Baumrind's Parenting Styles Research Articles

Parenting Style and Behavior as Longitudinal Predictors of Adolescent Alcohol Use.

Adolescent alcohol use is a serious problem in Australia and other nations. Longitudinal data on family predictors are valuable to guide parental education efforts. The present study tested Baumrind's proposal that parenting styles are direct predictors of adolescent alcohol use. Latent class modeling was used to investigate adolescent perceptions of parenting styles and multivariate regression to examine their predictive effect on the development of adolescent alcohol use. The data set comprised 2,081 secondary school students (55.9% female) from metropolitan Melbourne, Australia, who completed three waves of annual longitudinal data starting in 2004. Baumrind's parenting styles were significant predictors in unadjusted analyses, but these effects were not maintained in multivariate models that also included parenting behavior dimensions. Family influences on the development of adolescent alcohol use appear to operate more directly through specific family management behaviors rather than through more global parenting styles.

Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Parenting Styles.

The aim of the present study was to compare the parenting styles in parents with and without adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who had children with ADHD. It was a case-control study with convenience sampling strategy. Participants were recruited from the parents of previously diagnosed children with ADHD referred to Imam Hossein Hospital, Tehran/ Iran. Ninety parents with adult ADHD and 120 normal parents were chosen by Conner's Adult ADHD Screening Scale (CAARS) and psychiatrist interview. Using Baumrind Parenting Styles Questionnaire and Arnold Parenting Scale, parenting styles were assessed in both the groups. Results from independent samples t-test indicated that Authoritarian parenting style (F = 0.576, p 0.022) and Over reacting style (F = 7.976, p 0.045) were significantly higher in cases. On the other hand, controls were using Permissive style (F = 0.131, p 0.044) more than cases. The results are consistent with prior studies; these findings can improve the content of parent training for children with ADHD, who have adult ADHD themselves.

Predicting Early Maladaptive Schemas Using Baumrind’s Parenting Styles

Background:Families play an essential role in maintaining children’s mental, social, and physical health. The family provides the first and the most important social context for human development.Objectives:The present study aimed to predict early maladaptive schemas using Baumrind’s parenting styles (root development).Patients and Methods:A total of 357 undergraduate students of Islamic Azad University, Urmia Branch, Iran, were selected through random cluster sampling during 2013 and 2014. The students were assessed using the Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (SQ-SF) and the Baumrind’s parenting styles inventories.Results:The result of regression analysis showed that Baumrind’s parenting styles are significant predictors of early maladaptive schemas (P < 0.001).Conclusions:The authoritative parenting style has some features such as showing high levels of warmth or encouraging kids to express their own possibly divergent opinions. The authoritarian parenting style, however, possesses traits such as heartlessness, impassiveness, strictness, and lack of attention to the children’s developmental needs, which is not acceptable.

Parenting style and obesity risk in children

BackgroundParents play a critical role in their children's lifestyle habits. The objective was to assess the effect of parenting style on the risk of childhood obesity, and to determine whether poverty was a moderator of the association. MethodsParticipants were from the 1994–2008 cross-sectional samples of the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY), a nationally representative survey of Canadian youth. Factor and cluster analyses identified four parenting styles consistent with Baumrind's parenting style prototypes. Multivariable logistic regression assessed the risk of obesity based on parenting style after adjusting for covariates. Analyses were stratified by age (preschool: 2–5years of age, n=19,026; school-age: 6–11years of age, n=18,551) and the moderating effect of poverty (household income<low income cut-offs adjusted for household size and geographic region) was assessed. Analyses used sampling and bootstrap weights. ResultsIn multivariable analyses, compared to authoritative parenting, preschool- and school-age children with authoritarian parents were 35% (95% CI: 1.2–1.5) and 41% (CI: 1.1–1.8) more likely to be obese, respectively. In preschool children, poverty moderated this association: authoritarian and negligent parenting was associated with 44% (CI: 1.3–1.7) and 26% (CI: 1.1–1.4) increased likelihood of obesity, respectively, but only among the children not living in poverty. In school-age children, poverty was not a moderator. ConclusionsParenting style is associated with childhood obesity, but may be moderated by poverty. Successful strategies to combat childhood obesity should reflect the independent and interactive associations of sociodemographic and social–familial influences on health especially in early childhood.

2238 – Relationship between parenting styles and mental disorder of teenage girls in tehran

The aim of this research was to study the relationship between parenting styles and mental disorder of teenage girls. The statistical population of this research included the whole third-grade high-school teenager girls in Tehran? with mean age of 16.4 years? and that of their mothers of 40.2 years. Using multi-phase random sampling? 132 students and their mothers were chosen from 4 schools in 4 areas in Tehran as the sample. The scales used consisted of General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and Baumrind parenting style questionnaire which were filled out by the girls and their mothers. The correlational design was used in this research. The results showed that there are significant positive correlations (p< 0.05) between authoritarian style with the mental disorder in general and its components among teenage girls (somatic symptoms? anxiety? social dysfunctions and depression). The results also showed that there are significant negative correlations (p< 0.05) between authoritative style with mental disorder and its components. However? no significant correlation was found between permissive method and mental disorder. Since some parents do not realize the fact that their style of parenting might have a detrimental effect on their child’s mental disorder? opportunities must be created to raise their awareness through training programs.

