Abstract The development of stable, recyclable solid-based catalysts remains a major challenge in heterogeneous biodiesel production, due to CaO leaching and limited durability. This study evaluates, for the first time, the use of a commercial Zr-doped alumina support (Sasol Puralox SCFa-190 Zr20) combined with eggshell-derived CaO as a potential strategy to enhance catalyst stabilization. CaO was calcined at 800 °C and impregnated onto the support at 40, 50, and 60 wt% loadings, yielding catalysts CaP40, CaP50, and CaP60. Structural characterization by XRD and SEM revealed the formation of portlandite and calcium aluminate phases with high crystallinity, along with progressive surface coverage of alumina particles by calcic agglomerates and flake-like structures. The supported catalysts exhibited strong basicity and a significant increase in basic site density compared to the bare support. Under reaction conditions (60 °C, methanol-to-oil molar ratio 10:1, 6 wt% catalyst, 1 h), CaP50 and CaP60 achieved biodiesel yields of 98% using soybean oil and waste palm olein. However, catalytic activity decreased upon reuse due to Ca leaching and surface blockage; thermal reactivation at 800 °C partially restored performance. These results indicate that the alumina-zirconia support promotes the dispersion of active Ca species and favors the formation of mixed oxide phases, thereby improving structural stability during reuse.

Abstract The research aimed to evaluate the effect of transferring extracts from residues of durable Amazonian wood species processing to a non-durable wood species (rubber tree) to prolong its use. For this purpose, three trees of rubber tree (27 years old) were collected from Santa Maria farm in the district of Pacotuba, Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, south of the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. These trees were transformed into samples for testing basic density, dimensional stability, retention and pH of the extracts, and resistance of the samples impregnated with the solutions obtained to xylophagous fungi. The impregnation of the wood was carried out using alcoholic extracts (solutions) of Hymenolobium flavum , Roupala montana, Dinizia excelsa , and Tectona grandis . The rubber tree wood had a medium density and moderately stable dimensional stability. The extracts were used in concentrations of 2, 4 and 8 % and tested against brown-rot fungi ( Rhodonia placenta and Neolentinus lepideus ) and white-rot fungi ( Polyporus fumosus and Trametes versicolor ). The extracts exhibited acidic pH (3.5–6.1), which contributed to the effectiveness against the tested fungi. The extracts of R. montana and T. grandis , at concentrations of 4 and 8 %, were more effective in controlling the development of xylophagous fungi.

Forest plantations in Tanzania play a critical role in supporting sustainable wood supply hence reducing pressure on natural forests. However, expansion of forest plantations in the coastal lowland areas remains constrained by the limited availability of appropriate tree species that combine varieties of traits such as acceptable wood quality, stem form, and resistance to biotic stresses in order to cope with the challenging site conditions. This study evaluated wood basic density (WBD), stem quality, and disease resistance of eight-year-old <i>Corymbia</i> and <i>Eucalyptus</i> pure species/provenances grown at North Ruvu Forest Plantation, Kibaha District, Tanzania. The trials were established using a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with five replications for <i>Corymbia</i> and six for <i>Eucalyptus</i>. WBD was determined from increment core samples, while stem quality and disease resistance were assessed in the field using standardized visual scoring systems. The results (presented as mean ± standard error (SE)) shows that (<i>Corymbia</i> species/provenances differed significantly in WBD, ranging from 385 ± 18 kg m<sup>-3</sup> (<i>C. henryi</i>, CSIRO) to 475 ± 27 kg m<sup>-3</sup> (<i>C. citriodora</i>, TTSA). In contrast, <i>Eucalyptus</i> species showed lower and more uniform WBD values (mean = 394 ± 0.9 kg m<sup>-3</sup>), with no significant differences detected among entries. <i>C. variegata</i> (CSIRO) and <i>C. citriodora</i> (TTSA) showed the highest stem quality, with 100% and 92% high-quality stems, respectively. Disease resistance was strongest in <i>C. citriodora</i> (TTSA and ZFC) and <i>E. camaldulensis</i> (TTSA), where no visible disease symptoms were observed. Overall performance ranking identified <i>C. citriodora</i> (TTSA), <i>C. variegata</i> (CSIRO), and <i>E. camaldulensis</i> (TTSA) as the most promising species/provenances for coastal lowland conditions. These findings demonstrate the strong potential of selected <i>Corymbia</i> species as viable alternatives or complements to <i>Eucalyptus</i> in Tanzanian plantation forestry and provide empirical guidance for site–species matching and diversification strategies in similar environments.

