Basis Of Economic Considerations Research Articles

(Why) Do digital startups move to rural regions?

AbstractWhile especially rural regions struggle to grow economically, startups – important drivers for regional economic growth – mainly settle in cities. Business founders usually start a firm where they live and only afterwards decide where to locate the business on a long‐term plan and on the basis of economic considerations (Feldman, 2001). Existing literature explains when and why startups usually move (Stam, 2007) but does not differentiate between rural or urban regional aspects. On the basis of a descriptive analysis of 6,550 German startups and several in‐depth interviews, this article discusses indicators that can support or inhibit the increasing settlement of specifically digital start‐ups in rural regions. Results show that nearly the same total number of digital startups move from urban to rural regions and vice versa. Further results raise the assumption that digital startups in particular are not as bound to local access to aspects such as customers or suppliers. Digitization could increase the potential for rural regions to become more competitive with urban regions than before.

JUSTIFICATION FOR THE EXPEDIENCY OF SHIP RECYCLING

The decision of a ship recycling is usually made only on the basis of economic considerations – the possibility of selling materials and equipment for reuse. But the actual damage to the environment is not estimated, as from a disposition (emissions from cutting and storage of waste which is not a subject to further use and processing) and the ship storage on the certain territory which is either a coastline or a section of backwater, and which in most cases is not designed for this. The article considers the approach allowing to estimate the environmental effect of cutting up a ship, in comparison with its storage in a conditionally unlimited time interval. An unambiguous conclusion was obtained about the effectiveness of this type of treatment of the ship as waste. The method for determining a certain conditional time for making a decision on the method and place of recycling, applicable to a ship that is in an unsuitable technical condition is proposed.

The influence of binders for the pelletization of fly ash zeolites on sulfur dioxide sorption properties

AbstractFly ash zeolites are economically and ecologically attractive alternatives to synthetic and natural zeolites. Their use as sulfur dioxide sorbents is one of the possible applications of these materials. During the process of fly ash zeolite synthesis, a light powder is formed, which is not acceptable in practical applications due to technical problems, such as a marked drop in pressure, diffusion limits, hydraulic resistance, clogging in the packed beds and the possibility of losing a bed. It is therefore necessary to perform a pelletization process. Thickening of the material during pelletization influences sorption capacity negatively due to diffusing limitations, while the lack of an additional binder may result in a material of low mechanical durability. In this study, pressure pelletization experiments with fly ash zeolite were performed. Binders were selected on the basis of economic considerations as well as their potential to exert a positive influence on the sorption properties of the produced pellets. Cyclic sorption experiments were conducted (on sulfur dioxide) in which one zeolite powder sample was subjected to pelletization without a binder and another sample was subjected to the process with selected binders added. The results of the experiments were then analysed to ascertain the influence of the pelletization process on sulfur dioxide sorption capacity.

VAT Rate Increase in Nigeria: Powers of the Finance Minister and Other Statutory Landmines

While the proposed increase of the Value Added Tax (VAT) rate in Nigeria is much decried on the basis of economic considerations, the greater danger lurking around the Nigerian VAT regime is the enormous powers of the Finance Minister to determine the rate at will. If this and other identified shortcomings of the VAT Act survive the proposed amendment that would usher in a new rate, Nigerians may yet be exposed to more unwelcome executive policies on VAT that would find bases in a hostile VAT Act. Moreover, operation of the VAT rate remains an intricate subject to many within and beyond the country who are affected by the tax. This article sets out with clarification of some complexities of VAT rate operation in Nigeria, and proceeds into analyses of the Finance Minister’s powers and other statutory landmines around the VAT rate.

Stability Analysis of a Road Scarp in the Carpathian Mountains and Methods of its Protection

The purpose of the study was to analyse the stability of a road scarp endangered by a landslide and to consider some measures for its stabilization. The potential landslide could unfavourably alter the shape of the slope, thus a religious sanctuary situated above the slope. The present research has resulted in suggestions of possible protection methods, namely, drainage, soil nailing, installation of piles, supporting the scarp with a soil prism. They appear to be equally effective in improving the stability conditions. Therefore, the criteria for choosing one of them are rather arbitrary, and the choice should be made on the basis of economic considerations.

