Batteries Of Sensor Nodes Research Articles

Making Sensor Networks Immortal: An Energy-Renewal Approach With Wireless Power Transfer

Wireless sensor networks are constrained by limited battery energy. Thus, finite network lifetime is widely regarded as a fundamental performance bottleneck. Recent breakthrough in the area of wireless power transfer offers the potential of removing this performance bottleneck, i.e., allowing a sensor network to remain operational forever. In this paper, we investigate the operation of a sensor network under this new enabling energy transfer technology. We consider the scenario of a mobile charging vehicle periodically traveling inside the sensor network and charging each sensor node's battery wirelessly. We introduce the concept of renewable energy cycle and offer both necessary and sufficient conditions. We study an optimization problem, with the objective of maximizing the ratio of the wireless charging vehicle (WCV)'s vacation time over the cycle time. For this problem, we prove that the optimal traveling path for the WCV is the shortest Hamiltonian cycle and provide a number of important properties. Subsequently, we develop a near-optimal solution by a piecewise linear approximation technique and prove its performance guarantee.

Energy-Saving Technologies of WSN in Water Quality Monitoring

The quality of overall national surface water has been slightly polluted, large number of cheap and convenient wireless sensor were used by environmental protection departments to 24 hours water quality monitor, in order to layout convenient the wireless sensor node generally used battery for power supply, the node require working up to several months or even years but battery replacement was difficult or impossible. In this paper, research does not affect the function of WSN how to save the node energy consumption, which can work more time in large-scale collection, processing and communication of complex environmental data. Results show that the node energy-saving technologies and network integrated energy-saving technologies can be to reduce the energy consumption of nodes 31.8% and 55.6%, which can greatly extend the working life of the wireless sensor node battery.

Energy-Saving Technologies of WSN

In order to layout convenient the wireless sensor node generally used battery for power supply, the node require working up to several months or even years but battery replacement was difficult or impossible. In this paper, research does not affect the function of WSN how to save the node energy consumption, which can work more time in large-scale collection, processing and communication of complex environmental data. Results show that the energy-saving technologies can be to reduce the energy consumption of 55.6%, which can greatly extend the working life of the wireless sensor node battery.

Routing Protocol for Mobile Nodes in Wireless Sensor Network

sensor network made up of sensor nodes which are fix or mobile. LEACH is clustered based protocol uses time division multiple access. It supports mobile nodes in WSN. Mobile node changes cluster. LEACH wait for two TDMA cycles to update the cluster, within these two cycles mobile node which changed cluster head, can't send data to any other cluster head, it causes packet loss. We propose an adaptive Low Packet Loss Routing protocol which support mobile node with low packet loss. This protocol uses time division multiple access scheduling to reserve the battery of sensor node. We form clusters, each cluster head update cluster after every TDMA cycle to reduce packet loss. The proposed protocol sends data to cluster heads in an efficient manner based on received signal strength. The performance of proposed LPLR protocol is evaluated using NS2.34 on Linux 2.6.23.1.42.fc8 platform. It has been observed that the proposed protocol reduces the packet loss compared to LEACH-Mobile protocol.

무선센서네트워크 환경의 모바일 u-헬스케어 시스템 개발

Wireless sensor network (WSN) technology provides a variety of medical and healthcare solutions to assist detection and communication of body conditions. However, data reliability inside WSN might be influenced to healthcare routing protocol due to limited hardware resources of computer, storage, and communication bandwidth. For this reason, we have conducted various wireless communication experiments between nodes using parameters such as RF strength, battery status, and deployment status to get a optimal performance of mobile healthcare routing protocol. This experiment may also extend the life time of the nodes. Performance analysis is done to obtain some important parameters in terms of distance and reception rate between the nodes. Our experiment results show optimal distance between nodes according to battery status and RF strength, or deployment status and RF strength. The packet reception rate according to deployment status and RF strength of nodes was also checked. Based on this performance evaluation, the optimized sensor node battery and deployment in the developed our mobile healthcare routing protocol were proposed.

An Energy Efficient Localization-Free Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Recently, underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have attracted much research attention from both academia and industry, in order to explore the vast underwater environment. UWSNs have peculiar characteristics; that is, they have large propagation delay, high error rate, low bandwidth, and limited energy. Therefore, designing network/routing protocols for UWSNs is very challenging. Also, in UWSNs, improving the energy efficiency is one of the most important issues since the replacement of the batteries of underwater sensor nodes is very expensive due to the unpleasant underwater environment. In this paper, we therefore propose an energy efficient routing protocol, named (energy-efficient depth-based routing protocol) EEDBR for UWSNs. EEDBR utilizes the depth of sensor nodes for forwarding data packets. Furthermore, the residual energy of sensor nodes is also taken into account in order to improve the network lifetime. Based on the comprehensive simulation using NS2, we observe that EEDBR contributes to the performance improvements in terms of the network lifetime, energy consumption, and end-to-end delay. A previous version of this paper was accepted in AST-2011 conference.

