Basketball Referees Research Articles

Analysis of aerobic testing in basketball referees and heart rate recovery time

Abstract The study analyzed the physical conditioning and the time of recovery of the maximum heart rate of 12 international referees being used the test of 20 meters with beep to evaluate the cardiorespiratory conditioning, with the frequency to control the recovery time of the maximum cardiac post test. The majority of the referees obtained a recovery of heart rate greater than 50% in 3 minutes, were those that reached the levels of good to excellent in the table of maximum Vo2. Even with some factors influencing their physical performance most of the referees were able to complete the aerobic test and obtained a good recovery of the heart rate, the others that failed to reach the test goal had the HR recovery in 3 minutes much lower than expected, thus highlighting the association of the maximum VO2 level between good and excellent with the recovery of the heart frequency.

Błędy tłumaczeniowe i redakcyjne w wytycznych szkoleniowych dla sędziów koszykarskich w konfrontacji angielsko-polskiej

This paper examines the Polish translation of the Official Guidelines for Basketball Referees approved by the International Basketball Association (FIBA). It addresses the notion of specialist languages and indicates that the official guidelines for basketball referees possess some characteristics of a specialized text. Referring to translation competence, the article suggests that a non-professional translation of the guidelines can lead to their misinterpretation and, as a result, can influence the course of a game. The article concludes with implications for further theoretical and empirical research on the translation in question.

Development Time Signal Violation Learning Video for Basic Basketball Referee

Time signal violation material is a basic material that must be mastered by a basketball referee. This research includes the type of research and development. The results of this research and development is a learning tool basketball refereeing time signal violation tool packed in a dvd video. Results of small group testing of the product obtained a feasibility percentage of 83.33%. While the results of large group trials obtained a percentage of eligibility of 88.97%.

Pressing Crowd Noise Impairs the Ability of Anxious Basketball Referees to Discriminate Fouls.

The decision-making processes of referees in sports are affected by many factors, including the pressure of spectators. While the home/visitor bias has been previously investigated, the role of crowd noise has been less studied. In the present study, we investigated how the crowd noise (calm vs. pressing) influence the decisions of basketball referees, when examining videos of potential fouls. In doing so, we also considered the level of competitive anxiety of referees (low vs. high anxiety), as factor potentially interacting with the pressure exerted by the spectators. A 2 × 2 ANOVA (Crowd noise x Anxiety) revealed a significant interaction [F(1,28) = 7.33; p < 0.05; = 0.21; power = 0.74], with the highly anxious referees showing poorer performances in the pressing crowd condition [t(14) = 2.24; p < 0.05; d = 0.64]. The results indicate that the crowd noise does not seem to affect the referees' decisions, unless we consider the anxiety. The present findings suggest that the decisions of referees with high anxiety might be more easily influenced by external factors like crowd noise. Based on these results, referees' federations should consider the possibility to develop training protocols dedicated to highly anxious referees, to avoid their decisions from being biased by spectators' pressure.

External Activity Demands Differ Between Referees and Players During a Sub-Elite, Men’s Basketball Match

ABSTRACTMatch activity demands of basketball players have been well reported but little exists in terms of quantifying the demands encountered by referees during match-play. Potential differences between referees and players may identify different fitness capacities and subsequent need for different training regimes. Purpose: The aims of this brief report were to: 1) document the activity demands of sub-elite basketball referees during a match; and 2) compare referee and player match activity demands. Method: Three referees and six players participating in the same sub-elite, basketball match were monitored for external activity (PlayerLoad™, PL) via microsensor technology. The proportion of each quarter and entire match time spent in pre-set PL bands was also examined to develop PL profiles. Differences in activity demands between referees and players were calculated using effect size (ES) analyses (± 95% confidence intervals). Results: Referees experienced an absolute PL of 310 ± 28 arbitrary units (4.2 ± 0.4 AU.min−1) during the match which was ~40% lower than that of the players (ES = 1.14; −0.45, 2.48). Referees exhibited a match PL profile dominated by the lowest PL band (~91%) with the players’ PL profile shifted slightly towards higher bands. Conclusion: Sub-elite basketball referees experienced activity demands substantially lower than that of players during the same match. Limited movement patterns due to recommended court positioning may have contributed to the lower PL of referees. Differences in PL between referees and players highlight a need to develop specific training regimes to focus on key fitness capacities for each match role.