Specialized poplar plantations are relevant for wood-based panel production. In recent years, the Italian poplar sector has progressively moved towards more sustainable cultivation systems. Breeding programs developed new clones with fast growth and increased disease resistance. Agroforestry (AF) has emerged as a promising alternative to the conventional plantation (C), and its ecosystem services have been widely documented. This exploratory study compares the main physico-mechanical properties of solid wood from five new poplar clones cultivated in conventional and agroforestry plantation models. The peeling yields and the performances of plywood produced with their veneers are also investigated. Wood was obtained by harvesting seven-year-old trees in two experimental plantations located in the Veneto Region. All the clones were found to have a higher basic density than that of the ‘I-214’, the reference in the sector, and were suitable for veneers production. It was possible to obtain top-quality sheets from trees of both systems, with some differences between clones. However, the overall quality of the veneers depended on the type of clone and on the cultivation system, where conventional plantations provided better results. Higher mechanical performances were found in plywood produced from clones with higher density. The results provide knowledge to optimize agroforestry cultivation of poplar, also as a complementary source of timber supply for the concerned industrial sector.

Wood density is a key plant property, indispensable for estimating forest biomass. Yet, despite tropical regions' substantial contributions to global tree diversity and carbon cycling, they remain underrepresented in wood density datasets such as the CIRAD and Global Wood Density Database (GWDD). To address this gap, we present the 'Tervuren xylarium Wood Density Database' (TWDD), containing 13,332 samples from 2,994 species, 1,022 genera, and 156 plant families across six continents (72% from Africa). TWDD offers direct measurements of oven-dry (oven-dry mass/oven-dry volume, all samples), air-dry (air-dry mass/air-dry volume, 6,408 samples), green (green mass/green volume, 1,657 samples), and basic wood density (oven-dry mass/green volume, 1,686 samples). Basic density was estimated for the remaining 11,646 samples via conversion from oven-dry density. TWDD closes a substantial wood density data gap, especially in Africa, adding 1,164 new species, 160 new genera, and 8 new plant families not included in GWDD or CIRAD datasets. The TWDD provides a critical resource for advancing research on forest community dynamics, ecosystem functioning, carbon cycling, and trait-based ecology worldwide.

Objective: The objective of this study is to quantify the aboveground biomass (AGB) and carbon stock in a fragment of secondary forest in the Amazon, in the municipality of São João de Pirabas-PA. Theoretical Framework: The study is based on three main pillars: international climate governance, theories of ecological succession, and models for quantifying biomass and carbon. These theoretical elements provide a solid basis for analyzing the ecological role of forest species and their contribution to carbon sequestration in regeneration areas in the Amazon. Method: The forest inventory was conducted in 20 plots of 10×50 m (1 ha), measuring diameter at breast height (DBH) and total height of all trees with DBH ≥ 10 cm. Biomass was estimated using the allometric equation of Chaves et al., (2014) incorporating basic wood density. Carbon stock was calculated with a factor of 0.47 (IPCC, 2006). Results and Discussion: The results showed high structural variability and a strong contribution from a few species to biomass and carbon stocks. The discussion highlights how these patterns align with the theoretical framework on forest succession and dynamics, emphasizing the ecological role of dominant species. Any discrepancies between areas and methodological limitations are considered to contextualize the interpretation of the findings. Research Implications: The findings provide practical support for management, ecological restoration, and conservation policies by demonstrating the importance of the species that contribute most to carbon storage. The theoretical implications reinforce succession models applied to secondary forests and aid in understanding their ecological function in the Amazon. Originality/Value: This study stands out for integrating structural and ecological analyses to identify key species in biomass and carbon accumulation in a secondary Amazonian forest. This approach offers an innovative contribution by supporting restoration strategies based on functional species and strengthening the understanding of the role of these forests as climate assets.

