Basic Principles Research Articles

Ali Məktəb Kitabxana Fondlarının Elektron Resurslarla Kompektləşdirilmə Siyasəti

The rapid penetration of information technology in our lives, the growing demand for electronic resources in addition to traditional forms of publication in accordance with the demands of the information society directly makes the replenishment of library collections, especially university, electronic resources. necessity. From this point of view, the realization of library policy is relevant. Currently, modern library collections are completed with traditional print resources, as well as electronic resources according to the requirements of the time. The replenishment of library collections is a continuous process carried out in the direction of meeting the ever-growing information needs of users. In general, the process of acquisition of electronic resources provides access to the world information market, providing convenient, easy search and retrieval of information without limitations in time and space. It is during this process that the basic principles of acquisition should be taken into account. In particular, the information needs of university users should be analyzed, the typology of readers should be studied, attention should be paid to the issues of technical support in order to provide access to electronic resources. From this aspect the article deals with the main criteria of selection and evaluation, which are important to take into account in the process of collecting the funds of the university library with electronic resources. At the same time, the importance of the policy of completing electronic resources and the main principles of this policy are widely explained.

AZƏRBAYCANDA VƏTƏNPƏRVƏRLİYİN TARİXİ İNKİŞAFI VƏ ONUN FORMALAŞMASI YOLLARI

The article is devoted to the origin of the phenomenon of patriotism and its fundamental principles, goals, decisions of the state and the education system for managing society. Based on sources about ancient states on the territory of Azerbaijan, the article presents the views of the intelligentsia and public figures of the pre-Soviet and post-Soviet period of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the modern Republic. The historical origin and roots of the phenomenon of patriotism are also explained. The dependence of the concept of patriotism on the change of formations throughout history, its place and role in politics and statehood are determined. It is difficult to find a state where modern global ideology and politics are isolated from patriotism. At this time, we come to the conclusion that the concept of patriotism is not introduced into the general framework, it arises and changes under the influence of many factors. However, using it for other dirty and mercenary deeds can lead to very bad historical consequences.

Recent Advances in Paper-Based Nano-Biosensors for Water-Borne Pathogen Detection: Challenges and Solutions.

Ensuring access to safe water and public health necessitates sensitive, quick, and dependable detection instruments. Conventional techniques frequently have prolonged detection durations, intricate processes, and the requirement for skilled staff. Biosensors augmented with nanomaterials provide enhanced sensitivity, specificity, and rapid detection of waterborne pathogens. This review rigorously examines current developments in paper-based nano-biosensors, emphasizing their detection ranges, limits of detection, and fundamental principles. It underscores the pivotal function of nanomaterials in augmenting biosensor efficacy, especially in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and longevity. Different biosensor technologies are analyzed, highlighting their specific benefits and drawbacks in the detection of waterborne illnesses. The paper examines the significant obstacles in converting proof-of-concept biosensors into commercial devices, such as durability, cost-efficiency, and scalability. Proposed solutions strive to surmount these obstacles, seeking to connect laboratory advancements with practical applications. This work offers significant insights for researchers, professionals, and policymakers engaged in water quality monitoring. It underscores the necessity for more research to enhance biosensor technologies, mitigate current limits, and expedite the production of effective, market-ready biosensors for the protection of public health via dependable detection of waterborne pathogens.

Noninvasive dynamic vascular imaging: arterial spin labeling-based noncontrast magnetic resonance digital subtraction angiography for cerebral disease diagnoses

Abstract Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is the gold standard for assessing cerebrovascular hemodynamics. DSA is predominantly utilized to evaluate the hemodynamic information of various cerebral diseases. However, DSA is relatively invasive and involves radiation exposure and risks of allergic reactions or renal dysfunction related to iodine-based contrast agents. Magnetic resonance DSA (MRDSA) with a gadolinium-based contrast agent is a popular method for assessing hemodynamics without radiation exposure. However, it has the disadvantage of the risk of allergy due to the contrast agent and lower temporal and spatial resolution than DSA. In recent years, arterial spin labeling-based noncontrast MRDSA (ASL-MRDSA), which utilizes blood labeled with radiofrequency pulses as an endogenous tracer, has been developed. ASL-MRDSA exhibits the same temporal resolution as DSA; therefore, it can yield dynamic information about various cerebral diseases. Pulsed ASL has been used as the major labeling method. However, the recent development of the pseudocontinuous ASL method has enabled high ASL signal maintenance even at delayed phases. This advancement allows for a more detailed assessment of hemodynamic information about vascular diseases, including major artery severe stenosis, occlusion, and moyamoya disease. Furthermore, combining it with superselective labeling pulses also allows for a more detailed hemodynamic assessment of complex vascular malformations such as DSA. In addition, ASL-MRDSA using ultrashort-echo time can acquire signals before phase dispersion occurs, which reduces artifacts induced by metallic materials and blood flow. This technique is useful for assessing post-clipping, post-coiling, and pseudostenosis. Furthermore, ASL-MRDSA using a wheel scan mode without full sampling achieves higher temporal resolution than DSA, which enables blood flow evaluation within giant cerebral aneurysms. Herein, we introduce the basic principles and various novel techniques of ASL-MRDSA and demonstrate its clinical applications, pitfalls, and limitations in cerebral disease diagnoses.

