Bark Powder Research Articles

Efficacy of different Neem (<i>Azadirachta indica</i>) parts in protecting susceptible soybean cultivar against parasitic nematode <i>Meloidogyne javanica</i>

Powdered neem seeds, leaves and bark at the rates of 0.00, 1.04, 1.56, 2.08, 2.60 and 3.12 tons/ha were incorporated into Meloidogyne javanica infested soil in which susceptible Soybean cultivar (Samsoy – 1) was grown. Increase in the rate of each neem part produced corresponding decrease in galling incidence and nodule counts. Neem seed powder at the rates of 2.60 and 3.12 tons/ha was most effective in decreasing galling incidence compared with neem leaf powder and neem bark powder at these respective rates. Although mean leaf area and mean total dry matter of soybean were higher at the tested rates than at the zero rates in all cases, the seed powder gave the best results. [IJARD Vol.3 2002: 116-120]

Acacia nilotica L. Bark Removes Toxic Elements from Solution: Corroboration from Toxicity Bioassay Using Salix viminalis L. in Hydroponic System

ABSTRACT The present investigation deals with the advantages and potential of the Acacia nilotica bark as an adsorbent of toxic metals. Bark (1 g) when added to 100 ml of aqueous solution containing 10 μg ml-1 metal solution exhibited different metal adsorption values for different metals. The order of metal adsorption being Cr ≥ Ni > Cu > Cd > As > Pb. A similar trend of metal adsorption was observed when the bark is reused (1st recycle) Cr> Ni > Cu > Cd > Pb and also in the column sorption. In order to verify the metal removal property of A. nilotica bark, toxicity bioassay with Salix viminalis stem cuttings in hydroponic system augmented with Cd, Cr, and Pb together with A. nilotica bark powder was carried out. The results of toxicity bioassay confirmed the metal adsorption property of the bark powder. The functions of toxicity studies include leaf area, root length and number of new root primordia produced per stump. The leaf area, root length, and the number of new root primordia increased considerably in the presence of A. nilotica bark. The order of metal toxicity for leaf area and new root primordial is Cd > Cr > Pb. However, for root length the order of metal toxicity is Cr > Cd > Pb. The metal budgets of the leaf and root confirmed that the bark powder had adsorbed substantial amount of toxic metals and thus alleviates the toxicity imposed by the various tested elements. Hence, the utility of A. nilotica bark in developing and designing innovative technology for the clean up of toxic elements in aqueous solutions and possible scope for its use in phytoremediation are discussed.

Effect of Single and Binary Combinations of Plant-Derived Molluscicides on Reproduction and Survival of the Snail Achatina fulica

The effects of sublethal treatments (20% and 60% of LC(50)/24 h) with plant-derived molluscicides on the reproduction of the giant African snail Achatina fulica were studied. Azadirachta indica oil, Cedrus deodara oil, Allium sativum bulb powder, and Nerium indicum bark powder singly and binary combinations on reproduction and survival of A. fulica were investigated. Repeated treatment occurred on day 0, day 15, and day 30. These plant-derived molluscicides significantly reduced fecundity, egg viability, and survival of A. fulica within 15 days. Discontinuation of the treatments after day 30 did not lead to a recovery trend in the next 30 days. Day 0 sublethal treatment of all the molluscicides caused a maximum reduction in protein, amino acid, DNA, RNA, and phospholipid levels and simultaneous increase in lipid peroxidation in the ovotestis of treated A. fulica. It is believed that sublethal exposure of these molluscicides on snail reproduction is a complex process, involving more than one factor in reducing the reproductive capacity of A. fulica.

Reduction in Reproductive Fitness of Callosobruchus maculatus F. Exposed to Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.) Waterm.