Internal and External Demands in Basketball Referees during the U-16 European Women's Championship.

(1) Background: The use of advanced technology to study the energy demands of sport participants during actual sport competition is an important current research direction. The purpose of this study was to identify the physiological, internal, and external demands placed on basketball referees using ultra-wideband (UWB) technology, in relation to the period of the game. (2) Methods: The sample was comprised of nine international referees, and the data collection took place during the Women’s EuroBasket Sub-16 championship. Internal and external load were assessed through the inertial device WIMU PROTM, using UWB technology in order to quantify the effort exerted by each referee. The internal load was examined in relation to each individual’s heart rate (HR). The external load included the kinematic variables accelerations (Acc), decelerations (Dec), Acc/min, Dec/min, distance covered, steps, maximum speed (Vmax), average speed (Vavg), and speed zones, as well as the neuromuscular variables impacts (Imp), PlayerLoadTM (PLTM), PLTM/min, Metabolic Power (PMet), and PMet/min. (3) Results: The results exposed that referees work around 62% HRmax and spend more than 80% of the match at intensities between 0–12 km/h. The first period was the period in which the greatest work demand was experienced in relation to these neuromuscular outcomes (11.92 PL; 3.61 Met; 277 Impacts). The results revealed a diminishment of internal and external demands on the referees over the course of the game. (4) Conclusions: The results highlight the importance of monitoring and quantifying the workload of basketball officials, because doing so would allow for the establishment of individualized performance profiles that could be designed with the purpose of benefiting referee performance during games. The use of inertial devices allows for the objective quantification of referee workload under competitive circumstances.

Examining the Relationship between Referee Performance and Self-Efficacy

&lt;p style="text-align:justify"&gt;The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between basketball referees' performance scores gained during a season and their self-efficacy levels. The study was conducted in correlational design and the accessible sampling method was used for the sample selection. The sample of the study consisted of 64 Class-B referees (2% (n=3) were females and 98% (n=61) were males) who actively served in the 2016-2017 season within Turkish Basketball Federation. A demographic information form, "The Referee Self-Efficacy Scale" developed by Karacam and Pulur, and performance scores calculated by the Central Arbitration Committee of Turkish Basketball Federation were used as data collection tools. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 21 and AMOS programs. The Pearson-Product Moments Correlation Coefficient was used to determine the relationships between the variables. As a result, a positive significant relationship was found between basketball referees' physical fitness, game knowledge, decision-making, pressure, communication, REFS total score, and their performance scores and the variables age and the number of matches refereed. Moreover, a positive significant relationship was found between basketball referees' physical fitness, game knowledge, decision-making, pressure, communication, and REFS total score and their performance scores.&lt;/p&gt;

ПСИХОФІЗІОЛОГІЧНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ БАСКЕТБОЛЬНИХ АРБІТРІВ

ПСИХОФІЗІОЛОГІЧНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ БАСКЕТБОЛЬНИХ АРБІТРІВ

Searching for Judgment Biases Among Elite Basketball Referees.

An attacking basketball player initiating significant physical contact with a defender who has already established a legal and stationary position, should be called with an offensive foul. Offensive foul situations are particularly ambiguous and complex, making the referee’s task a difficult one. In such conditions of complexity and constraints of time, the referee is likely to be prone to systematic biases, as has been documented by previous research in other sport settings. We analyzed the referees’ decisions in 250 instances of collisions between an attacking player and a defender. In these collisions the defender fell, and potentially an offensive foul could be called. We found no evidence of favoritism granted to the home team, to star players, or to high-reputation teams, or of small players being tackled by significantly larger opponents. The findings suggest that these biases are not very robust, and are sensitive to the context, and that proper training of referees and enhanced awareness can help to alleviate referees’ biases.