Understanding variation in stem form and wood basic density (WBD) is essential for selecting Eucalyptus species suited to saw timber, pole production, and bioenergy in Tanzania. This study quantified differences in stem straightness, forking, damage, and WBD among 40 Eucalyptus entries (38 species/provenances and two GC hybrid clones) in an eight-year replicated trial at Wino Forest Plantation, southern Tanzania. Stem quality traits were visually scored and combined into a Composite Stem Quality Score (CSQS), while WBD was determined from breast-height increment cores using the gravimetric method. Statistical analyses revealed significant genetic variation. Stem straightness and forking differed highly significantly (χ²(78) = 950.0 and χ²(78) = 156.6, respectively; p < 0.001), whereas damage showed no significant variation (p = 0.971), indicating uniform environmental effects. WBD also varied strongly (F(39, 120) = 7.82, p < 0.001), ranging from 388 kg m⁻³ (E. argophloia) to 723 kg m⁻³ (E. biturbinata). A weak negative correlation (r = –0.249, p = 0.121) between CSQS and WBD suggested a mild trade-off between stem form and wood density. The highest straightness (>90%) was observed in E. cloeziana, GC15_GRL, and selected E. grandis provenances, while E. alba and E. globulus had the lowest (<15%). Forking was minimal in GC15_GRL, E. grandis (New F), and E. dunnii, and damage remained below 3% in top entries like GC15_GRL and GC584_GRL. CSQS ranged from 9.0 (GC15_GRL, E. grandis (New F) to 7.4 (E. alba). Integrating stem form and WBD, GC15_GRL, E. grandis (New F), GC584_GRL, E. cloeziana, and E. dunnii are recommended for saw logs and poles. In contrast, high-density species such as E. biturbinata and E. camaldulensis are better suited for structural applications and bioenergy. These findings provide evidence-based guidance for species selection and site matching in Ifinga and comparable Tanzanian environments.

Pulp, paper and energy consumption across the globe have increased tremendously. It is necessary to meet future demand by evaluating and identifying alternative sources of raw material for these industries. In this context, this paper describes the growth attributes and wood physico-chemical variability of five different species of Leucaena, viz. Leucaena leucocephala, L. diversifolia, L. collinsii, L. lanceolata and L. shanonii. In each of the species, the growth, biomass, wood fibre morphology, cellulose, holocellulose, total lignin, alcohol-benzene extractives, hot water solubility, NaOH solubility and fuelwood characters such as basic density, moisture, ash content, fixed carbon, volatile matter, and calorific value have been characterised. Our results revealed better pulpwood properties of L. leucocephala, while L. collinsii had better attributes of being fuelwood. However, the latter had comparable levels of lignocellulosic properties with L. leucocephala, suggesting a new source of raw material for pulp and bioenergy. Further, it could be used as a donor parent for interspecific hybridisation to produce superior hybrids for the utilisation of wood-based industries. Finally, L. collinsii could be used as an alternative species for minimising the demand for pulp and bioenergy requirements.

