Basic Problems Research Articles

Testing convex truncation

We study the basic statistical problem of testing whether normally distributed n -dimensional data has been truncated , i.e., altered by only retaining points that lie in some unknown truncation set S \subseteq \mathbb{R}^{n} . As our main algorithmic results, Both our algorithms are computationally efficient and run in O(n^{2}) time, which is linear in the size of the input. These results stand in sharp contrast with known results for learning or testing convex bodies with respect to the normal distribution or learning convex-truncated normal distributions, where state-of-the-art algorithms require essentially n^{O(\sqrt{n})} samples. An easy argument shows that no finite number of samples suffices to distinguish N(0,I_{n}) from an unknown and arbitrary mixture of general (not necessarily symmetric) convex sets, so no common generalization of results (1) and (2) above is possible. We also prove that any algorithm (computationally efficient or otherwise) that can distinguish N(0,I_{n}) from N(0,I_{n}) conditioned on an unknown symmetric convex set must use \Omega(n) samples. This shows that the sample complexity of each of our algorithms is optimal up to a constant factor.

Development of Web-Based Multimedia Learning for Grade 3 Elementary School Mathematics

The development of information technology has significantly contributed to the education sector, particularly in creating interactive and engaging learning media. Mathematics, as one of the core subjects, is often perceived as difficult and tedious by students. Therefore, there is a need for innovative learning media that can enhance students’ interest and understanding of the subject matter. This study aims to design and implement an interactive mathematics game website that presents basic math problems in an enjoyable and responsive format. The website consists of nine pages, including a landing page, login, dashboard, quiz selection, quiz display, and evaluation results. Each quiz contains 10 questions displayed in two horizontal rows (5 questions each), supported by a countdown timer and an automatic scoring system. The development methodology includes needs analysis, system design, implementation, and evaluation. The evaluation phase was conducted through internal testing and user observation targeting elementary school students.

On the Prospects of Theoretical Biology: Life in the Universe as an Anomaly, a Puzzle, and a Counterinstance

Abstract That there are living organisms and life is an empirical fact of the Universe. In the present paper, I discuss three different ways of relating this fact to the fundamentals of natural science. Each may be associated with a respective historical epoch such that, in a nutshell, by the early twentieth century, life had become a well-delineated anomaly apparently conflicting with the fundamentals; in the latter half of the same century and especially due to molecular biology, it came to be viewed as a puzzle which in spite of the anomalous appearance could be “explained”; finally, in the present-century context of system- and organism-level problems, it is, perhaps, in order to consider whether life might be best approached as a counterinstance, whose proper assimilation may require a more profound revision of the fundamentals themselves. This analysis, if valid, suggests to rethink the status for theoretical biology in science. The paper closes by discussing a particular example-proposal that relates the basic problems of theoretical biology on the one hand to the foundations of natural science, and on the other to the current afterthought of mechanistic molecular biology and gene-centric views of evolution.

One for multiple: Physics-informed synthetic data boosts generalizable deep learning for fast MRI reconstruction.

One for multiple: Physics-informed synthetic data boosts generalizable deep learning for fast MRI reconstruction.

A Psychoanalytic Comparative Study on Lawrence’s “Snake” and Bishop’s “The Fish”

D. H. Lawrence’s “Snake” and Elizabeth Bishop’s “The Fish” are two important poems which reflect the poet’s connection with nature by employing psychoanalytical theory. These poems are studied to discover basic psychological problems in the poets’ subconscious minds. Lawrence’s meeting with the snake symbolizes challenges against his excessive desires and constantly changing mind. He can obtain the real essence of life only through his deep journey into his inner self. Similarly, Bishop’s initial encounter with the fish foreshadows her adventure towards self-realisation. She can travel in her subconscious world to discover the disordered parts of her life that lead her to mental trauma. The present study searches for the themes of suppression, desire and transformation of both poets by using Freudian understanding of psychoanalytic theory. In other words, the paper highlights the poets’ distinct endeavours to meet the unconscious and how their changeable psychology affects the mood of their selected poems. Both poems touch upon similar themes, and their divergent ways of approaching the unconscious mind reveal a distinctive understanding of human psychology. In this respect, the article seeks to uncover the symbolic implications of the animals and search how the poets’ inner conflicts are demonstrated through their encounters with them.