EXTRACTING SUBERIN ACIDS FROM BIRCH BARK WHEN EXPOSED TO A MICROWAVE FIELD

The present study focuses on the identification of the components included in the suberin of birch bark, as well as the development of the method of intensification of hydrolysis of birch bark in the allocation of suberin.Identification suberin derived from the technical of birch bark in conditions the microwave field was conducted the method of IR-spectroscopy (IRS). In the study of the chemical composition of suberin acids using gas chromatomass spectrometry (GC/MS) revealed the following dominant acid: docosanedioic (phellogenic) acid and 22-hydroxydocosanoic (phellonic) acid.It is established that processing of birch bark in a microwave field allows 2 times to reduce the duration of process of water-alkaline hydrolysis. By the planned experiment, mathematical description of the process of hydrolysis of birch bark in conditions of microwave radiation was obtained; the influence of the main parameters was installed and the optimal conditions for suberin acids secretion were determined. Concentration of alkali, %; power, W; duration, min were selected How were the independent variables. It is noted that the increase in alkali concentration and duration of hydrolysis leads to a positive result. On the basis of economic considerations, the optimum concentration of KOH for microwave hydrolysis is 5%, duration – 15 min, power – 600 W. The power consumption is 37,5 kWh/kg birch bark.

A Cookbook of Cinematic Delicacies That Do Not Expire

Despite the increasing number of film rankings that are created on the basis of economic considerations, critical acclaim, or personal taste, cinema lacks the means to quantify the long-term success of films. The authors therefore propose a novel approach to the analysis of cinematic influences which is based on a film citation network that is extracted from a large data base. The resulting top list of films is more diverse in terms of the main creators, genre, actors, and technical specifications than a representative selection of personal favorite lists, voting lists, lists of individual experts, or lists deduced from expert polls.

Entering the Forbidden Zone

Over the past 7 years or so, the World Bank has expanded its rule of law agenda by moving into the area of criminal justice reform. This turn to criminal justice reform, however obvious it may be from a development perspective, was — and still is — a controversial step. This is because the World Bank, like most other multilateral development banks, is prohibited by its basic legal document, the Articles of Agreement, from interfering in the political affairs of its members. It must make its decisions on the basis of economic considerations only. Following the 2011 World Development Report, which made the case for World Bank involvement in criminal justice, in early 2012 the Bank’s legal vice presidency released the Legal Note on Bank Involvement in the Criminal Justice Sector and a Staff Guidance Note: World Bank Support for Criminal Justice Activities. This paper shows how the Legal Note and the Guidance Note, by offering new interpretations of the World Bank’s mandate and of the criminal justice sector, seek to incorporate criminal justice reform within the World Bank’s governance agenda. It argues that the interpretation offered by these documents is unconvincing in addressing the two components of the political prohibition clause, being the injunction to decide on the basis of economic considerations only and the prohibition on political interference. As a result, the Legal Note does not entirely succeed in its mission to provide ‘…a general legal framework for determining which interventions by the Bank in this sector would fall within the World Bank’s mandate under its Articles of Agreement’. This paper concludes by suggesting that some of the loose ends in the Legal Note and the Guidance Note can be explained by the purpose of this new legal interpretation of the mandate, which is not so much to provide a consistent legal argument, but rather — and above all — to play [to] constituencies with different interests and maintain the myth of a common understanding of the World Bank’s mandate and mission.

가치 중심 사고를 적용한 RFID 시스템의 가치 모형 개발

Recently, more and more firms are considering the adoption of RFID technology because it is expected to make process automation easier and has many different application areas. A review of existing studies about RFID adoption methodology shows that the most of the proposed methodologies are mainly based on economic evaluations. However, in the near future when the adoption and diffusion of RFID become major forces among business firms, it would surely have some limits to decide its adoption solely on the basis of economic considerations. In order for all the important strategic objectives to be considered during the major decision processes, it is necessary to make explicit what the decision makers really want to achieve from the RFID system. In this paper, we propose a general value model of RFID system which can provide an overall vision of all values RFID adoption may offer and a way to search and evaluate alternatives on the basis of these values. Especially, this model contains not only opportunities but also risks of RFID adoption so that a balanced consideration can be made. The model building process was essentially based on the 'value-focused thinking' approach proposed by R. Keeney. The proposed model is expected to provide insights about what to do in the process of introduction in order to maximize the potential benefits and minimize the negative risks. Referring to this value model, the important decisions would have greater chance to be based on a balanced consideration of opportunities and risks.