The paper presents the results of a comprehensive study of the physical properties of the trunk wood of common hornbeam (Carpinus betula L.) in hornbeam-beech stands of the Ukrainian Carpathians. Structural and qualitative differences in wood between dominant and suppressed trees growing within the same type of forest-vegetation conditions were determined. The relevance of the study is due to the need to optimize the use of hornbeam wood raw materials, which is an important component of the forests of the Forest-Steppe and the Carpathian region and is characterized by valuable, dense and high-calorific wood. The study analysed the change in wood density, wood porosity and indicators of wood shrinkage anisotropy by stem height and tree categories in the stand. It was established that the average density of wood in a completely dry state in dominant trees is 728±3.33 kg•m-3, which is 4.0% higher than in suppressed trees (702±2.69 kg•m-3). A similar pattern is observed for the basic and green wood density. The results obtained indicate that the wood of dominant trees has a denser structure, lower porosity (П₀ = 51±0.23 %), but higher humidity and a slightly greater tendency to deformation during drying. For suppressed trees, on the contrary, increased porosity (Пo = 53±0.17 %) and lower anisotropy of drying are characteristic, which makes their wood more stable during technological processing. The tangential (βt) and radial (βr) shrinkage rates are 10.3±0.04 % and 7.0±0.05% for dominant trees and 9.6±0.03 % and 6.7±0.05 % for suppressed trees, respectively. Volumetric shrinkage (βV) in dominant trees is 18.6 %, while in suppressed trees it is 17.4 %. The anisotropy coefficient (kβt/βr) is on average 1.49 and 1.43, respectively, which indicates a moderate difference in the directions of shrinkage. Linear relationships were found between the basic density of wood and its tangential shrinkage, as well as between the basic wood density and absolute wood porosity. For dominant trees, the dependence equation has the form βt = 0.01ρб + 1.10, and for suppressed trees - βt = 0.01ρб + 4.70, which confirms the different intensity of changes in the dimensions of wood during shrinkage. The results of the study indicate that dominant trees form denser, less porous, but anisotropic wood, while suppressed trees form less dense, with higher porosity and more uniform drying. The established patterns are the basis for further differentiation of hornbeam wood according to technological purposes, requiring dimensional stability or for energy purposes. The results obtained are of important practical importance for optimizing technological processes of drying and processing hornbeam wood, as well as for assessing its quality, structure and deposited carbon in different types of stands.

Bamboo is an environmentally friendly construction material because it is renewable, lightweight, and possesses good mechanical strength. However, due to the lack of basic knowledge about the properties of bamboo culms, only a few species are commonly utililized. This study aims to investigate the longitudinal variation of physical and mechanical properties of Dendrocalamus asper and Gigantochloa apus that grow naturally on Lombok Island. Sampling was carried out by selecting 10 bamboo culms, aged 3-4 years old, from different clumps at each location. The tests conducted include moisture content, basic density, tangential and radial shrinkage, modulus of elasticity (MOE), and modulus of rupture (MOR). Statistical analysis was performed using R software, incorporating linear and non-linear mixed-effects models to evaluate longitudinal variations and the influence of individual and location on the distribution of bamboo properties. The results showed that the values for green moisture content, basic density, tangential and radial shrinkage at 1% moisture content change, MOE, and MOR for G. apus were 99.97%, 0.60 g/cm³, 0.29%, 0.35%, 8.27 GPa, and 108.80 MPa, respectively. Meanwhile, the values for D. apser were 108.13%, 0.58 g/cm³, 0.34%, 0.42%, 9.71 GPa, and 102.47 MPa, respectively. The longitudinal variation of moisture content in G. apus followed a linear pattern, while a logarithmic equation best described the variation in moisture content of D. asper, basic density, MOE, and MOR for both bamboo species. Additionally, the longitudinal variation in tangential and radial shrinkage for both species remained constant, following a linear equation with a y-intercept.

HIGHLIGHTS- Gigantochloa apus shows strong potential for structural and engineered uses.- Axial and nodal variations significantly affect bamboo fiber anatomy.- Relative density and strength make G. apus suitable for construction and furniture.- Derived fiber ratios indicate limited papermaking suitability.- G. apus offers broad utilization potential for sustainable industriesABSTRACTThis study assessed the morphological, anatomical, derived ratio, and physico-mechanical properties of string bamboo (Gigantochloa apus [Schult.f.] Kurz ex Munro) grown in Baguio City, Philippines, to establish comprehensive property data and explore potential applications. Six mature culms were sampled and tested for its properties following the IAWA, ISO, and ASTM standards. Results revealed that culm diameter and wall thickness decreased significantly by 37.30% and 46.60%, respectively, toward the top portion. Anatomical analysis showed significant decreases in fiber length, fiber diameter, lumen diameter, and cell wall thickness by 15.33%, 13.86%, 24.05%, and 8.43%, respectively, from bottom to top. All derived ratios varied significantly between the node and internode portions. The node portion exhibited higher values for cell wall fraction, Runkel ratio, Muhlsteph ratio, rigidity coefficient, and Luce’s shape factor. Radial and volumetric shrinkage decreased by 29.47% and 31.01%, respectively, toward the top, while shear strength dropped by 47.20%. In contrast, basic relative density, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and compression strength showed no significant variation along the culm. These findings highlight that G. apus is suitable for diverse applications including furniture, handicrafts, construction, engineered bamboo, and biomass products.

