Basic Supports Research Articles

“The Meaning of Me®”: A Canadian blueprint for addressing the complex whole that is the person at the centre of the community-based homecare services model

The increasing focus on person-centeredness within current healthcare models is increasingly relevant to the growing demographic of socially vulnerable older adults living with complex care needs. According to the UK’s Social Care Institute for Excellence (SCIE), social isolation is “an imposed isolation from normal social networks caused by loss of mobility or deteriorating health”. Those in receipt of homecare in the community cite the importance of having home care meet their social and emotional needs, yet the consensus and the literature strongly supports the notion that public healthcare is barely able to provide basic personal supports let alone the increasingly important domain that encompasses, inter alia, the social and emotional needs of the older adult. In truth, whether one is addressing the physical or the psychosocial, the conceptual model of personhood remains the same. It is the actionable elements of the model that differ. Since the dimensions of the non-clinical psychosocial frame extend, inter alia, to the social, emotional, creative, existential, cultural, active and physical and community engaged, we believe that engagement with this domain, for the socially vulnerable older adult, warrants a far deeper architecture than both current funding and the narrow task focus of community care is able to provide. This paper defines person-centered care at the furthest point along the chain of care. This is the point occupied by homecare supports in the community. It references a working model of person-centeredness focused on the rich domain of the non-clinical psychosocial. Its two primary dimensions of focus are those of the mind and the “place”, or an ecological/community integrated model of higher order needs. It has three distinct levels of interaction: one designed to create an alternate lens of communication that lies outside of the domain of physical and mental impairment that helps build knowledge of and communication with personhood; an organised process for developing interests and activities with a focus on creative space, new experience, control, autonomy and intrinsic capacity and, finally, a working blueprint for wider community interaction and integration.

Pyrolysis of poplar, cellulose and lignin: Effects of acidity and alkalinity of the metal oxide catalysts

This study investigated the effects of the acidity/alkalinity of seven oxides (Al2O3, SiO2, ZnO, K2O, MgO, CaO, La2O3) on the pyrolysis of poplar, cellulose and lignin. The results showed that the basic supports such as CaO and MgO promoted the formation of gaseous products. CO, CO2, and CH4 were the main gaseous products in the pyrolysis of poplar, cellulose and lignin, and CO was formed first, followed by CO2 and CH4. Some H2 was also formed from the dehydrogenation reactions over CaO with cellulose as the feedstock. The acidic oxides promoted the tar formation, while the basic oxides suppressed tar formation. The oxides like CaO could remarkably suppress the production of phenolic compounds. The coke formation over the basic oxides were also much more significant than that over the acidic oxides, and the tar from cellulose contributed more towards coking. The heating of the coke in inert gas released CO2, CO, H2, CH4 via probably decarboxylation/decarbonylation, dehydrogenation and etc. The coke from the pyrolysis of lignin was much more stable. CaO and La2O3 reacted with the CO2 produced in pyrolysis and form the carbonates, while MgO could not. The TPO–MS characterization showed that the coke species were multiple types over CaO, and a single type over MgO. The cellulose–derivatives and the lignin–derivatives have distinct effects on the structural configuration of the coke.

2047 Mental illness public stigma, culture, and acculturation among Vietnamese Americans

2047 Mental illness public stigma, culture, and acculturation among Vietnamese Americans

Diols Production From Glycerol Over Pt-Based Catalysts: On the Role Played by the Acid Sites of the Support

A series of 1 wt% AuPt (6:4) catalysts were prepared by sol immobilization using acidic [TiO2, H-Mordenite, SiO2, MCM-41, sulphated ZrO2 (S-ZrO2)] and one basic (MgO) oxide supports. A careful characterization of the catalyst was performed by HRTEM and FTIR spectroscopy. EDX analysis showed that on all catalysts only alloyed AuPt nanoparticles are present, but the final size of AuPt particles is significantly affected by the support. Indeed, on TiO2 the mean AuPt nanoparticles diameter is 3.7 nm, whereas for all the remaining supports, larger AuPt nanoparticles with diameter of 6–7.5 nm were obtained. AuPt catalysts result very active in catalyzing the liquid phase hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,2-propandiol (68% conversion after 16 h) and 90% selectivity with ethylene glycol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol as main by-products. The role of the support has been highlighted in terms of acidic properties. The medium strength of Lewis acid sites of TiO2 leads to the best performance in terms of activity, selectivity and stability of the catalytic system.