Electrochemiluminescence Microscopy in Nano‐Electrochemistry Research: Unraveling the Underlying Principles, Tracing the Evolutionary Developments, and Charting the Prospective Trajectories

AbstractElectrochemical technology provides unique opportunities to create an environment‐friendly and sustainable chemical industry. Nano‐electrochemistry offers valuable insights into the comprehension of electrochemical mechanisms and behaviors at the nanoscale, as opposed to complex ensemble systems. Despite the use of various analytical tools, such as nanopore technology and scanning probe microscopy, for nano‐electrochemical research, direct operando and high‐throughput spatially resolved electrochemical measurements remain challenging. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is an electrochemical reactions‐dependent luminescence process without external light sources. Coupled with a microscopy configuration, a novel imaging methodology ECL microscopy (ECLM), is developed. ECLM, due to its distinctive imaging mode, holds considerable potential in the field of nano‐electrochemistry. This review will initially present an overview of the basic principles of ECL. The next section will describe the design of the ECLM apparatus and discuss its diverse applications in nano‐electrochemistry. Finally, the challenges and outline of the prospects for further development of the ECLM technique will summarized.

Odontogenic Infections Resistant to Empiric Therapy, Opportunistic Prevotella, and Metronidazole: A Clinical Case Series and Review of the Literature

Background/Objectives: Treating odontogenic infections of the head, neck, and oral cavity requires surgical and pharmacotherapeutic interventions of single and multi-space infections. Prevotella species can become virulent during post-extraction wound healing at an extraction site, under conditions of excessive plaque, nearby gingivitis, or periodontitis, and in immunocompromised patients. The aims of this narrative review are to describe the pathogenesis of Prevotella species, particularly those resistant to surgery and empiric antibiotic therapy, and to emphasize the need for the identification of specific antibiotic-resistant Prevotella species. Methods: Three clinical cases from the lead author’s private practice were described, in which Prevotella species were significant opportunistic pathogens in odontogenic infections. The PubMed database was searched for “Prevotella and Odontogenic Infection and (or Amoxicillin or Clindamycin or Metronidazole or Flagyl®)” from 1996 to 2024. Thirty additional references were used to develop the section on Prevotella pathogenesis. Results: Metronidazole administration was deemed necessary in the cases described here. This intervention mitigated or resolved these odontogenic infections that were refractory to conservative surgical therapy that included source control. Prevotella buccae was found to be prevalent in odontogenic infections and pericoronitis, and to be resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Prevotella species were highly susceptible to Metronidazole (Flagyl®). The antibiotic was effective in mitigating the disease when basic principles of the treatment of odontogenic infections were employed. Conclusions: The clinical cases and the review of the literature indicate that Metronidazole is strongly indicated for the treatment of odontogenic opportunistic infections with Prevotella species.

VAT Is Not a Barrier for Trade

After the inauguration of the 47th President of the United States, Donald Trump, there has been a misunderstanding on whether VAT is a barrier for international trade. In this Column, the author analyses the topic and explains one of the fundamental principles of VAT: neutrality.

Mapping the Values Landscape: Understanding the Strategic Role of Core Values in Organizational Success

This research delves into the organizational values of fourteen distinct organizations by utilizing student data gathered on their interpretation of ten fundamental values. The purpose of the study is to determine how these fundamental principles affect performance and organization and how they are ranked differently. Understanding the organizational culture and decision-making procedures needs this examination. The study intends to enhance understanding of organizational priorities and their likely effects on stakeholder relationships, organizational success, and employee happiness by emphasizing the significance of values.