ABSTRACT Root bark powder and extracts of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides significantly (t = 0.05) reduced the competitiveness of male cowpea seed bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus F.). Observed pairings involving males exposed to the root bark powder and acetone, hot water and cold water extracts were 0, 16.0, 23.0, and 25.7 percent, respectively. Receptiveness of treated females to courting males was also decreased by exposure to root bark powder and extracts. Constituents in root bark powder, terpenoids, phenolics, alkaloids, and N-ox-ides, significantly reduced ovipositioning by 39.6 to 63.4 percent, adult emergence by 13.9 to 50.2 percent, and seed attack by 69.3 to 92.8. Zanthoxylum zazthoxyloides root bark products have potential as seed protectants against the cowpea seed bruchid.

Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Safrole in Sassafras-Derived Herbal Products

A liquid chromatographic (LC) method was developed for determining safrole in herbal products derived from sassafras (Sassafras albidum), as well as related compounds such as isosafrole and dihydrosafrole. The procedure involves solvent extraction and isolation of analyte by reversed-phase LC with UV detection at 235 nm. Safrole is resolved from related compounds and other sample constituents including thymol, a component of thyme. A linear concentration range of 0.003-0.200 mg/mL was obtained for safrole, isosafrole, and dihydrosafrole. Limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) were e0.0015 and 0.0051 micrograms/mL for safrole, 0.0018 and 0.0061 micrograms/mL for isosafrole, and 0.0038 and 0.0125 micrograms/mL for dihydrosafrole, respectively. Intraday relative standard deviations (RSDs) for safrole (n = 5) from various samples ranged from 1.30 to 5.39% at analyte levels of 0.01-1.5%. Safrole contents of 26 samples including root bark powder, leaves, oils, tea concentrate, herbal extract tinctures, and herbal powder capsules ranged from < LOD for most leaf samples to 92.4% for an oil. Recoveries of safrole from fortified samples ranged from 83.6% for an oil to 117.2% for a tincture preparation. Safrole contents of 0.09-4.66 mg/cup were found for brewed teas prepared from sassafras root bark powders and tinctures.

Terminalia arjuna: an Ayurvedic Cardiotonic, Regulates Lipid Metabolism in Hyperlipaemic Rats

The lipid lowering action of the bark powder of Terminalia arjuna (T. arjuna) has been studied in triton and cholesterol fed rats. Serum lipids were found to be lowered by T. arjuna (100 mg/kg, b.w.) in triton induced hyperlipaemia. Chronic feeding of this powder (100 mg/kg, b.w., p.o.) in animals simultaneously fed with cholesterol (25 mg/kg, b.w.) for 30 days, caused lowering in lipids and protein levels of β-lipoproteins followed by an increase in high density lipoprotein-cholesterol compared with the cholesterol fed groups. T. arjuna alters lipolytic activities in plasma, liver, heart and adipose tissues of hyperlipaemic rats. The lipid lowering action of this natural product is mediated through inhibition of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis, increased faecal bile acid excretion and enhanced plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity and stimulation of receptor mediated catabolism of low density lipoprotein.

Suppression of seed bruchid ( Callosobruchus maculatus F.) development and damage on cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) with Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.) Waterm. (Rutaceae) root bark powder when compared to neem seed powder and pirimiphos-methyl

Reproduction suppression properties in Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.) Waterm. (Rutaceae) root bark powder (ZRBP) against the cowpea seed bruchid (CSB), Callosobruchus maculatus F., were evaluated against neem ( Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) seed powder (NSP) and pirimiphos-methyl (PM) (Actellic 2% Dust, ICI). At application rates ranging from 0.125 to 3 g per 20 g seed, ZRBP was as effective an oviposition suppressant as PM, due to high contact toxicity to CSB adults, but significantly more effective than NSP. At the rate of 0.25 g per 20 g seed, ZRBP, NSP and PM had nearly 5 months residual effectiveness, preserved seed germinated fairly well (up to 70% germination in ZRBP treated seeds) and had no objectionable taste when cooked.