High-efficiency oxidative esterification of furfural to methylfuroate with a non-precious metal Co-N-C/MgO catalyst

From both fundamental and practical perspectives, the production of chemicals from biomass resources using high-efficiency non-precious metal catalysts is important. However, many processes require addition of stoichiometric or excess quantities of base, which leads to high energy consumption, leaching problems, and side reactions. In this study, we investigated the high-efficiency oxidative esterification of furfural to methylfuroate by molecular oxygen with a Co-N-C/MgO catalyst. The catalyst was prepared by direct pyrolysis of a cobalt(II) phenanthroline complex on MgO at 800 °C under N 2 atmosphere. From furfural, 93.0% conversion and 98.5% selectivity toward methylfuroate were achieved under 0.5 MPa O 2 with reaction at 100 °C for 12 h without a basic additive. The conversion and selectivity were much higher than those obtained with cobalt catalysts produced by pyrolysis of a cobalt(II) phenanthroline complex on activated carbon or typical basic supports, including NaX, NaY, and CaO. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and experimental results revealed that the high efficiency of Co-N-C/MgO for production of methylfuroate was closely related to the cobalt-nitrogen-doped carbon species and its catalytic ability in hydrogen abstraction. In contrast, Co-N-C(HCl) that synthesized by removing MgO with HCl from Co-N-C/MgO, as the catalyst produced mainly an acetal as a condensation product, and chloride ions had a negative effect on the oxidative esterification. Although the catalytic performance of the cobalt-nitrogen-doped carbon species was greatly affected by HCl treatment, it could be recovered to a great extent by addition of MgO. Moreover, changes in the oxygen pressure hardly affected the oxidative esterification of furfural with Co-N-C/MgO. This study not only provides an effective approach to prepare methylfuroate, but also for designing high-performance non-precious metal catalysts for the oxidative esterification of biomass-derived compounds. The non-precious metal catalyst Co-N-C/MgO showed high efficiency in the oxidative esterification of furfural to methylfuroate (93.0% conversion and 98.5% selectivity). The reaction with the catalyst Co-N-C(HCl) proceeded via a condensation pathway with acetal as the dominant product.

The German Long-Term Care Insurance Program: Evolution and Recent Developments.

Since 1995, Germany has operated one of the longest-running public programs providing universal support for the cost of long term services and supports (LTSS). Its self-funding, social insurance approach provides basic supports to nearly all Germans. We discuss its design and development, including recent reforms expanding the program and ensuring its ongoing sustainability. The study reviews legislative and programmatic changes, using program data, as well as legislative documents and program reports. The program is widely accepted among citizens and has achieved many of its original goals: ensuring access to LTSS and reducing reliance on the locally-funded safety-net social assistance program, which can be used to cover nursing home costs. It also strengthened the LTSS provider infrastructure and expanded access to home care. Recent reforms have addressed some of the program's key issues: the benefit's decreasing value, the eligibility and benefit structure that largely excluded cognitive impairment, and the program's longer-term financial sustainability-particularly its ability to sustain newly expanded benefits, which provide stronger protections to caregivers, index-link benefits, and more systematically incorporate cognitive impairment via a new assessment system. It has addressed financing issues by increasing premiums, introducing subsidies for the purchase of private insurance, and creating a "demographic reserve fund." The reforms constitute a significant strengthening of the program, remarkable in an era of retrenchment. Overall, the program provides evidence for the financial viability of a social insurance model, although longer-term challenges may yet arise.

Decomposition of Methyl Formate over Supported Pd Catalysts

Methyl formate (MF) is used as alternative carbonylating agent in many organic transformations. The current study investigates nature of decomposition of MF over Pd catalysts on different support of varying physicochemical properties. Palladium catalysts with 1 and 5 wt% supported on Mg, and 5 wt% on γ-Al2O3 and α-Al2O3 were synthesized by wetness impregnation and their catalytic activities for MF decomposition were examined. MgO supported Pd with 1 wt% showed maximum MF conversion of about 40 mol% and produced predominantly carbon monoxide (CO) and methanol (MeOH) in the molar ratio of 1:1.2 at 150 °C, 1 atm. However, 5 wt% Pd/MgO catalysts showed decrease in the MF conversion to 33 mol% producing CO/MeOH in the ratio of 1:1. Catalysts with 5 wt% Pd supported on γ-Al2O3 and α-Al2O3 showed lower MF conversion compared to the Pd supported on MgO. Dimethyl ether (DME) was produced as the main by-product on Pd/γ-Al2O3 apart from CO and MeOH and it is attributed to dehydration of methanol on the acidic sites of the support. Higher MF conversion on Pd/MgO catalysts is mainly attributed to the support-metal interactions which are significant in case of Pd–MgO in addition to higher Pd dispersion with 1 wt% Pd on MgO. These results suggest that the presence of Pd over basic supports can be used to produce CO at lower temperatures; hence they may be used as a source of CO for carbonylation reactions at low pressures.