Abstract The wood properties (basic density and compressive strength parallel to the grain under green conditions), chemical components (lignin content, total polyphenol [as equivalent with tannic acid], monosaccharides [as equivalent with glucose], and ethanol-toluene extracts), and decay resistance were investigated in the heartwood of 50 naturally growing Pinus sylvestris L. trees from five different sites (Sites 1 to 5) in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. A mixed-effects model was developed to evaluate the among-site differences in measured properties. In addition, principal component analysis was applied to characterize the wood properties of sample trees in each site. The mean values of lignin content, polyphenol content, monosaccharide content, and mass loss caused by Trametes versicolor and Fomitopsis palustris were 30.3%, 95.3 mg/g, 38.9%, 34.4%, and 4.2%, respectively. Mass loss caused by T. versicolor was negatively correlated with lignin content but not with monosaccharide content. In contrast, mass loss caused by F. palustris showed a significant negative correlation with monosaccharide content but not with lignin content. Among-site differences were observed in polyphenol content, mass loss by T. versicolor , and physical and mechanical properties of wood. The principal component analysis results showed that trees from Site 4 showed higher mechanical properties and excellent decay resistance compared to other Sites. Based on these results, it is concluded that site selection is important to control the quality of the final products. In addition, improvement of wood quality can be achieved by selecting mother trees in the appropriate tree breeding program for establishing plantations.

Abstract Oxytenanthera abyssinica (A. Rich.) Munro is the only indigenous bamboo species in Ghana but remains underutilized. Investigating the technological properties of O. abyssinica culms could facilitate it efficient processing and comprehensive utilization. In this study, the anatomical and density properties of matured culms of O. abyssinica growing in the savanna region of Ghana were examined. The anatomy of the intermodal culm wall of O. abyssinica showed a monocotyledonous stem structure. The wall structures showed distinct outer cortex, central cylinder comprising vascular bundles embedded in a ground parenchyma and an inner pith ring. O. abyssinica exhibited a combination of type III and IV vascular bundles. Furthermore, tissue proportions, fiber characteristics and other properties including, internode length and diameter, and culm wall thickness, varied significantly with culm positions but basic density was not impacted by axial positions. The anatomical and density properties could facilitate the efficient processing and utilization of this underutilized bamboo species.

Through research on the effects of soil and meteorological factors on poplar wood properties, poplar clones with enhanced cold tolerance, drought resistance, and salt–alkali tolerance were selected for large-scale cultivation in the Western Songnen Plain, Northern China. We evaluated wood physical properties (basic density) and anatomical characteristics (annual ring width—RW, vessel number—CNO, vessel lumen area—LA) of 15-year-old Populus simonii × P. nigra, Populus alba × P. berolinensis, P. euramericana N3016 × P. ussuriensis, and Populus pseudo-cathayana × P. deltodides clones in the typical black soil area and saline–alkali land. The results showed that black soil region was more suitable for poplar growth, which was influenced by both soil and meteorological factors. Among soil factors, pH was the primary factor influencing the radial growth of poplar clones, exhibiting a negative correlation for all clones except P. alba × P. berolinensis. Furthermore, P. euramericana N3016 × P. ussuriensis was affected by organic carbon, while P. simonii × P. nigra and P. alba × P. berolinensis were more influenced by potassium. Among climatic factors, basic wood density, annual ring characteristics, and vessel structural parameters in all clones were primarily influenced by wind speed and sunshine, with air temperature having the least effect. Among the four clones, P. alba × P. berolinensis displayed better growth performance (higher RW) and basic wood density (0.29–0.41 g/cm3) at both sites, while P. simonii × P. nigra proved suitable for cold regions. Both clones showing dual adaptability to saline–alkali and black soil environments in Northeast China.

