çelebi University published in the journal. The number of articles written in English is very few. 50% of the articles published in the journal were not cited. The most frequently used keywords were “wood or wood material” and “surface roughness”. It has been determined that the studies in the journal comply with Price Law and the 80/20 rule, but do not comply with Lotka's Law. Based on these results, the journal can develop certain academic criteria.

Correlating Gas/Particle-Phase Concentration of Indicator Polychlorinated Biphenyls with Meteorological Factors in Bayburt, an Important University City of Turkey

This study was carried out in two seasons in Bayburt University Baberti Campus (BUBC) in Bayburt city, which is an important university city in Turkey. Gas and particle phase atmospheric concentrations of Urban atmospheric Indicator Polychlorinated Biphenyls (i-PCBs: PCB#28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180) were determined at first. Then, by using different methods, the interactions between i-PCB concentrations and meteorological factors were investigated. Gas and particle phases of atmospheric i-PCB samples were collected using a high-volume air sampler (HVAS) in BUBC . Following this stage, the samples were analyzed in a gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) by passing through appropriate extraction steps. According to the data obtained, the average gas phase ∑i-PCB concentration for the summer month was determined to be 11.314 pg/m3 during the sampling period while the average particle phase ∑i-PCB concentration was found to be 2.145 pg/m3. The average gas phase ∑i-PCB concentration was found to be 4.582 pg/m3 for the winter period while it was found to be 1.756 pg/m3 for the average particle phase ∑i-PCB concentration. In addition, the average total concentrations of i-PCBs were calculated to be 19.797 pg/m3. It was determined that meteorological factors especially temperature (from the Clausius–Clapeyron equation), wind velocity and direction, and rainfall have significant impacts on i-PCB concentration and its distribution. In light of these data, i-PCB concentrations determined in the gas phase were found to be higher than those in the particle phase. In addition, concentration rates determined in summer months were calculated to be higher compared to those calculated for winter months.

Relationship Between Distribution Received Daily Nutrients and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in University Students: The Case of Bayburt University

Amaç: Bu çalışma, Bayburt Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi’nde öğrenim gören öğrencilerin günlük alınan ana besin öğeleri
 dağılımının ve metabolik sendrom riskinin belirlenmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirildi.
 Gereç ve Yöntemler: Araştırma verileri Aralık 2022-Şubat 2023 tarihleri arasında yüz yüze toplandı. Çalışmaya katılmayı kabul eden
 öğrencilere “veri toplama formu” ve “Metabolik Sendrom Araştırma Formu” doldurtulduktan sonra 24 saatlik besin tüketim kaydı
 verildi. Geriye dönük olarak tüketilen besinlerini kaydetmeleri istendi ve bu işlemler toplamda 15-20 dakika arasında bitirildi. Beslenme
 kayıt formları ile elde edilen veriler, “Beslenme Bilgi Sistemi (BeBİS 9.0) programı” kullanılarak değerlendirildi.
 Bulgular: Üniversite öğrencilerinin metabolik sendrom risk ortalamasının 6,26±2,03 olduğu, %82,9’unun orta ve yüksek risk grubunda
 olduğu belirlenmiştir. Öğrencilerin tanıtıcı bilgileriyle metabolik sendrom riski karşılaştırıldığında; 26-30 yıl (9.57±2.99), grubunda
 olan öğrencilerin metabolik sendrom riskinin 15-20 yıl (6.10±2.20) ile 21-25 yıl (6.20±1.73) gruplarında yer alan öğrencilerden anlamlı
 olarak yüksek bulundu (p0,05). Öğrencilerin metabolik sendrom risk düzeyleri
 enerji ve ana besin öğeleri alımlarına göre karşılaştırıldığında; alınan toplam enerji (p

Opinions and Attitudes of Education Faculty Students towards Research Methods in Education Course