A Method for Constructing a Loss Function for Multi-Scale Object Detection Networks

In object detection networks, one widely used and effective approach to address the challenge of detecting small-sized objects in images is to employ multiscale pyramid features for prediction. Based on the fundamental principles of pyramid feature extraction, shallow features with small receptive fields are responsible for predicting small-sized objects, while deep features with large receptive fields handle large-sized objects. However, during the actual network training process using this structure, the loss function only provides the error between all positive samples and labels, treating them equally without considering the relationship between the actual size of the label and the feature layer where the sample resides, which to some extent affects the object detection performance. To address this, this paper proposes a novel method for constructing a loss function, termed Predicted Probability Loss (PP-Loss). It determines the probability of each feature layer predicting the objects labeled by the labels based on the size of the labels and uses this probability to adjust the weights of different sample anchors in the loss function, thereby guiding the network training. The prediction probability values for each feature layer are obtained from a prediction probability function established on a statistical basis. The algorithm has been experimentally validated on different networks with YOLO as the core. The results show that the convergence speed and accuracy of the network during training have been improved to varying degrees.

THE MAIN REQUIREMENTS OF THE UKRAINIAN LABOR MARKET FOR THE TRAINING OF SPECIALISTS WITH HIGHER EDUCATION

Modern society and the labor market in particular recognize the relevance of higher education for two main reasons: professional development and personal growth. Many employers consider a university degree to be an indicator not only of knowledge, but also of the ability to learn, critical thinking, analytical work, adaptation and self-development. Among the main trends currently observed in the labor market in Ukraine, which have a negative impact on the country’s economic processes in general, were economic, migration crises, mobilization, and demographic losses. At the same time, the rapid development of new technologies and digitalization processes in society was dictating their own rather high requirements for the qualifications and competencies of specialists. This was also confirmed by the World Bank's study «Skills for Modern Ukraine» conducted among employers. The study emphasized the changes in employers' demands for modern specialists to possess the latest competencies. For example, such skill as «complex problem solving», which was ranked first in 2015 and 2020, was projected to fall to third place in 2030, giving way to the relatively new skill of «emotional intelligence» (which appeared only in 2020 at 6th place) and the ability to work in a team (a similar skill, «interaction with people», was also ranked 2nd in 2015). It was predicted that by 2030, employers may significantly change the requirements for potential applicants, adding such skills as «quick learning ability», «analytical thinking», «project management», «strategic thinking» and «initiative/change management». The most popular vacancies in the Ukrainian labor market, including remote work, were outlined. The main requirements for specialists in the most popular positions were summarized, among which are: knowledge of English, digital literacy, design and engineering knowledge. It was been established that the training of specialists competitive in the labor market should be based on such basic principles as a high-quality theoretical foundation supported by practical skills, as well as individual, social and general cultural development of the individual.

ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC MECHANISM OF FUNCTIONING OF THE AGRICULTURAL SERVICE COOPERATIVEIN THE AGRARIAN SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY

The basic principles of the dialectical method of cognition, the fundamental principles of classical economic theory, are the theoretical and methodological primary research. The existing systematic approach to the study of the scientific works of domestic and foreign economists sheds light on the issue of formation and development of a comprehensive service cooperation. The practical significance of the obtained results lies in the development of conceptual approaches and practical measures for substantiating the complex of organizational and economic principles aimed at the further development of the agricultural service cooperative. It is important to determine the organizational and economic mechanism of the formation and development of the agricultural service cooperative regarding its formation on the basis of the democratic development of society. The issues of developing new alternative models and forecasts of agrotechnical factors and their regulation mechanisms remain insufficiently researched. The issue of state influence on the further development of agricultural service cooperatives in Ukraine requires research. The authors have supplemented the definition of the concept of "agro-industrial production" in relation to the integrity of the production system that unites different areas of agriculture. The main directions of increasing the efficiency of the formation and development of the agricultural service cooperative in the agrarian sector of the country's economy have been determined. The main advantages and disadvantages of the agricultural service cooperative are highlighted. Issues that require further research are aimed at finding scientific approaches that should be directed to the further formation and effective functioning of the agricultural service cooperative. Before this, there was no unified scientific opinion regarding the mechanisms for improving internal and economic cooperative relations. Questions related to the substantiation of the organizational and economic mechanism of production regulation in the system of cooperative relations require further research.