Advancements in Numerical Analysis: Techniques for Solving Volterra and Fredholm Equations

This work concerns the construction of techniques to facilitate numerical analysis to solve basic computational mathematics problems of Volterra and Fredholm integral equations. In an attempt to merge contemporary machine learning techniques with conventional methods like the trapezoidal rule, the proposed methods seek enhanced accuracy, stability, and computing efficiency in applications involving synthetic and realistic kernel and forcing function data. With Python and computational libraries such as SciPy and NumPy, the algorithms are applied to actual physics and engineering problems and show greater precision and performance in various types of kernels, namely smooth, oscillatory, and weakly singular kernels. The methods for Volterra-type problems are highly stable, with iterative systems solving them effectively, and matrix-based methods solving Fredholm-type equations. This book contributes to numerical analysis through the presentation of new algorithms that enhance the practical solution of integral equations and have ramifications in computer science, engineering, and physics. The creation of hybrid numerical algorithms blending machine learning with conventional techniques bridges gaps in the literature and opens the door to more effective solutions to intricate integral equation problems.

Effectiveness of Use the Financial Application to Solve the Problem of MSMEs: Small and Medium Micro Businesses) at UD Maragordong HRP

The challenges of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises are increasingly diverse in this digitalization era, classic and basic problems cannot be solved such as Lack of Experience, Access to Consumers and Capital. Basically, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises are the nation's economic shield in the midst of a crisis and are able to absorb almost all of the workforce. However, through digitization and the use of the 'book stall' application, it is hoped that it can describe problems for business actors such as recording for business actors who are less experienced and can access the market so that they can cover up these classic problems. With this digitalization, the work of business actors is also of higher quality and improves the professionalism of business actors.

Energy and Nutrient Content of a Disaster Kitchen Menu and Nutrition Services Coordination Experience: Kahramanmaraş Earthquake, Türkiye.

BackgroundOn 6 February 2023, two major and aftershock earthquakes occurred in Türkiye. These earthquakes caused disasters in Kahramanmaraş, Hatay, and its surroundings. More than 50 000 people lost their lives. The day after the earthquakes, disaster/emergency kitchens were established in these cities with the initiatives of various institutions and organisations. One of these kitchens is the 'Anadolu Mutfağı', which was established by Anadolu University in 2023. Approximately 15 000 people benefited from the emergency kitchen in Belen district of Hatay every day.ObjectiveIn this study, the daily needs of adults eating in this kitchen were evaluated. Additionally, the basic problems and requirements encountered during the operation of nutrition services are included.MethodsBreakfast, lunch, and dinner menus served in the emergency kitchen were monitored on-site by the researcher for a week and the amounts served to one person were recorded. Daily energy and nutrient values were calculated. These values were evaluated using Türkiye Nutrition Guide 2022 reference values.ResultsIt was determined that the energy intake of adults fed from the disaster/emergency kitchen was sufficient; however, the daily recommended intake of important minerals and vitamins such as calcium and vitamins E and C was not met. In addition, it was observed that daily water consumption of individuals was insufficient. In addition, it was also observed that those with chronic diseases had difficulty in accessing the special diet products they needed.ConclusionIn such crisis, it is recommended that strategies for community nutrition should be developed, updated, coordinated, and implemented immediately.

Notes on scheduling non-simultaneously released jobs with restricted processing times on uniform machines

We consider a basic optimization problem where non-simultaneously released jobs are to be scheduled on $m$ uniform machines. The objective is to minimize the maximum job completion time. For the special case of the problem with equal-length jobs, in \cite{DLL} a classical idea from \cite{lag} was developed in an $O(n\log n)$ time algorithm. The algorithm was briefly described without presenting a proof that it works correctly. The description does not fully define how the claimed optimal schedule is obtained. Here we complete the description of the algorithm and prove that it is optimal. We also describe an \textcolor {blue} { $O(n\log n)$ } time algorithm for the case where two job processing times $p$ and $2p$ are allowed, settling the complexity status of this before open setting.

Robust Statistical Analysis on Streaming Data with Near-Duplicates in General Metric Spaces

This paper considers statistical analysis on noisy datasets where near-duplicate elements need to be treated as identical ones. We focus on two basic problems, distinct elements and ℓ 0 -sampling, in the data stream model where the sequence of elements can only be scanned once using a limited space, under which a comprehensive data deduplication step before statistical analysis is not feasible. Previous streaming algorithms for these problems could only handle noisy datasets in O (1)-dimensional Euclidean spaces. In this paper, we propose sublinear-space streaming algorithms that work for noisy datasets in any metric space. We also give a lower bound result showing that solving the distinct elements problem on noisy datasets in general metric spaces is inherently more difficult than solving it on noiseless datasets and on noisy datasets in O (1)-dimensional Euclidean spaces.