Research is the whole of the systematic efforts of individuals by making new discoveries and inventions to find solutions to the problems they face or to improve the current situation. After the implementation of teacher training activities by higher education institutions, courses such as "Research Techniques", "Research Methods in Education" and "Research Methods" are included in the curriculum of higher education institutions to provide students with research competencies. It is important for prospective teachers to have positive attitudes towards this course for them to acquire the knowledge and skills in question effectively. In this direction, in this study, it was tried to determine the attitudes and opinions of teacher candidates towards the Research Course in Education. In this research, in which the attitudes and opinions of Bayburt University Faculty of Education students towards the RME course are tried to be determined, mixed method and explanatory sequential design was used. In the study, a single survey model was used to determine the attitudes of students towards the RME course, a relational survey model was used to examine the sub-dimensions of attitudes according to the departments and classes of the students, and focus group interview was used to determine their views about the course.The Kruskal Wallis H test was used to determine whether the attitudes of the groups showed an independent evaluation from each other. In the research, an attitude scale developed by the researcher was used as a data collection tool to determine the attitudes of the students towards the RME course, and a focus group interview form was used to determine their opinions. The quantitative sample of the study consists of 190 university students selected through purposive sampling, and the qualitative sample consists of 10 candidate teachers selected from this group with the same method. When the research findings were examined, it was seen that the attitudes of the novice teachers towards the RME course differed significantly in favor of men according to the self-confidence variable in the sub-dimensions of the attitude scale. It is thought that including the RME course, which is among the elective courses in Education faculties, among the compulsory courses, extending the one-semester and 3-credit RME course in terms of credit.

Investigation of the Effect of University Sports Environment on Academic Motivation

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of university sports environment perception on academic motivation. A total of 206 students studying at various faculties of Bayburt University participated in the research. In the study, the “Personal Information Form” created by the researchers to determine the demographic information of university students, the “University Sports Environment Scale” to determine the university sports environment, and the “Academic Motivation Scale” to determine the academic motivation levels were used. The analysis of the obtained data was made in the statistical program (SPSS 25). According to the results obtained, it was determined that male participants had higher perception levels of university sports environment and academic motivation levels compared to female participants. In the analysis of the data according to the age variable, it was determined that the participants in the age group of 24 and over had higher perception levels of the university sports environment than the participants in the 20-21 age group. When the data were analyzed according to the faculties of the participants, it was found that the participants in the faculty of sports sciences had higher perception levels of the university sports environment compared to the participants in the vocational school. When the correlation between Academic Motivation and University Sports Environment Perception is examined, it is seen that there is a positive and significant relationship between University Sports Environment Perception and Academic Motivation, and all of the University Sports Environment sub-dimensions are the predictors of organizational happiness.

Spor Bilimleri Özel Yetenek Sınavına Katılan Bireylerde Kaygı

This study examines the relationship between self-talk and anxiety for individuals attending the special talent examination in sports sciences. The study was conducted by using the descriptive and relational research design. A total of 544 student candidates who are composed of 383 male and 161 female students attending the special talent examination (STE) at the Sports Sciences Faculty of Bayburt University in the educational year of 2022-2023, who were chosen by random sampling, became the participants of this study. In the study, the researchers used the Personal Information Form, Self-Talk Questionnaire (S-TQ), Anxiety Inventory in Sports -2 (SAS) and the data obtained from the Track for STE of Sports Sciences at Bayburt University obtained online and based on voluntarism principle. The obtained data is analyzed by the computer program named SPSS 25.0. In the analysis of the data, the researchers used the methods of descriptive, percentage, average, standard deviation and inferential correlation analyses, and t-test analysis in independent samples. In the consequence of the study, it was determined that while the anxiety levels of the participants increased, their track times improved; however there was no relationship between self-talk and track times. Additionally, it was determined that while the ages of participants in the study increased, their levels of self-talk decreased; however there was no relationship between age and level of anxiety, the levels of self-talk and anxiety for the male participants were lower than those of the female participants; and while the self-talk levels of participants increased, their levels of anxiety also increased. However, it was also determined that there was no relationship between self-talk and level of anxiety.