Correlation between the basicity of Cu–MxOy–Al2O3 (M = Ba, Mg, K or La) oxide and the catalytic performance in the glycerol conversion from adsorption microcalorimetry characterization

The synthesis of CuO species highly dispersed in MxOy–Al2O3 (M = Ba, Mg, K or La) basic supports was studied, and the catalytic proprieties of the solids in glycerol conversion to bioproducts were subsequently evaluated. A correlation between the copper oxide/catalytic support structure, specific surface area/porosity and the basicity (strength and amount of basic sites) of MxOy–Al2O3 (M = Ba, Mg, K or La) supports were observed through the following characterization techniques: XRD (structure), N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms (surface area/porosity) and microcalorimetry of CO2 adsorption (basicity). The XRD results of the different supports indicated that the basic species (BaO, MgO, K2O or La2O3) are highly dispersed in the Al2O3 matrix. The XRD patterns of the Ba and K-containing solids combined with copper present a CuO and Al2O3 formation; however, an isolated CuO phase for the Mg and La-based catalysts is not observed, demonstrating that Cu species are highly dispersed in basic support. N2 physisorption isotherms ascribed that most of the samples are mesoporous with a surface area between 26 and 178 m2 g−1, depending on the solid composition. Microcalorimetry of CO2 adsorption presented the following basic strength using the first points of the adsorption heat: 10MgAl > 10LaAl > 10KAl > 10BaAl for the sample without copper and 5CuMgAl > 5CuKAl > 5CuLaAl > 5CuBaAl for the materials with Cu. The amount of basic site varies greatly depending on the type of basic metal used. The different materials without copper are practically inactive at the end of the reaction. However, the Cu-based solids are active and selective for the conversion of glycerol to acetol. The initial glycerol conversion and the catalyst stability are related to basic strength and amount of basic sites, respectively.

Meeting Basic Needs: Social Supports and Services Provided by Hospice.

Describe social goods and services for which hospices assist patients and families and the resources hospices use to do so. Basic social supports and services not routinely covered by insurers may be needed by terminally ill patients and their families. Little is known about hospices' provision of such social supports and services. A 2014-2015 cross-sectional survey of hospices nationwide. Participating hospices had been in operation for at least 3 years and were located in any of the 50 states or District of Columbia. Hospices were surveyed about availability and sources of internal funds and referral to obtain basic social supports for patients. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis, and categorization were used to describe hospice practices. Measures included frequency and nature of goods and services provision in the prior year; and extent to which hospices used internal funds or community referral for goods and services. Over 80% (n = 203) reported internal funds covered services not reimbursed by insurers; 78% used funds in last year. Hospices used internal funds for food (81.7%), shelter (57.8%), utility bills (73.5%), and funeral costs (50%). Hospices referred patients/families to community organizations to obtain a similar range of services, including transportation, clothing, linens/towels, furniture/appliances, home repairs, and caregiver support. Hospices are using internal resources and accessing community resources to provide patients with basic social needs not routinely covered by insurance.

Hydrodechlorination of Tetrachloromethane over Palladium Catalysts Supported on Mixed MgF₂-MgO Carriers.

Pd/MgO, Pd/MgF2 and Pd/MgO-MgF2 catalysts were investigated in the reaction of CCl4 hydrodechlorination. All the catalysts deactivated in time on stream, but the degree of deactivation varied from catalyst to catalyst. The MgF2-supported palladium with relatively large metal particles appeared the best catalyst, characterized by good activity and selectivity to C2-C5 hydrocarbons. Investigation of post-reaction catalyst samples allowed to find several details associated with the working state of hydrodechlorination catalysts. The role of support acidity was quite complex. On the one hand, a definite, although not very high Lewis acidity of MgF2 is beneficial for shaping high activity of palladium catalysts. The MgO-MgF2 support characterized by stronger Lewis acidity than MgF2 contributes to very good catalytic activity for a relatively long reaction period (~5 h) but subsequent neutralization of stronger acid centers (by coking) eliminates them from the catalyst. On the other hand, the role of acidity evolution, which takes place when basic supports (like MgO) are chlorided during HdCl reactions, is difficult to assess because different events associated with distribution of chlorided support species, leading to partial or even full blocking of the surface of palladium, which plays the role of active component in HdCl reactions.