Effect of birch (Betula pendula) bark and food protein level on root voles (Microtus oeconomus): II. detoxification capacity

The effect of protein and birch bark powder (BBP) content of forage on detoxification capacity of root voles (Microtus oeconomus) was studied. Young voles were fed with eight different diets for two weeks. Individuals on low (3%) protein diets had significantly lighter livers and kidneys than those on moderate (6%) or high (12%) protein diets. Birch bark powder addition did not have significant effect on organ weight. Detoxification was significantly induced, apparently due to secondary compounds in BBP. The activity of ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (EROD) was high when protein content or BBP concentration in forage was high as compared to low protein diets or diets containing no BBP. Glucuronidation, on the other hand, was not induced by BBP. High BBP content caused serious physiological stress to the voles. The only individuals surviving were those capable of sufficiently allocating energy and protein to detoxification.

Effect of birch (Betula pendula) bark and food protein level on root voles (Microtus oeconomus): I. food consumption, growth, and mortality

The effect of protein and birch bark powder (BBP) content of forage on food consumption and growth of root voles (Microtus oeconomus) was studied by feeding young voles with eight different diets for two weeks. Voles ate more when the protein content of forage was moderate (6%) or low (3%), and when BBP was added to the diets, as compared to a high (12%) protein diet without BBP addition. On high and moderate protein diets voles gained weight, whereas on low protein diets they lost weight. Addition of BBP caused reduced growth or weight loss. Consuming a diet with moderate (6%) protein and high BBP (20%) resulted in high mortality (9 of 10 died). These results show that root voles need at least 6% protein for growth and that the effect of birch bark depends on the protein content of the forage.

Salivary tannin-binding proteins in root vole ( Microtus oeconomus Pallas)

We demonstrated that the root vole ( Microtus oeconomus Pallas) produces salivary tannin-binding proteins. The ability of the proteins to bind tannins was demonstrated electrophoretically. It is likely that the proteins are proline-rich, based on their staining characteristics. Production of these proteins was not altered by incorporation of 0.1% of birch tannin or 10% birch bark powder to the diets of captive root voles.

Effects of Pine Bark Extracts and Pine Bark Powder on Fungal Pathogens, Soil Enzyme Activity, and Microbial Populations1

Abstract Pine bark extracts and pine bark powders were evaluated in vitro and in greenhouse experiments for effect on fungal growth and infectivity, soil enzyme activity and soil microbial populations. Agar media were formulated using powdered fresh or composted pine bark and pine bark extracts prepared by refluxing pine bar powder with acid, neutral, and alkaline solutions Growth of Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, Phytophthora parasitica, Alternaria solani, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was reduced on agar containing either fresh or composted pine bark powder, whereas growth of the nonparasitic fungus Penicillium citrinum was enhanced. Growth of parasitic fungi on media containing pine bark extracts was varied. However, extracts prepared using alkaline solutions reduced the growth of more of the fungi tested and to a greater extent than extracts prepared with neutral or acid solutions. In greenhouse experiments, emergence of lentil (Lens culinaris) was significantly increased by the addition of fresh or composted pine bark powder to soil inoculated with either R. solani or S. rolfsii. Increases in soil trehalase activity were correlated with increases in total populations of indigenous fungi and specifically with species of Penicillium and Paecilomyces. Pine bark powder decreased fungal growth in vitro and reduced disease incidence in greenhouse experiments while altering soil fungal populations. Analysis of soil trehalase activity provides a simplified means for monitoring soil fungal populations leading to a more complete understanding of soil microbial ecology.

Evaluation of powdered pine bark for control ofMeloidogyne arenaria andHeterodera glycines on soybean

Commercially avaiable pine bark nuggets (composted) and fresh pine bark were ground into powders and added at rates of 0 to 50 g kg−1 to field soil infested withMeloidogyne arenaria andHeterodera glycines. The treated soil was maintained moist in the greenhouse for 2 weeks, sampled, and planted with ‘Davis’ soybean (Glycine max.). Eight weeks after planting, numbers ofM. arenaria andH. glycines in soil decreased with increasing amounts of composted or fresh pine bark. No juveniles were present in soil treated with 5% pine bark. The number of galls and cysts g−1 root decreased in proportion to the amount of pine bark added to soil. Gall and cyst formation was completely eliminated at the 5% rate. Numbers of saprophagous nematodes were highest in soil with 4–5% pine bark. The activity of several soil enzymes was correlated with the addition of both composted and fresh pine bark. Fresh pine bark powder caused an increase in soil enzyme activity compared to composted pine bark, but did not provide consistent control of gall and cyst formation.