The Effect of Motivation to Participate in Sports on Happiness Level in University Students

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effect of individuals' motivation to participate in sports on their happiness level. This study is a descriptive survey study on the impact of Bayburt University students' attitudes about sports on their levels of happiness. This study is a descriptive survey study on the impact of Bayburt University sports sciences faculty students' participation motivation to sports on their levels of happiness. The population of this study, which examined the effect of motivation to participate in sports on happiness level, consisted of students studying at Bayburt University. The sample consisted of a total of 357 people, 129 of whom were female and 228 of whom were male, studying in different departments of the sports sciences faculty of the same university. "Personal Information Form", " Participation Motivation Questionnaire " and "Oxford Happiness Questionnaire-Short Form" were used as data collection tools. SPSS 25 package program was used for statistical analysis. Normality test, spearman correlation and simple linear regression analysis were used in the analysis of the data. When the effect of the participants' motivation to participate in sports on their happiness levels is investigated, it is seen that motivation to participate in sports has a significant effect on the happiness levels of university students. In conclusion, considering the findings obtained from the research, it is seen that there was a relationship between motivation to participate in sports and happiness in the study, and that motivation to participate in sports had an effect on the happiness levels of individuals.

Effect of Theatre and Drama Practices Course on Social Anxiety

Individuals who make up society interact and communicate with their social environment. While the healthy realization of this communication enables the individual to live in harmony with the community, in the opposite case, the individual cannot communicate with their environment and may face many problems in both professional and daily life. This situation can turn into social anxiety. In this work, which aims to analyze the impact of the “Theatre and Drama Practices” course on reducing social anxiety, experimental research design, one of the quantitative research designs, was used, and a one-group pretest-posttest model was used in the experimental design. In the work, which was implement on 45 4th-grade university students who study at Bayburt University School of Education, Department of Turkish Education autumn semester of the 2022-2023 academic year, data were collected with the 12-item Social Anxiety Scale Short Form. In the examination of the data obtained, the data were entered into the computer system and analyzed with the SPSS 18 program. Mean scores and standard deviation values of Turkish teacher candidates were calculated. To compare the data, the t-test for dependent group and t-test for independent group were used. Before the “Theatre and Drama Practices” course, Turkish teacher candidates had moderate social anxiety, and their social anxiety levels didn’t differ significantly by gender; after the “Theatre and Drama Practices” course, Turkish teacher candidates had low social anxiety, and their social anxiety levels didn’t differ significantly by gender. A statistically significant difference was obtained between Turkish teacher candidates’ pre-test and post-test scores in terms of social anxiety. It was defined that the “Theatre and Drama Practices” course effectively reduced the social anxiety levels of teacher candidates.

Impact of Academic Self-Efficacy on Entrepreneurial Intention of Faculty of Sport Sciences' Students: Bayburt University

This study aimed to determine the academic self-efficacy and entrepreneurial levels of the students studying in the faculties of sport sciences, to define the factors affecting these characteristics and to determine their impacts. In this study, the Entrepreneurial Scale for University Students and the Academic Self-Efficacy Scale were applied to 372 students studying at the faculty of. sport sciences. According to analysis results of the data obtained, it has been determined that the entrepreneurial levels of the students participating in the research are high. Entrepreneurial levels of male students are higher. than female students. Positive relationships were found with respect to the age variable in the dimensions of entrepreneurship and cognitive practices. BPT (Basic Proficiency Test) score has positive significant relations with entrepreneurship, cognitive practices and technical skills and CGPA has positive significant relations with academic self-efficacy scale sub-dimensions. As the work experience period of the students increased, the acquired level of entrepreneurship also increased. Moreover, as their academic self-efficacy increased, their entrepreneurial intentions also increased. The results obtained include empirical evidence that academic self-efficacy has a statistically significant. and positive impact on entrepreneurial intention. Therefore, higher education institutions should focus on improving the academic performance of students studying in undergraduate, associate and graduate education in order to increase their intention to create new job opportunities. Since this study only includes the opinions of the students of the faculty of sport sciences, it is recommended to expand the sample group and investigate the effect of different variables on entrepreneurial intention.