Basic problems of contemporary sociology

Basic problems of contemporary sociology

AI-Enabled Computer Programming Course Teaching Reform

With the rapid development of modern science and technology, the era of artificial intelligence has quietly come. Against the background of the new era, students’ learning needs, learning resource acquisition methods, teachers’ teaching concepts, teaching tools, and so on have changed significantly. How to carry out teaching reform based on this change has become one of the important issues facing educators, and the same is true for the teaching of computer programming courses. This paper focuses on the teaching reform of AI-enabled computer programming courses, analyzes its basic problems, and puts forward corresponding reform countermeasures to provide a useful reference for front-line teachers.

Discounted-Sum Automata with Multiple Discount Factors

Discounting the influence of future events is a key paradigm in economics and it is widely used in computer-science models, such as games, Markov decision processes (MDPs), reinforcement learning, and automata. While a single game or MDP may allow for several different discount factors, nondeterministic discounted-sum automata (NDAs) were only studied with respect to a single discount factor. It is known that every class of NDAs with an integer as the discount factor has good computational properties: It is closed under determinization and under the algebraic operations min, max, addition, and subtraction, and there are algorithms for its basic decision problems, such as automata equivalence and containment. Extending the integer discount factor to an arbitrary rational number, loses most of these good properties. We define and analyze nondeterministic discounted-sum automata in which each transition can have a different integral discount factor (integral NMDAs). We show that integral NMDAs with an arbitrary choice of discount factors are not closed under determinization and under algebraic operations and that their containment problem is undecidable. We then define and analyze a restricted class of integral NMDAs, which we call tidy NMDAs, in which the choice of discount factors depends on the prefix of the word read so far. Among their special cases are NMDAs that correlate discount factors to actions (alphabet letters) or to the elapsed time. We show that for every function $\theta$ that defines the choice of discount factors, the class of $\theta$-NMDAs enjoys all of the above good properties of NDAs with a single integral discount factor, as well as the same complexity of the required decision problems. Tidy NMDAs are also as expressive as deterministic integral NMDAs with an arbitrary choice of discount factors.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2301.04086

The effect of toxic leadership on job embeddedness: Analytical Research to A Sample Opinions from Teaching Staff in Educational Organizations in The Holy Governorate of Karbala

The current research aims to determine the nature of the correlations and influence between toxic leadership and job embeddedness, based on a basic problem that was diagnosed with several questions that included the extent of awareness of the influential relations at the field level. The toxic leadership variable was measured based on five dimensions (abusive supervision, narcissism, self-promotion, difficulty Prediction, authoritarian leadership). Three dimensions were adopted to measure job embeddedness (suitability, connections, and sacrifice). Some private schools in Karbala Governorate were chosen as a field for research through a questionnaire distributed to (250) individuals from the teaching staff. Confirmatory factor analysis, some descriptive statistics, and correlation analysis were used. (r) and structural equation modeling (SEM). This was done using statistical programs (SPSS, Microsoft Excel 2016, AMOS). The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of two significant correlations and influences between toxic leadership and job embeddedness. The research concluded with a number of appropriate recommendations.

The Relationship between Toxic Leadership and Emotional Abuse: An Applied Study in the Iraqi Hotel Sector

The research aims to study the relationship between toxic leadership and emotional abuse, an applied study in the Iraqi hotel sector, which amounted to (20) hotels in the city of Baghdad. The research was based on a basic problem, which is the extent of the impact of toxic leadership on emotional abuse. Workers in those hotels represent the research community, numbering (1620). (310) questionnaires were distributed, and (285) questionnaires were retrieved from hotel employees in the city of Baghdad. These data were processed using advanced statistical programs as well as the structural equation modelling method. The research reached a set of conclusions and recommendations, including: that toxic leadership suppresses individual and organizational activities in the Iraqi hotels under application, in addition to its harmful effects on the behavior and attitudes of employees. The research recommends reducing the negative impact on employees and improving the general organizational climate by developing training programs targeting leaders to help reduce narcissistic and self-promotional behaviors and enhance ethical and effective leadership.

Integration of GPS Based Floating Car Data into GIS Based Transportation Networks: Antalya Ring Road Example

Although there are many studies on the use of GPS and GIS technologies in transportation planning and accessibility analyses, there is almost few research to reveal the background of the integration process in detail. Addressing this basic problem, our study attempted to develop a free and transparent method to integrate mobile GPS data into transportation network data on GIS environment which can be used extensively in urban and regional planning research especially in transportation and accessibility analyses. Developed method was applied to a particular segment of a ring road of D400 highway within the borders of Antalya city centre and the whole process is described in a detailed manner in order to demonstrate the efficiency and usability of the proposed methodology.