The relationship between perceived parenting styles, social support with psychological well- being

Objective. the primary aim of this study was to investigated relative between parenting style, social support on psychological well – being .Method. the sample consist of 398 female students in grade two from public high school in Tehran .participants completed measures of Baum rind's parenting style (1991), Vaux's social support (1988) and Ryff's psychological well- being(1998) .Result. founding revealed that perceive of authoritarian and permissive parenting style shows significantly, negative relative with psychological well –being, such as social support shows significantly, positive relative with psychological well –being, however, although authoritative parenting style don’t predict psychological well –being .Conclusion. It is necessary for the parents who play the role of parenting and socially supporting their children especially the roles of developing their psychological and social positions, show more sensitivity to learn about cognizant these two training areas.

Engaging Family Studies Students: Using a Self-Narrative to Improve One's Teaching

The process of teaching students in family studies courses presents unique challenges. With a conceptual framework that utilized a self-narrative process of collecting and analyzing student engagement during a family management theory course, I was able to construct particularizing questions to explore problematic experiences with teaching. Insights into student needs were documented using research found in a scholarly search of literature that later became the basis of critical reflection of personally held beliefs. Insights from research on characteristics of millennial students, meta programme, and Baumrind's parenting styles are presented.

Parental Influences on Adolescent Adjustment: Parenting Styles Versus Parenting Practices

The study identified distinct patterns of parental practices that differentially influence adolescent behavior using the National Educational Longitudinal Survey (NELS:88) database. Following Brenner and Fox's research model (1999), the cluster analysis was used to classify the four types of parental practices. The clusters of parenting practices in the current study showed convergence with Baumrind's parenting style. The results indicated that these four clusters differentially affected students' self-concept, locus of control, and academic achievement. The authors discuss how these identified parenting behavior patterns are linked with children's adjustment, development, and achievement.

Authoritative parenting and parental stress in parents of pre‐school and older children with developmental disabilities

Rearing a child with a developmental disability is associated with increased parental stress. Theories of stress and adjustment and bi-directional theories of child development suggest that parenting could influence these negative outcomes. Relationships between parenting approaches and stress in parents of children with developmental disabilities (DD) (N = 53) were examined across two age groups, 3-5 years and 9-11 years and compared with a contrast group of typically developing children (TD) (N = 60). Measures used were the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form and Rickel and Biasatti's modification of Block's Child Rearing Practices Report, classified into Baumrind's parenting styles using Reitman and Gross's method. Parents in the older DD group used Authoritative parenting less than parents in the younger DD group, while the opposite developmental pattern was seen in the TD group. Multivariate analysis of variance showed a significant group x parenting style interaction for Parental Distress, Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction and Difficult Child. Stress measures were higher for the DD group and seemed to be associated with Authoritative parenting approaches, an effect that was not observed in the TD group. Findings suggest that the well-established effect of group on stress may be moderated by parenting style. Authoritative parenting may be highly stressful for parents of children with DD to implement, resulting in a decrease in its use across the two age groups.

Applicability of Baumrind's parent typology to collective cultures: Analysis of cultural explanations of parent socialization effects

This article reviews studies that have examined whether Baumrind's parenting styles are related to child outcomes similarly in cultures where independence is said to be emphasized versus cultures where interdependence is said to be emphasized. I present evidence showing that Baumrind's parenting styles have similar function in both collectivist and individualist cultures. Based on these studies, I argue against the claim of some researchers that authoritarian parenting is not detrimental or authoritative parenting beneficial to the development of young people in cultures that are said to emphasize interdependence. However, more research is needed before conclusions can be reached about the extent to which the culture construct explains child-rearing effects on child development. Future directions for research, which include the importance of identifying diverse forms of parenting within interdependent cultures so as to distinguish the influence of functional and dysfunctional forms of parenting on child outcomes, are suggested.

The Parenting of Immigrant Chinese and European American Mothers: Relations Between Parenting Styles, Socialization Goals, and Parental Practices

Clarification of the cultural meaning of parenting for immigrant Chinese was determined, focusing on parenting style as well as socialization goals and practices. Although the cultural relevance of an alternative parenting style, training, has been demonstrated for Chinese parents, the broader-level cultural values or socialization goals and parental practices that may be related to training have not been examined. Immigrant Chinese n = 95 and European American n = 52 mothers of children in the first through third grades completed measures of Baumrind's parenting styles and Chao's training items, in addition to measures of socialization goals and practices (parental involvement in school). This study found that Chinese mothers endorsed the training, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles, while also endorsing socialization goals for filial piety and structural parental involvement practices in comparison with European American mothers. However, additional analyses for examining ethnic group differences in the associations between training and the other parenting scales, these associations were similar for immigrant Chinese and European American mothers.