Awareness Reduces Racial Bias

Can raising awareness of racial bias subsequently reduce that bias? We address this question by exploiting the widespread media attention highlighting racial bias among professional basketball referees that occurred in May 2007 following the release of an academic study. Using new data, we confirm that racial bias persisted in the years after the study’s original sample but prior to the media coverage. Subsequent to the media coverage, though, the bias disappeared. Several potential mechanisms may have produced this result, including voluntary behavior changes by individual referees, adjustments by players to new information, and changes in referee behavior due to institutional pressure. These results suggest a new kind of Hawthorne effect in which greater scrutiny of even subtle forms of bias can bring about meaningful change. This paper was accepted by John List, behavioral economics.

DETERMINING POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL STATES AND BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS OF BASKETBALL REFEREES

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to determine the positive psychological states and basic psychological needs of basketball referees working in the Turkish Basketball Federation. Methods: A total of 253 participants 39 of whom were women (29.49 ± 7.19 years) and 214 men (28.53 ± 6.05) participated in the study. As a measuring tool in the study, “Shortened Proactive Personality Scale” (Akın et al., 2011), “Subjective Vitality” (Akın, 2011), Flourishing Scale (Akın ve Fidan, 2012) and Subjective Happiness Scale (Akın et al., 2012) and “Basic Psychological Needs Scale” developed by Deci and Ryan (2000) and adapted to Turkish by Kesici Üre et al. (2002) were used. In the analysis of the obtained data Pearson correlation analysis with descriptive statistics was used. The data were analyzed in the SPSS 16 program and the level of significance was accepted as 0.05. Findings: When the findings obtained from the study were examined, the positive psychological states of the basketball referees was found to be positively correlated with the proactive personality, psychological well-being, subjective well-being and subjective happiness and the autonomy, competence and relatedness dimensions of the basic psychological needs scale (p<05). In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between the age of referee and competence (r: -160; p<0.05) and the relatedness (r: -170: p<0.05) sub-scale of basic psychological needs scale. Conclusion: In conclusion, it was determined that the positive psychological states of the referees increase, the basic psychological needs of referees increase as well. Thus, they need to feel more autonomous, more adequate and to establish more social relationships.

Recognition of basketball referee signals from videos using Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) and Support Vector Machine (SVM)

Hand gestures, either static or dynamic, for human computer interaction in real time systems is an area of active research and with many possible applications. However, vision-based hand gesture interfaces for real-time applications require fast and extremely robust hand detection, and gesture recognition. Attempting to recognize gestures performed by officials in typical sports video places tremendous computational requirements on the image segmentation techniques. Here we propose an image segmentation technique based on the Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) features that allows recognizing the signals of the basketball referee from videos. We achieve an accuracy of 97.5% using Support Vector Machine (SVM) for classification.

ANALYSIS ON THE CYBER VICTIMIZATION AND AWARENESS OF CLASSIFICATION BASKETBALL REFEREES IN TURKEY

Objective: This study was carried out to investigate the cyber victimization and awareness of basketball referees in classification in Turkey. Methods: A total of 206 basketball referees working as A, B and C classification referees in Turkey Basketball Leagues participated in the study. Basketball referees were applied 14-item Cyber Sensibility Scale and 24-item Cyber Victimization Scale developed by Arıcak et al. Data obtained were analyzed with statistical package program. T-parametric tests and Anova test of variance analysis were performed for comparison. Results: In the results of the research, while basketball referees displayed more sensitivity against cyber bullying (= 36.29), male referees exhibited more sensitivity than females. B-classification referees have significantly less sensitivity than the referees of other classifications. It has been determined that age, marital status, education, occupation, refereeing experience, priorities on the internet, duration of daily internet use, place of access for the internet and the internet tools don’t have any effect on cyber bullying. In other words, basketball referees had a high level of cyber victimization (= 43.55); however, B-classification referees were attacked than other classification referees and it was found significantly in term of daily 9-12 hours on the internet usage. Gender, age, marital status, education, occupation, refereeing experience, priorities on the internet, place of access for the internet and the internet tools were found to have no effect on cyber victimization. Conclusion: As a result, the basketball referees are exposed to cyber victimization despite the exhibition of sensitivity and it can be said that there is no relation between victimization and duration of daily internet use.