NOx storage and reduction over copper-based catalysts. part 3: Simultaneous NOx and soot removal

5% copper catalysts with Ce0.8M0.2Oδ supports (M=Zr, La, Ce, Pr or Nd) were studied for the simultaneous combustion of soot and removal of NOx by the NSR method. The simultaneous chemisorption of NOx and combustion of soot could be carried out above 375°C, and nitrates were formed upon NOx chemisorption above this temperature. The nature of the M dopant played an important role in the chemisorption of NOx and in the catalysed soot-NOx reaction. As a general trend, the presence of soot had a negative impact on NOx removal by catalysts with very basic supports but had no effect or a positive influence if the support is not very basic. The combustion of soot has a very negative impact for NOx chemisorption on the catalyst with the most basic dopant (CuO/Ce0.8La0.2Oδ), because the CO2 formed in the reaction of soot combustion competes with NOx for adsorption sites. On the other hand, soot combustion does not affect NOx chemisorption on the catalyst with the most acidic dopant (CuO/Ce0.8Zr0.2Oδ), and the removal of NOx increases in this case because the reduction of NOx by soot contributes to NOx removal. The simultaneous reduction of NOx to N2 and soot combustion can be carried out under NSR conditions at 400°C over the 5%Cu/Ce0.8Pr0.2Oδ catalyst and with H2 micropulses, and the NSR process has a positive impact on the catalytic combustion of soot.

2,5-DMF production through hydrogenation of real and synthetic 5-HMF over transition metal catalysts supported on carriers with different nature

Catalytic hydrogenolysis reaction of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural platform molecule to produce 2,5-dimethylfuran conversion was studied. For that purpose noble (Pt and Ru) and non-noble (Ni and Cu) metal catalysts supported on acid (HYAl2O3 and Al2O3) and basic (ZrO2 and TiO2) supports were used. All of the tested catalysts were able to convert completely HMF. However, among the mentioned catalysts, the Cu catalyst supported on ZrO2 showed the best behavior in terms of DMF selectivity, probably due to the neutral nature associated to ZrO2 support. Moreover, this catalyst was studied in order to know the influence of some reaction parameters on DMF selectivity. As results obtained with CuZr catalyst concluded, a temperature increase had not influence on the aforementioned parameter because the reaction is exothermic. However, the type of feed, the increment of the pressure and the space velocity decrease improved the DMF selectivity.

Preparation of hydrothermally stable, basic, and highly active nano nickel catalysts for the hydrodeoxygenation of N,N-dimethylformamide

Ni/LaAlSiO catalysts were prepared by the sequential precipitation of NiAlSiO and NiLaO. The addition of La increased the surface basicity, the dispersion of supported Ni, and the hydrothermal stability of the catalysts. The activity of hydrodeoxygenation of DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide) to TMA (trimethylamine) remained high on the Ni/LaAlSiO catalysts hydrothermally treated at 423K. FTIR results showed that DMF and TMA adsorbed dissociatively onto Ni supported on the basic and acidic supports, respectively, which might be responsible for the decreased selectivity of TMA. By adjusting the NiLaO/NiAlSiO ratio, the Ni/LaAlSiO catalyst with proper surface acidity and basicity could be prepared, which exhibited high activity and selectivity for the hydrodeoxygenation of DMF to TMA.

Catalytic Conversions of Furfural to Pentanediols

Catalytic conversion processes of furfural to 1,5- and 1,2-pentanediols are reviewed. There are two reaction paths. One is the combination of total hydrogenation of furfural to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA) and selective hydrogenolysis of THFA to 1,5-pentanediol. The former reaction is catalyzed by noble metal catalysts such as Pd-based ones at low temperature (≤313 K), and the latter reaction is catalyzed by M–M′Ox catalysts (M = Rh or Ir; M′ = V, Mo, W or Re) at higher temperature (≥373 K). Another path has the ring-opening of furfuryl alcohol as a key step, and noble metal catalysts with basic supports such as hydrotalcite are effective. 1,2-Pentanediol can be produced via this path.

Attaining a productive structure for technology: The Bayh–Dole effect on university–industry–government relations in developing economy

This paper attempts to provide a systematic assessment of the ‘Bayh–Dole’ effect on the university–industry–government structures of Malaysia, a developing economy, from a quantitative dimension, in order to provide policy-makers with the central aspects of structural change. This paper takes account of those studies which question the significance of university patenting from the perspective of quality and utility. We observe widespread endogenization of university patenting and co-patenting processes in indigenous technology development cycles after the passage of Bayh–Dole-type legislation. The basic research supports and subsequent provisions of Bayh–Dole-type legislation provide us with the implications of strategic policy in attaining a productive network structure for technological innovations. We consider the importance of Bayh–Dole-type legislation in routinizing university research with regard to potential commercial values or applications. Thus, we break new ground in considering what the passage of such legislation actually achieves in a developing economy.