Investigation of the Relationships between Self-Confidence Levels and Job Finding Anxiety of Faculty of Sports Sciences Students

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the relationship between the self-confidence levels and job finding anxiety of the students of the faculty of sports sciences within the framework of Bayburt University. In this context, the relational survey model, which is consistent with the main purpose, was used in this quantitative study. The sample of the study consists of a total of 311 students, 113 females and 198 males, at the Faculty of Sports Sciences of Bayburt University. Convenience sampling method, one of the non-probabilistic sampling approaches, was used in the selection of the sample. Questionnaire form was used as data collection tool and this form consists of three parts. In the first part of the questionnaire form includes “Personal Information Form,” in the second part includes “Self-Confidence Scale” and in the third part includes “Sports Sciences Students' Job Finding Anxiety Scale.” First of all, descriptive statistics were calculated by considering the data type of the raw data obtained through this form. Then, the reliability of the dimensions of the scales related to the data obtained were investigated, and difference and correlation tests were used in statistical evaluations. In this direction, significant differences were determined in terms of the variables of gender, department, grade and place of residence. In addition, it was observed that there were significant correlations within the scope of the age and monthly average family income level of the participants regarding the scales. On the other hand, no significant correlation was found between the monthly average personal income level and the dimensions of the scales. As a result, it was found that there was a negative and significant correlation between the external self-confidence mean scores and job finding anxiety mean scores of the participants. However, no significant correlation was found between the participants' inner self-confidence mean scores and their job finding anxiety mean scores.

Determination of Color and Odor Preferences of Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera L.)

This study was carried out in the beekeeping research area of Bayburt University in order to determine the effect of odor and color on plant preference of honeybees in 2021. The experimental setup was established at a distance of 200 meters from the apiary where 80 Caucasian bees (Apis mellifera caucasica) colonies are located. As a result of the study, the most preferred feeders were the control group (pure sucrose syrup) (9.81 pieces), and the least preferred feeders were the rose-scent group (2.58). The effect of odor on honeybees' feed preferences varied according to months. Considering the effect of months on honeybees' visits to their feeders, the most visited feeders were Melissa (6.8) in June, control (11.69) in July, and control (14.58) in August. The highest number of feeder visits by honeybees was in August (9.24), and the lowest (2.89) in June. Considering the color preferences of honeybees, the most visited forage color was blue (5.98) and the least red was 4.89. The effect of colors on the feed preferences of honeybees also varied according to the months. The highest visitor bee average was found in the blue colored feeder (4.53) in June, the green colored feeder (7.24) in July, and the yellow and blue colored feeders (7.29) in August.

The Relationship Between Trait Anxiety Levels And Future Expectations Of Young Individuals

The future expectations of the youth of university-age can influence many of their decisions like the choice of university till their life plans. Many factors, including the psychological state, can affect the expectation for the future. In this study, the relationship between anxiety, which is one of the mentioned psychological factors, and future expectation was examined. A total of 1026 people from various cities of Turkey were enrolled in the special talent exam held by Bayburt University School of Physical Education and Sports. The state and trait anxiety scale developed by Spielberger and his friends was used.The Turkish reliability and validity study of the scale was conducted by Öner and Le Compte. The trait anxiety dimension of the related scale was used. The Future Visions Scale developed by Ginevra and his friends was used. The Turkish reliability and validity study of the scale was conducted by Akça and his friends. Research data were analyzed using SPSS 25 package program. As a result, there is a moderate negative relationship between the trait anxiety scores of all individuals participating in the research and the optimism and hope sub-dimensions of the future expectations scale, and a moderate positive relationship was found in the pessimism sub-dimension. In the correlation test according to gender, there is a negative moderate relationship in the optimism and hope sub-dimensions, and a positive moderate relationship in the pessimism sub-dimension in both female and male individuals. In the analysis made for another variable, the type of high school graduation, although there was a negative moderate relationship between trait anxiety and optimism and hope sub-dimensions, a positive moderate relationship was found with the pessimism sub-dimension.