Abstract The basic density and shrinkage properties of Scots pine wood from commercial first and second thinning-stage forests were studied in eastern Finland with a reference from final-felling forests. Linear mixed model analysis was applied, indicating statistically significant differences in basic density between stand types and forest site types, with significant effects of cambial age and height position. Additionally, the 2-level interaction terms between site type, cambial age and height position were significant. In Myrtillus type sites, the basic density was 380 kg/m 3 for first-thinning wood, and 407 kg/m 3 and 406 kg/m 3 for second-thinning and final-felling wood, respectively. Young thinning trees showed, on average, wider growth rings (2.83 mm) compared to mature trees (2.04 mm). Density and latewood proportions increased with tree age, particularly in poor site types, whereas the growth ring width had opposite effects. Significant differences were observed in radial, tangential and volumetric shrinkage across stand types, height positions and radial positions, while the longitudinal shrinkage model indicated statistically significant differences between radial positions only. The radial shrinkage was 4.04% in the first thinnings and 4.44% in the second thinnings, while the tangential shrinkage was 6.98% and 7.16%, respectively. The substantial variation in properties, particularly in the first thinnings, likely reflected the presence of juvenile wood, stem form defects and reaction wood in the harvested material, making it less suitable for mechanical processing. The results confirmed that the properties of second-thinning wood enable its use in applications requiring higher density and allowing reasonable shrinkage.

Introduction During the excavation of deep underground engineering, stress redistribution in rock mass often leads to obvious stress-deformation failure characteristics. It is important to study the stress-strain characteristics of rock for the safety construction and protection of underground engineering. Methods Based on rock basic density test, rock and mineral microscopic test and triaxial compression test, brittle deformation failure mechanical characteristics of a deep mylonite under high in-situ stress state are obtained. A rock damage constitutive model is established and compared with triaxial test results. Finally, the physical significance of model parameter ( a ) and parameter ( r ) is analyzed. Results Mylonite exhibits obvious brittle mechanical characteristics under high stress state, and the established rock damage constitutive model can well describe this brittle deformation characteristic. The damage degree increases from 0 to 1 gradually, and the damage rate increases first and then decreases. Discussion The effects of parameters a and r on the constitutive model and damage degree are discussed. Parameter A mainly affects the peak strength of the model, the brittleness of the rock, and the extreme point strain that affects the degree of damage. Parameter r mainly affects the peak strength of the model, and the extreme point damage degree is affected. In addition, the concept of brittleness index is introduced and its engineering applications are explored.

Abstract The Philippines hosts a wide range of Mango ( Mangifera indica Linn.) varieties valued not only for their flavor, aroma, and adaptability, but also for their wood properties and workability. This study characterized the physical properties (moisture content and basic density), fiber morphology (fiber length, fiber diameter, lumen diameter, and cell wall thickness), and derived values (Runkel ratio, slenderness ratio, flexibility ratio, Muhlsteph ratio, rigidity coefficient, and cell wall thickness) of three mango varieties commonly grown in Maguindanao: “Huani,” “Pico,” and “Paho.” Wood samples from 20–30-year-old trees were collected at diameter at breast height (1.30 m), macerated for 2.5 hours, and analyzed using a Euromex compound microscope and ImageJ Software. Results showed that Mango Huani had the lowest moisture content (67.78 %) but with highest basic density (0.23 g/cm 3 ), longest fiber length (1.06 mm), and largest fiber and lumen diameters (20.27 μm and 12.84 μm, respectively). Mango Paho exhibited the thickest cell wall (4.12 μm), while Mango Pico had the highest Runkel ratio (0.70), Muhlsteph ratio (66.36 %), and rigidity coefficient (0.21). Huani showed the highest slenderness (54.49) and flexibility (62.95 %) ratios. Except for slenderness ratio, most properties showed no significant differences among varieties. Pearson’s correlation indicated a significant positive correlation between fiber length and basic density (r = 0.71; p = 0.032), highlighting fiber length as a key factor influencing density. These findings suggest that regardless of variety, mango wood is suitable for pulp and paper production, light construction, and composite materials. Further validation may consider age class and growing location.

The triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures hold significant promise for enhancing thermal-hydraulic performance in compact heat exchangers. However, a systematic comparison of various TPMS types and optimization strategies under unified standards is lacking, hindering rational selection for engineering applications. This study experimentally and numerically investigates the performance of seven TPMS structures, encompassing basic types (Diamond, IWP, Gyroid, and Primitive), structural strategies (sheet vs solid networks), hybridization, and cell density enhancement. A key finding is the significant deviation of additively manufactured samples from their designs, with an average pressure drop of the realized Primitive-sheet structure being 22.96% higher than its ideal counterpart. More importantly, the results reveal a fundamental performance trade-off: solid-network TPMS structures (exemplified by IWP-solid-1) excel in flow efficiency, reducing pressure drop by an order of magnitude compared to their sheet-network counterparts, while sheet-network structures (particularly the Diamond-sheet) achieve superior heat transfer coefficients, up to 104.42% higher than the Primitive-sheet. Hybridization of the Gyroid and Primitive sheets demonstrated a potential pathway for pressure drop reduction. Crucially, evaluation based on the area goodness factor (j/f) identified the Diamond-sheet and IWP-solid-1 as the top performers for overall thermal-hydraulic efficiency among sheet and solid networks, respectively. This study provides direct guidance and critical data for selecting and optimizing the TPMS structures in thermal management systems.

The main objective of this research was to characterize the physical, chemical and energetic properties of wood from seven tree species from the Cerrado Tocantinense: Terminalia argentea (Garroteiro), Enterolobium gummiferum (Tamboril), Hymenaea stigonocarpa (Jatobá-do-Cerrado), Xylopia aromatica (Pindaíba), Tachigali aurea (Cachamorra), Vatairea macrocarpa (Angelim-amaroso) and Simarouba versicolor (Mata-menino). According to the Forest Code 12.651/2012, the native species were legally collected through environmental licensing for the suppression of native vegetation, resulting from the opening of roads in the municipality of Gurupi-TO. The wood samples were collected, prepared and subjected to tests to verify their properties such as moisture content, basic density, chemical and elemental composition of the wood and the calorific value of the samples, essential to evaluate their energy efficiency. The data were analyzed using statistical methods, such as analysis of variance and Tukey's test, and correlated using Pearson's coefficient to identify possible relationships between variables. The results show that the species present significant variations in their physical and chemical properties, reflecting different potential applications. The woods with higher density, such as Garroteiro and Jatobá-do-Cerrado, are recommended for the production of charcoal; the analysis of calorific value suggests that species such as Pindaíba and Angelim-amargoso have high energy potential.

The potential utilization of 25 year old rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis [Wild. ex A.Juss.] Müll. Arg.) clones (PB 260 and RRIM 600) were assessed based on their anatomical, physical, and mechanical properties. Anatomical features were evaluated using IAWA standards, while physical and mechanical properties were determined following ASTM D143-2019. Five trees per clone were collected from Naga, Zamboanga Sibugay. Results showed that PB 260 exhibited fiber dimensions significantly greater than RRIM 600, with 6.42% longer fibers, 9.42% larger fiber diameters, and 22.47% wider lumens. However, PB 260 had thinner cell walls by 13.33%. Vessel dimensions of PB 260 were also significantly higher, with 14.05% longer and 11.83% wider vessels. For physical properties, RRIM 600 showed higher basic relative density (0.53), tangential shrinkage (4.91%), and volumetric shrinkage (7.58%) compared to PB 260 (0.48, 4.52, and 7.21%, respectively). However, PB 260 had higher green moisture content (126.14%) than RRIM 600 (102.15%). Mechanical testing revealed RRIM 600 had higher strength, attributed to its higher basic relative density and thicker cell wall thickness. RRIM 600 is recommended for construction, flooring, and cabinetry, while PB 260 is suitable for medium grade furniture, carving, and pallets. The study highlights the potential of H. brasiliensis clones as alternative raw materials for the Philippine wood industry.