Energy Efficient Clustering and Cluster Head Rotation Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor nodes are highly energy constrained devices. They have limited battery life due to various constraints of sensor nodes such as size and cost, etc. Moreover, most of the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications render it impossible to charge or replace the battery of sensor nodes. Therefore, optimal use of node energy is a major challenge in wireless sensor networks. Clustering of sensor nodes is an effective method to use the node energy optimally and prolong the lifetime of energy constrained wireless sensor network. In this paper, we propose a location based protocol for WSN- supporting an energy efficient clustering, cluster head selection/rotation and data routing method to prolong the lifetime of sensor network. Proposed clustering protocol ensures balanced size cluster formation within the sensing field with least number of transmit- receive operations. Cluster head rotation protocol ensures balanced dissipation of node energy despite the non-uniform energy requirements of cluster head and sensor nodes in a cluster. The cluster head rotation protocol has been proposed to achieve the balanced energy consumption among the nodes within the cluster thus prolonging the lifetime of network Simulation results demonstrate that proposed protocol prolongs network lifetime due to the use of efficient clustering, cluster head selection/rotation and data routing.

Energy-aware robust model predictive control based on noisy wireless sensors

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are becoming fundamental components of modern control systems due to their flexibility, ease of deployment and low cost. However, the energy-constrained nature of WSNs poses new issues in control design; in particular the discharge of batteries of sensor nodes, which is mainly due to radio communications, must be taken into account. In this paper we present a novel transmission strategy for communication between controller and sensors which is intended to minimize the data exchange over the wireless channel. Moreover, we propose an energy-aware control technique for constrained linear systems based on explicit model predictive control (MPC), providing closed-loop stability in the presence of disturbances. The presented control schemes are compared to traditional MPC techniques. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed energy-aware approach, which achieves a profitable trade-off between energy savings and closed-loop performance.

Remaining Capacity Measurement and Analysis of Alkaline Batteries for Wireless Sensor Nodes

In most applications, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) will deploy a large number of distributed sensor nodes in remote or inhospitable places, making batteries their main source of energy; thus, the stored energy is a key resource of a WSN. Sensor nodes should balance their limited resources to increase the lifetime of the network. The knowledge of the available amount of energy becomes an important requirement for the maintenance, implementation of self-management techniques, and viability of the WSN. Therefore, the research of the state-of-charge (SoC), or the remaining capacity estimation, is of key importance. This paper presents an energy-efficient battery-remaining capacity-estimation technique. The experiments were conducted using the MICA2 wireless sensor node platform, which shows that the voltage-only-based estimation presented an available 18% of the battery maximum capacity, although the battery had been fully discharged, and a current-based estimation technique is presented with minimal hardware intervention.

A Feasibility Study on Crash Avoidance at Four-Way Stop-Sign-Controlled Intersections Using Wireless Sensor Networks

In this letter, the authors propose a novel approach using wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to enhance the safety and efficiency of 4-way stop-sign-controlled (FWSC) intersections. The proposed algorithm provides right of way (RoW) and crash avoidance information by means of an intelligent WSN system. The system is composed of magnetic sensors, embedded in the center of a lane, with relay nodes and a base station placed on the side of the road. The experimental results show that the vehicle detection accuracy is over 99% and the sensor node battery life expectancy is over 3 years for traffic of 5,800 vehicles/day. For the traffic application considered, a strong effect is observed as the projected conflict rate was reduced by 72% compared to an FWSC intersection operated with only driver perception.

Quarantine region scheme to mitigate spam attacks in wireless-sensor networks

The quarantine region scheme (QRS) is introduced to defend against spam attacks in wireless sensor networks where malicious antinodes frequently generate dummy spam messages to be relayed toward the sink. The aim of the attacker is the exhaustion of the sensor node batteries and the extra delay caused by processing the spam messages. Network-wide message authentication may solve this problem with a cost of cryptographic operations to be performed over all messages. QRS is designed to reduce this cost by applying authentication only whenever and wherever necessary. In QRS, the nodes that detect a nearby spam attack assume themselves to be in a quarantine region. This detection is performed by intermittent authentication checks. Once quarantined, a node continuously applies authentication measures until the spam attack ceases. In the QRS scheme, there is a trade-off between the resilience against spam attacks and the number of authentications. Our experiments show that, in the worst-case scenario that we considered, a not quarantined node catches 80 percent of the spam messages by authenticating only 50 percent of all messages that it processes