Examination of Education Quality Perceptions of Physical Education and Sports School Students (Bayburt University School of Physical Education and Sports Example)

Examination of Education Quality Perceptions of Physical Education and Sports School Students (Bayburt University School of Physical Education and Sports Example)

Development of the Digital Literacy Barriers Scale: A Validity and Reliability Study

This research aims to develop a digital literacy barriers (DILBAR) scale. The survey method was used. A total of 278 participants, including 177 students and 101 faculty members from Akdeniz University, Bartın University and Bayburt University in Turkey, were included in the study. According to the factor analysis results KMO value of DILBAR scale is 0.905 and the value of Barlett’s test is 1023,211 (Df= 55, p=0,000). The DILBAR scale can be used in single and multidimensional forms. The scale explains 60,113% of the total variance. In the analysis results for DILBAR scale, it is seen that the factor loads vary between 0.453-0.819 and the item-total correlations vary between 0.523-0.752. The correlation coefficient between the two halves of the scale was 0.769. The Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient of DILBAR scale is 0.859. The scale consists of 11 items. In line with these results, the scale can be said to be valid and reliable. After its validity and reliability were ensured, confirmatory factor analysis of the DILBAR scale was performed with the AMOS program. (Chi-square = 59,882, Df = 40, GFI = 0,965, CFI = 0,980, RMSEA = 0.042). As the results suggest, the scale is valid and reliable and can be applied to university students and faculty members.

University Students' Perceptions of Institutional Image: Bayburt University Sample

Bu çalışmanın amacı üniversite öğrencilerinin fikirlerini alarak bir devlet üniversitesinin kurum imajını tespit etmektir. Bu bağlamda Türkiye’nin en genç üniversitelerinden biri olan ve Türkiye’nin en küçük ilinde kurulan Bayburt Üniversitesi’nin öğrencileri araştırmaya konu edinilmiştir. Bu amaç kapsamında imaj oluşumunu etkileyen unsurlar değerlendirilerek kurum imajı yedi farklı grup soru oluşturularak incelenmiştir. Demografik özellikler, bakış açısı, destek, bağlılık, iletişim, tatmin, hizmet gibi algıları ölçen sorularla üniversite öğrencilerinin üniversite ve üniversite yönetimi hakkındaki algıları incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın amaçlarına, araştırma sorularına ve hipotezlerine uygun olarak, tanımlayıcı araştırma yöntemi benimsenmiş ve belirlenen değişkenler ile aralarındaki ilişkilerin birincil veriler kullanılarak ölçümüne karar verilmiştir. Bu araştırmada birincil yöntem olarak Lale Örer’in (2006) Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi’nin Kurumsal İmajının Öğrenciler Açısından Ölçülmesi Üzerine Bir Alan Çalışması adlı araştırmasında kullanılan ölçekten faydalanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre Üniversitesi’nin kurumsal imajının ‘‘orta düzey’’ de olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Öğrencilerin imaj algılarında fakülte ve yüksekokul değişkenine göre anlamlı düzeyde bir farklılık olmadığı, fakat cinsiyet, üniversite hakkında ön bilgi ve öğrencinin okuduğu sınıf değişkenlerine göre anlamlı düzeyde farklılık gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir.