Examining the Relationship between Referee Self-efficacy and General Self-efficacy Levels of Football, Basketball and Handball Referees

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between referee self-efficacy and general self-efficacy levels of football, basketball and handball referees in terms of gender, refereeing branch, age and refereeing experience. Study group was created within a convenience sampling method. 195 referees, 14% (n = 27) female and 86% (n = 168) male, who perform active refereeing within Turkish Football, Basketball and Handball Federations during 2016-2017 season participated in the study. The personal information form, Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS) developed by Karacam and Pulur (2017) and the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) developed by Aypay (2010) were used as data collection tools. The analysis of the data was conducted using SPSS 21 and AMOS programs. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, t-test and one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) were used in determining the relationships between variables, binary and multiple comparisons, respectively. The REFS total scores levels of football, basketball and handball referees show a significant difference in favor of male referees. A significant difference was found between REFS total scores levels of football, basketball and handball referees and physical fitness sub-dimension, and refereeing branches in favor of football and basketball referees. There is a positive and significant relationship between football, basketball and handball referees' game knowledge, decision making, pressure, communication, total scores in REFS, and refereeing experience. There is a positive and significant relationship between football, basketball and handball referees' physical fitness, game knowledge, decision making, pressure, communication, total scores in GES and REFS.

Examining the Relationship between Referee Self-efficacy and General Self-efficacy Levels of Basketball Referees in Terms of Certain Variables

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between referee self-efficacy and general self-efficacy levels of basketball referees in terms of gender, education, age and refereeing experience. The study group was created within a convenience sampling method. 192 referees, 10% (n=19) female, and 90% (n=173) male, who performed active refereeing within Turkish Basketball Federation during 2016-2017 basketball season participated in the study. The personal information form, Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS) and the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) were used as data collection tools. The analysis of the data was conducted using SPSS 21 and AMOS programs. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, t-test and one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) were used in determining the relationships between variables, binary and multiple comparisons, respectively. Total scores of referees in REFS and scores obtained from sub-dimensions of physical fitness and decision making show a significant difference according to gender. There is a positive and significant relationship between referees’ physical fitness, game knowledge, decision making, pressure, communication, total scores in GES and REFS, and their age and refereeing experience. There is a positive and significant relationship between referees’ physical fitness, game knowledge, decision making, pressure, communication, total scores in GES and REFS, and all other variables. There is no significant difference between REFS total score, physical fitness, game knowledge, decision making, pressure and communication of referees, and education.

Research and Development of the System of CBA Referee Image Point Playback

In this paper, we develop a referee image acquisition system to establish the link between data and image to form a corresponding relationship, 1on the basis of the CBA Referee Spot Judgment Evaluation System (CAA) in 2012-2013. And the CBA referee's on - the - spot judgment video database is built. This study analyzes the overall demand and the function of each module at the demand of the system. And The whole system frame and the detailed module are designed. Finally the system is designed and tested. The system can easily query the various video clips, and can carry out various forms of comparison, statistical analysis. It can objectively reflect referees’ decision level; and provide the basis for the referee reasonable use and the referee training promotion. It also can provide the information for the referees' self-learning and improvement. And lay a solid foundation for the professional management of basketball referees in China.