FORMATION OF THE PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF FUTURE TEACHERS THROUGH THE COACHING METHOD

Nowadays the labour market demands a highly qualified specialist who is able to plan his/her work effectively, rationally apply the acquired knowledge in professional activities, competently build relationships with different categories of people to achieve the final result. In this case, theprocess of professional education has changed, the leading paradigm is the competence approach in determining the purpose and content, the result of training a specialist. Its main task is to create conditions for professional and personal development of a future specialist, as well as to provide him/her with quality knowledge, skills, and abilities, i.e. the formation of professional competences.This article provides justification for the relevance of using coaching as a means of increasing the effectiveness of the formation of professional competence of future teachers. In addition, the authors present an analysis of some basic problems of higher professional education in the conditions of Kazakhstan, considers the peculiarities of teacher's activity, onthe basis of which the essence and content of the concept of professional competence of future teacher, the content of the concept of coaching process are specified. The opportunities of coaching in the formation of professional competence of future teachers are described, the feasibility of coaching as a technology that ensures the development of personal and value components is shown.

Autonomous Navigation Using Deep Learning

Abstract: Withusesinrobotics,industrialautomation,autonomousvehicles,andsurveillance,objectdetectionis a basic computer vision problem. WithinthecontextoftheCOCOdataset,thisworkcomparestheperformanceof severalstate-of-the-artobjectrecognition models,includingMaskRCNN (Detectron2),YOLOv8s,YOLOv8l,and YOLOv11s.Some of the significant parameters such as mean Average Precision (mAP), precision, recall, and inference speed are utilized to compare models. The results indicate that while Mask R-CNN is accurate, its computation makes it less suitable for real-time use. YOLOmodels,particularlyYOLOv8s,arehoweveracompromisebetweenaccuracyandspeedandthusareideal for real-time detection processes.YOLOv8l is however computationally more demanding but somewhat offers higheraccuracy. Duetoitsspeedand accuracy,YOLOv8sisthemostsuitablemodeltoapplyinreal-time,asstated in the review. In selecting the most suitable object detection models for various applications, researchers and developers can learn a lot from this study.

Centralized management of raw milk distribution network design considering sustainability and resiliency

ABSTRACT Traditionally, by centralization, economic aspects of decisions in supply chain were only intended, while today, by increasing attention to the environmental and social issues, the addressed aspects should also be considered in supply chain planning, as well. In this paper, two mathematical programming problems called basic and extended were studied. In the basic problem, the allocation of several dairy factories to some existing livestock farming centers was carried out via three separate models with economic, environmental and social objectives. Regarding the social aspect, due to the subsidy paid to the livestock farming companies, the amount of raw milk wasted is minimized. In the extended problem, the addressed allocation is done considering the occurrence of disruption due to internal or external risk factors. Some new candidate locations for new livestock farming centers are selected in order to compensate the capacity losses in the existing livestock farming centers. The raw milk shipping costs are reduced by up to 29%, carbon dioxide emission is reduced by up to 8.05%, and the raw milk wasted is reduced by up to 7.87%. Furthermore, by modeling and solving the extended problem, the total cost of the stochastic model is higher than that of a base-case as much as 0.67% which is insignificant.

Numerical Simulation on Dynamic Response of Drilling Parameters in Loaded Rock Mass

The characterization of the mechanical parameters of rock mass is a basic problem in the field of rock mechanics, and it is also an important basis for surrounding rock classification, stability analysis, and support design in underground engineering. Based on the engineering background of pressure relief drilling in Guotun Coal Mine, this paper carries out an engineering test while drilling. The numerical simulation method is used to explore the influence of different lithology rocks, different control conditions, and different confining pressure conditions on the parameters while drilling and to study the variation in drilling time, drilling depth, drilling rate, and revolution speed. The results show that under the same control conditions, the drilling rate of coal, mudstone, sandy mudstone, and siltstone are in the order of coal > mudstone > sandy mudstone > siltstone. For similar rock specimens, when the thrust is fixed, the drilling rate increases with the increase in the revolution speed, and when the revolution speed is fixed, the drilling rate increases with the increase in the thrust. When the rock specimen is in different confining pressure states, the drilling rate decreases with the increase in confining pressure, and the torque increases with the increase in confining pressure. This study provides a scientific basis for the realization of in situ rapid and effective measurement technology for the rock mechanical parameters of coal and rock mass, which is helpful for improving the measurement accuracy and efficiency and promoting the safe and efficient mining of coal mines.