THE TEXTOLOGY OF THE TRANSLATED LIFE OF SAINT ATHANASIUS THE ATHONITE: LEXICAL CORRECTION OF THE SOURCE IN THE SLAVIC-RUSSIAN MANUSCRIPT TRADITION OF THE 14TH-16TH CENTURIES

The article is devoted to the linguotextual study of the translated Life of Saint Athanasius the Athonite and the identification of the basic principles of lexical editing found in the copies of the δ text group of the First Edition of the source. The Greek original and 15 Slavic copies of the 14th-16th centuries of the First Edition of the Life helped to characterise the lexical substitutions attested in the copies of the δ text group. By using the material of the Second Edition of the Life in the “Sobornik” by Nilus of Sora, it is shown how significantly the editing principles differ in the texts of the δ group of the First Edition and in Nilus’ edition. Firstly, in the texts of the δ group, lexical substitutions are sporadic and are not conditioned by the belonging of words to the linguistic tradition of any book school, while Nilus gives preference to ancient Ohridisms and eliminates pre-Slavicisms. Secondly, the creator of the prototype of the δ text group, when correcting archaisms for frequently used lexemes, selects partial synonyms, unlike Nilus, who uses exact equivalents. A common feature of the lexical editing of the δ group texts of the First Edition and Nilus’ edition is the desire to adapt the original text for the perception of a scribe of the late 15th - early 16th centuries by reflecting the progressive changes in the lexical norm of the literary Slavonic language in the language of the Life.

Intentio praevalens as a Means of Proof to Exclude Marital Fidelity

The article seeks to address the question of whether intentio praevalens constitutes the fundamental principle for evaluating the impact of the reason for contract a marriage and the reason for simulating marital consent on the validity or invalidity of the marriage. This means that it is important to determine which of the indicated reasons prevails in the assessment of the marriage.

Education for sustainable development and its implication for the preparation of pre-service mathematics teachers

This chapter explores the integration of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) into mathematics teacher education programmes. It highlights the fundamental principles of ESD and examines the potential benefits and challenges of incorporating these principles into mathematics education. The chapter methodically synthesises key themes related to ESD principles, such as an interdisciplinary approach, critical thinking and problem-solving, active participation, values and ethics, sustainable consumption, and holistic understanding. Furthermore, it identifies various pedagogical strategies that can facilitate the integration of ESD into mathematics teacher education programmes and discusses their significance. The chapter argues that integrating ESD into mathematics teacher education can enhance mathematics teacher educators' ability to foster critical thinking and problem-solving skills among pre-service mathematics teachers. It also reveals that while there are significant opportunities for enriching the mathematics curriculum through ESD, challenges such as limited resources, lack of training, and resistance to change within educational institutions persist. The chapter emphasises the need for collaborative efforts among educators, policymakers, and institutions to overcome these obstacles. Additionally, it contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing valuable insights for mathematics teacher educators and stakeholders interested in promoting sustainable practices within mathematics curricula. Thus, by addressing both the challenges and opportunities associated with ESD integration, this chapter serves as a foundational resource for future research and practice in the field.

Legal regulation of digital assets exchanges: on the example of Binance

Binance’s operations have a substantial influence on the development of global norms for regulating digital assets exchanges. The company actively engages in discussions with regulatory bodies, sharing its expertise and insights to shape effective regulations. Binance highlights the significance of establishing international standards that safeguard user security and foster innovation in the realm of blockchain technologies. Consequently, Binance is a crucial player in the field of legalizing digital assets exchanges, working to meet regulatory standards while fostering innovation and collaboration with regulators worldwide. In this article, we explore the fundamental legal principles that govern the operations of a digital asset exchange, using Binance as a case study. The author’s article examines the real litigation cases that are being conducted around Binance. The author also conducts a comparative analysis of the legal regulation between Binance Global and Binance Kazakhstan.

A focus on the assessment of the autonomic function using heart rate variability

Heart rate variability (HRV), the variation in the time interval between successive heartbeats, has emerged as a method to evaluate autonomic function and is increasingly accepted as a biomarker reflecting the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system (SNS and PNS, respectively) branches. Since 1996, most HRV measurements have been performed according to the Task Force standards of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. However, despite the established guidelines and growing body of research on HRV, this technique has not been fully incorporated into routine clinical practice. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the different aspects of HRV measurement, highlighting the fundamental principles, available methods, and physiological basis of HRV assessment to elucidate its role in understanding autonomic function in normal and abnormal health conditions.