Solvent free depolymerization of Kraft lignin to alkyl-phenolics using supported NiMo and CoMo catalysts

The catalytic hydrotreatment of Kraft lignin using sulfided NiMo and CoMo catalysts on different acidic and basic supports (Al2O3, ZSM-5, activated carbon (AC) and MgO-La2O3) was studied in the absence of a solvent.

Efficient catalytic hydrotreatment of Kraft lignin to alkylphenolics using supported NiW and NiMo catalysts in supercritical methanol

Efficient catalytic hydrotreatment of Kraft lignin to yield aromatic monomers was demonstrated in supercritical methanol using a variety of NiW and NiMo catalysts on acidic, basic and neutral supports.

Formation of platinum sites on layered double hydroxide type basic supports: III. Effect of the mechanism of [PtCl6]2− complex binding to aluminum-magnesium layered double hydroxides on the properties of supported platinum in Pt/MgAlO x catalysts

While synthesizing platinum catalysts supported on aluminum-magnesium oxides (Pt/MgAlOx), we established that, in the binding of the Pt(IV) chloro complex to aluminum-magnesium layered double hydroxides (LDHs), the mechanism of the metal complex-support interaction depends on the nature of the interlayer anion of the LDH. The synthesis may yield chemically identical Pt/MgAlOx samples differing in the particle size and electronic structure of supported platinum. The higher dehydrogenating activity of the catalyst obtained by binding the [PtCl6]2− complex in the interlayer space of LDH via exchange with interlayer OH− anions is possibly due to the larger proportion of metallic platinum (Pt0) in this catalyst. In the catalyst prepared from hydrolyzed platinum complex species using LDH with CO32− interlayer anions, platinum is mainly in an oxidized state similar to Pt2+.

Welfare state regimes and the evolution of liberalism

This paper argues that the concept of the liberal welfare state within welfare state regimes discourse fails to account for some important aspects of the historical development of liberalism. It is argued that two key aspects of liberalism have been neglected. First, that liberalism essentially arose in opposition to ascribed status, seeking to replace it with a form of “achieved” status. Second, that a major stream of historical liberalism sought to equalize individual opportunity by suggesting that the state should provide some basic social and economic supports to individuals in need. This paper uses OECD health data to identify welfare state clusters based on the measurement of welfare (rather than neo)liberalism. The emerging cluster model is then compared with other welfare state regime typologies with regard to its ability to predict important social and political outcomes. The paper concludes that the emerging “welfare-liberal” typology may be a better predictor of certain social and political outcomes than other regimes configurations, indicating the usefulness of considering alternative aspects of liberalism when examining welfare state regimes.

New Trends in Gold Catalysts

Gold is an element that has fascinated mankind for millennia. The catalytic properties of gold have been a source of debate, due to its complete chemical inertness when in a bulk form, while it can oxidize CO at temperatures as low as ~200 K when in a nanocrystalline state, as discovered by Haruta in the late 1980s [1]. Since then, extensive activity in both applied and fundamental research on gold has been initiated. The importance of the catalysis by gold represents one of the fasted growing fields in science and is proven by the promising applications in several fields, such as green chemistry and environmental catalysis, in the synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes, as modifiers of Ni catalysts for methane steam and dry reforming reactions and in biological and electrochemistry applications. The range of reactions catalyzed by gold, as well as the suitability of different supports and the influence of the preparation conditions have been widely explored and optimized in applied research [2]. Gold catalysts appeared to be very different from the other noble metal-based catalysts, due to their marked dependence on the preparation method, which is crucial for the genesis of the catalytic activity. Several methods, including deposition-precipitation, chemical vapor deposition and cation adsorption, have been applied for the preparation of gold catalysts over reducible oxides, like TiO2. Among these methods, deposition-precipitation has been the most frequently employed method for Au loading, and it involves the use of tetrachloroauric (III) acid as a precursor. On the other hand, the number of articles dealing with Au-loaded acidic supports is smaller than that on basic supports, possibly because the deposition of [AuCl4]− or [AuOHxCl4−x]− species on acidic supports is difficult, due to their very low point of zero charge. Despite this challenge, several groups have reported the use of acidic zeolites as supports for gold. Zeolites are promising supports for Au stabilization, because of the presence of ion-exchange sites, such as NH4+, that can be substituted by Au+ ions through the elimination of NH4Cl [3]. Moreover, zeolites, due to their high thermal stability, the presence of a large surface area and micropores, may hinder Au sintering. [...]