Clustering Framework to Cope with COVID-19 for Cities in Turkey

Introduction: This article is the product of the research “Clustering Framework to Cope with COVID-19 for Cities in Turkey”, developed at Bayburt University in 2021.
 Problem: Turkey's risk map, presented in January 2021, to take local decisions in tackling the COVID-19 pandemic was based on confirmed cases only. Health, socio-economic and environmental indicators are also important for management decisions of COVID-19. The risk map to be designed by adding these indicators will support more effective decisions.
 Objective: The research aims to propose a clustering scheme to design a risk map of cities for Turkey.
 Methodology: The unsupervised clustering algorithm suggested dividing the cities of Turkey into clusters, considering health, socio-economic, environmental indicators, and the spread pattern of COVID-19.
 Results: We found that cities are clustered into five groups while megacity Istanbul alone formed a cluster, three of Turkey's largest cities formed another cluster. Other clusters consist of 19, 26, and 32 cities, respectively. The most important determinants which have predictive power are identified.
 Conclusion: The suggested clustering method can be a decision support system for policymakers to determine the differences and similarities of cities in quarantine decisions and normalization phases for the following periods of the pandemic.
 Originality: To the best of our knowledge, this study differs from previous studies because countries were grouped in previous studies only considering the confirmed cases. In this study, cities were clustered in terms of the health, socio-economic, and environmental indicators to make decisions locally.
 Limitations: The distribution of confirmed cases by age could be added, especially to make decisions about education, but this data is not officially announced.

Effect of a Training Program about Noticing and Expressing Feelings on Forgiveness

This study aimed to investigate the effect of training about noticing and expressing feelings on individual tendency to forgive. The experimental and control groups in the research comprised 34 students, 18 female and 16 male with ages from 19 to 23 years (M = 21.00, SD = .65), attending Bayburt University. Data collection tools included the Heartland Forgiveness Scale and the Personal Information Form prepared by the researchers. The research was completed in accordance with a random, pre-test-post-test control group experimental model. The one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was utilized for data analysis. The results showed that the training program about noticing and expressing feelings had a significant effect on individuals’ forgiveness. In addition, the mean of the forgiveness post-test scores for individuals enrolled in the training program were found to be higher than the post-test scores for individuals who did not participate.

Investigation of Physical Education and Sports Students’ Attitudes Towards E-Learning

The present study aimed to investigate the attitudes of university students who have received sports education towards E-learning. Quantitative research model was applied in the research. The population of the study consisted of 315 students who were selected via random sampling method, at Bayburt University School of Physical Education and Sports. The e-learning attitude scale which was developed by Wilkinson, Roberts and While (2010) and adapted to Turkish by Haznedar and Baran (2012) was used in the study. The data were analyzed through SPSS 22 package program. For descriptive data analysis; ANOVA and Independent Sample T test were applied. The result of the one-way analysis of variance showed that the Physical Education Teaching and Sports Management departments had higher scores than the Coaching Department. In this context, according to the results obtained from the research, it can be said that Coaching Department had lower score than the other two departments because of the fact that there were more courses requiring technical skills compared to the Physical Education Teaching and Sports Management departments.

Effects of Digital Short Stories on the Development of Listening Skills: An Action Research

Literary texts can be used to improve language learners' skills such as reading, writing, speaking and listening because these texts contain rich vocabulary, complex grammar structures, interesting plot and most importantly imagination of the author. However, using literature for language teaching purposes is a controversial issue among scholars. While some researchers think positively, others have negative views on the subject. Learners' needs and way of using literary texts are the main concerns of literature use in language pedagogy. In this context, the present research aimed to find out whether digital short stories can improve language learners' listening skills. The purpose of this study was to figure out student teachers' perceptions of digital short stories’ implementation into language classrooms. Specifically, the current research aimed to investigate whether digital short stories are useful to develop language learners' listening skills in English. The research is action research in design. The study used pre-test and post-test, a written structured interview to collect data and it included both quantitative and qualitative components. The interview consisted of six open-ended questions. Achievement tests and t-test were used to analyze quantitative data. On the other hand, content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. The data were collected in 2016-2017 academic years, Bayburt University. Participants were prep class students of English language teaching department of Bayburt University. In the treatment process, digital short stories were used for eight weeks, which were written by various famous American authors and voice recorded by various American natives. Additionally, weekly worksheets and handouts were prepared by the researcher. Results showed that digital short stories provide satisfactory content, supports vocabulary learning, improves language learners’ listening skills, helps participants to gain familiarity with complex grammar structures and makes students more familiar with different cultures. Furthermore, participants are satisfied with digital short stories and they think these digital stories are useful to improve their listening skills.