Emission Integral Effect on Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Measurements Made Using Mid-Infrared Passive Spectroscopic Imaging

Living bodies emit mid-infrared light (wavelength band centered at approximately 10 µm) with a temperature-dependent intensity. Several studies have shown the possibility of measuring blood glucose levels using the mid-infrared emission of living bodies, and we have demonstrated non-invasive blood glucose measurements through distant wrist measurements (wavelength 8–14 µm) by mid-infrared passive spectroscopic imaging. However, it is not clear why blood glucose is detectable, as there is no formula that shows the effect of material thickness and concentration on emission intensity. In this study, we developed a principle for understanding glucose detection by proposing that an emission integral effect underpins the changes in emission intensity with substance thickness and absorption coefficient. We demonstrate the emission integral effect by measuring the spectral radiance of polypropylene with different thicknesses using mid-infrared passive spectroscopic imaging. The simulation results based on the emission integral effect indicate that in living bodies, dilute components such as glucose are easier to identify than components with high concentrations. Mid-infrared passive spectroscopic imaging offers potential innovative solutions for measuring various substances from a distance, with the emission integral effect acting as the basic working principle.

New Horizon in Selective Tocols Extraction from Deodorizer Distillates Under Mild Conditions by Using Deep Eutectic Solvents

Tocols are commonly known as vitamin E, which comprise tocopherols and tocotrienols. Although vegetable oils are natural sources of tocols, deodorizer distillates (DDs) are attractive feedstock due to their potential abundance from oil refining processes and economic price. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a family of neoteric solvents that show promising performance for tocols extraction. Besides their characters occupying the green chemistry concept, this review presents the current research on the potential performances of DESs in extracting tocols selectively and efficiently from DDs. The application of DESs in tocols extraction is presented considering three different ways: mono-phasic, in situ DESs formation, and bi-phasic systems. The basic principles of intermolecular interactions (H-bond, van der Walls bond, and misfit interaction) between DESs or their components with tocols are discussed to understand the mechanism by which DESs selectively extract tocols from the mixture. This is mainly observed to be a function of the intrinsic properties of DESs and/or tocols, which could be beneficial for tuning the appropriate DESs for extracting tocols selectively and effectively under mild operation conditions. This review is expected to provide insight in the potential application of DESs in the extracting of natural compounds with a phenolic structure and also briefly discusses the toxicity of DESs.

Towards verifying and improving estimations of China's CO2 and CH4 budgets using atmospheric inversions

Abstract This paper reviews the application of atmospheric inversions for estimating national CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes with a focus on China. After describing the fundamental principles and methodologies of the technique, we synthesize recent progress in estimating China's CO₂ and CH₄ budgets through atmospheric inversion, and compare these estimates with national GHG inventory (NGHGI) reports. The inverted estimates for China's total CO2 and CH4 emissions amounts to 8.35±1.39 Pg CO2 a−1 and 60.8±5.9 Tg CH4 a−1 in the last decade, which are in general consistent with NGHGIs. However, large uncertainties in spatial and temporal disaggregation of national budgets hinder the effectiveness of the method in verifying China's GHG budgets and improving NGHGI estimates. These uncertainties are largely driven by differences in inversion models, observational coverage, and methodological assumptions. We recommend improving observational networks, conducting model intercomparison exercises, and refining inversion methods to better support China's GHG reporting and future climate goals.

Research Progress of Machine Learning in Deep Foundation Pit Deformation Prediction

During deep foundation pit construction, slight improper operations may lead to excessive deformation, resulting in engineering accidents. Therefore, how to accurately predict the deformation of the deep foundation pit is of significant importance. With advancements in artificial intelligence technology, machine learning has been utilized to learn and simulate complex nonlinear relationships among various factors influencing foundation pit deformation. Prediction accuracy is significantly improved, and the dynamic trend of foundation pit deformation is accurately grasped to curb the risk of safety accidents. This paper systematically reviews the current applications of machine learning in deep foundation pit deformation prediction. The fundamental principles of machine learning models, including neural networks, support vector machines, and Bayesian networks, are elaborated in the context of their application to deep foundation pit deformation prediction. The application effects of various machine learning models in predicting deep foundation pit supporting structure deformation, surrounding surface settlement, and assessing foundation pit risks are summarized. The limitations and future development prospects of current machine learning models for deformation prediction in deep foundation pit construction are discussed. The research results offer valuable insights for the application and advancement of machine learning in the deep foundation pit deformation prediction field.