Ethics and the Economics of Long-Term Care

Ethics and the Economics of Long-Term Care

Migration and Recession: Polish Migrants in Post-Celtic Tiger Ireland

In this paper we explore the impact of the current economic downturn on Polish migrants in the Irish labour market. Ireland appears to be well suited to study the impact of the recession on intra-European migration. The country has not only experienced large-scale inward migration from the new EU Member states (NMS) in recent years, but has also been severely hit by a recession. At times of an economic crisis, questions have begun to be asked about the future intentions of migrants. By drawing on an ongoing Qualitative Panel Study on the experience of Polish migrants in the Irish labour market, we argue that simplistic assumptions about migrants leaving the country ‘when times are getting tough’ are misplaced. No doubt some NMS migrants will leave because of the worsening economic situation and new opportunities elsewhere. As East-West migration has adopted a more temporary and circular character facilitated by a free movement regime, NMS migrants have the opportunity to move on elsewhere at times of a downturn. At the same time, many Polish migrants are ‘here to stay’, for the moment at least. This is for at least three reasons. A clear majority of NMS migrants remains in employment, in spite of the downturn. Furthermore, even if migrants should lose their jobs, welfare state arrangements in the host country offer some protection against destitution. Moreover, the decision to migrate, and consequently to stay or move on, is not just reached on the basis of economic considerations alone. Particularly social networks are of importance in sustaining the migration process relatively independent from short-term economic change, including an economic downturn.

Prevention of alcohol and drug abuse: What works?

There is no single "best" prevention program, and no one program or approach will stop all drug use. There are many effective research-based programs; the best approach for any particular population requires selecting the best intervention for the target population on the basis of a knowledge of the risk and protective factors in that population. Unfortunately, the most highly marketed school or family programs are generally not those programs with the best outcomes. The best approach to prevention is to begin early to reduce emerging behavioral and emotional problems in youth. Longer-lasting effects should accrue from changing school, community, and family environmental conditions that promote and maintain drug problems in youth. More and more prevention specialists are considering moving from a focus on the individual to changes in total systems or the environmental contexts that promote or hinder drug use. On the basis of economic considerations, the "whole family" systems-change approach of family skills training classes is becoming popular even in the managed care environment. The greatest challenge facing the drug abuse prevention field is to get information out to practitioners and communities about the best prevention programs, approaches, and principles of effectiveness. Researchers and funding agencies must learn how to effectively market the most successful programs to bridge the gap between research and practice. We must become as effective at marketing drug prevention programs as drug dealers are at promoting and selling drugs. Communities need health care professionals who are knowledgeable about substance abuse prevention and who can advocate the implementation and ongoing improvement of prevention programs with known effectiveness.

Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of Polymers Based on Pivalolactone

Abstract Since the introduction of poly(ethy1ene terephthalate) (PET) and polyamide 6, many attempts have been made to synthesize other polymers with a large variety of properties. One of the polymers which has been studied extensively is polypivalolactone (PPVL), formed by ring-opening polymerization of pivalolactone (PVL). PPVL is a highly crystalline aliphatic polyester (≥75% crystallinity) with mechanical properties comparable with those of PET and polyamide 6. Although the technology and expertise to prepare PPVL on a commercial scale was already available in the early 1970s, most of the projects concerning PPVL, especially in fiber applications, were discontinued on the basis of economic considerations.

Return from Orbit:: Economics as a driver of Japanese space policy

Japanese space policy has long moved more on the basis of economic considerations than the United States' program. This orientation is partially a function of the different point in time when their development began. In recent years, the economic imperative inherent in Japan's space program has become even clearer, with the focus of attention upon solar power satellites and the energy potential of Helium-3 found on the lunar surface. Both projects are long-term and in a true sense speculative, but provide a rationale for the existing Japanese program and the directions it is taking. Achieving economic return from space activities remains the holy grail; this approach may be one alternative.

Communal Conflict and Economic Considerations: the Case of Cyprus

This article attempts to demonstrate the contribution which better economic inte gration can make to the peaceful coexistence of the Greek and Turkish communities on Cyprus. It is asserted that interdependence in the economic sphere brings interaction and eventual dependence of one community on the other for their continued existence. The analysis demonstrates that economic interdependence with free flow of resources between the communities contributes to minimizing income inequality, which in turn is seen as a condition conducive to social stability. Estimates made of income distribution' between the Greek and Turkish communities demonstrate that the Greek Cypriots with 77.1 % of the population have 80.2% of the income, while the Turkish Cypriots with 18.2% of the population have a low 12.6 % of the income. In turn data from the manufacturing sector are used to demonstrate that allocation of capital and labor within this sector on the basis of economic considerations (not ethnic) will favorably serve the economic welfare of both communities, with particularly beneficial effects for the minority.