Communication and Their Role in The Preparation and Presentation of The Basketball Referee

Abstract The present paper wishes to start from the premise that we are preparing to express, namely that there is a correlation between the degree of preparation of the basketball referees and their results during the games, between their actual training and the performance we observe. The basketball referee is the person who judges all phases of the game, taking decisions in fractions of a second. For this the referee needs interdisciplinary training, yet not forgetting that he is often selftaught, learning and taking over from field specialists.

Toward “Sport for all”: Jang Gwon and Sport Promotion by the Korean YMCA in the Japanese Occupation Era

This study examines the historical significance of Jang Gwon’s activities in the sport promotion carried out by Korea’s YMCA. At its birth, the Korean YMCA’s sport promotion was closely linked with the Korean nationalist movement under Japanese colonial rule, and this link was most evident around 1920, when Jang Gwon worked as a judo master. Citing the Sokol movement in Czechoslovakia, Jang Gwon took initiatives to enlighten Korean people’s consciousness and popularize sports, including judo and basketball, across the country through the Korean YMCA’s sport promotion. In particular, Jang Gwon introduced modern judo—formally known as Gangdogwan (Kodokan judo), initiated by Jigoro Kano—in Korea and took initiatives to establish the Korean Basketball Association and the Korean Basketball Referee Association. Through the Korean YMCA’s sport promotion, Jang Gwon motivated the Korean people to aspire to liberation and independence from Japanese colonial rule. Moreover, amid the prevailing social climate, in which physical activities were discouraged due to the influence of Neo-Confucianism, he provided a paradigm shift that called for “sport for all,” which enabled the modernization of sports and physical education in Korea.

Energy Demands and Metabolic Equivalents (METS) in U-19 Basketball Refereeing During Official Games

The metabolic demands among U-19 basketball players were studied; however, physical and physiological demands of U-19 basketball refereeing during competition are rather scant. The aim of this study was to analyze the energy expenditure (EE) and the exercise intensity of basketball refereeing during official game and determined as Metabolic Equivalent (METs). Sixteen elite level basketball referees were studied during U-19 basketball games (n=8) for time motion analyses (TMA). The EE data were calculated, using specific equations, from the time spent by the referee in each exercise-intensity zone. During game, referees spent a mean EE of 504.4 ± 77.7 kcal. A significant difference was observed between 113.5 ± 18.2 kcal in the 1st quarter (Q1) and 137 ± 27.5 kcal in the Q4 (p=0.007). The averaged EE (~5 kcal.kg-1.h-1) corresponded to “moderate energy intensity” (~5 METs) with a large contribution of the aerobic energy pathway. In all, during 88% of game the intensity was equal or lower than 3.8 METs and in 12% it was higher than 9.8 METs which were considered as low to high-intensity thresholds, respectively. The energetic profile studied in this research confirms that basketball refereeing may be regarded as a clearly intermittent-activity mode with a predominantly aerobic metabolism solicitation. Referees officiating in U-19 basketball games should carry out a physical conditioning regime that prepares them for such an effort.

LTR-MDTS structure - a structure for multiple dependent time series prediction

The subject of research presented in this paper is to model a neural network structure and appropriate training algorithm that is most suited for multiple dependent time series prediction / deduction. The basic idea is to take advantage of neural networks in solving the problem of prediction of synchronized basketball referees? movement during a basketball action. Presentation of time series stemming from the aforementioned problem, by using traditional Multilayered Perceptron neural networks (MLP), leads to a sort of paradox of backward time lapse effect that certain input and hidden layers nodes have on output nodes that correspond to previous moments in time. This paper describes conducted research and analysis of different methods of overcoming the presented problem. Presented paper is essentially split into two parts. First part gives insight on efforts that are put into training set configuration on standard Multi Layered Perceptron back propagation neural networks, in order to decrease backwards time lapse effects that certain input and hidden layers nodes have on output nodes. Second part of paper focuses on the results that a new neural network structure called LTR - MDTS provides. Foundation of LTR - MDTS design relies on a foundation on standard MLP neural networks with certain, left-to-right synapse removal to eliminate aforementioned backwards time lapse effect on the output nodes.