Changes in populations of soil microorganisms, nematodes, and enzyme activity associated with application of powdered pine bark

Evaluation of enzyme activities in combination with taxonomic analyses may help define the mechanisms involved in microbial decomposition of orgaic amendments and biological control of soilborne pathogens. In this study, powdered pine bark was added to nematode-infested soil at rates of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 g kg−1. Total fungal populations did not differ among treatments immediately after application of pine bark. After 7 days, fungal populations were positively correlated with increasing levels of pine bark. This increase was sustained through 14 and 21 days.Penicillium chrysogenum andPaecilomves variotii were the predominant fungal species isolated from soil amended with pine bark. Total bacterial populations did not change with addition of pine bark at 0, 7, and 14 days after treatment. At 21 and 63 days, total bacterial populations declined in soil receiving the highest rates of pine bark. Addition of pine bark powder to soil caused a shift in predominant bacterial genera fromBacillus spp. in nonamended soil, toPseudomonas spp. in amended soil. Soil enzyme activities were positively correlated with pine bark rate at all sampling times. Trehalase activity was positively correlated with total fungal populations and with predominant fungal species, but was not related to bacterial populations. The number of non-parasitic (non-stylet bearing) nematodes andMeloidogyne arenaria in soil and roots were not correlated with pine bark rate. However,Heterodera glycines juveniles in roots, and the number of cysts g−1 root, declined with increasing levels of pine bark.

Isolation and Partial Characterization of a Polysaccharide Gum from Cryptocarya wightiana Bark

AbstractThe present investigation describes the isolation and partial characterization of a gummy polysaccharide derived from the bark powder of Cryptocarya wightiana tree. The isolated polysaccharide is highly viscous, exhibits ‘pituity’ characteristics, and is composed of arabinose and xylose in 6:1 ratio, respectively. Preliminary fractionation by precipitation with alcohol gave four fractions of varying compositional and viscosity characteristics. The major fraction (58%) was composed of arabinose and xylose in 5:1 ratio, respectively, together with an unidentified peak (∼21%) coeluting at the ascending part of the arabinose peak. The gum has potential applications both in food and non‐food industries.

SERBUK BABAKAN BAKAU SEBAGAI PEREKAT PAPAN PARTIKEL

This experiment evaluate the use of mangrove ( Rhizophora mucronata ) bark powder mixed with paraformaldehyde as an adhesive in particleboard manufacturing. The treatments consisted of powder size (100 and 140 mesh) and pressing temperature (110,125, and 140° C). The qualities observed were physical and mechanical properties of the boards. The effect of powder size on the properties of particleboard was negative. The effect of temperature on the properties of particleboard was on the other hand significant. There is a linear correlation between temperature and each property of particleboard. Except Thickness Swelling, all properties conform with Particleboard Standard issued by FAO (1966), especially at temperature 125° C or above.

Uptake of Minerals, Particularly Metals, by Epiphytic Hypnum Cupressiforme

Samples of bulk precipitation, epiphytic moss (Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw.) and phorophyte bark were analysed for contents of Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb, S, V and Zn. These analyses were the basis for a compartment study of the mineral cycling in an epiphytic ecosystem. The conductivity, pH, buffer capacity and concentrations of Ca, K, Mg and Na of Fraxinus excelsior L. and Fagus silvatica L. bark were determined in the traditional way on bark powder suspensions and also in solutions in equilibrium with discs of bark surface. The relation between bark properties and input-output of chemical elements to the epiphytic bryophytes was discussed. The differences in the epiphytic vegetation on Fraxinus and Fagus were assumed not to have been determined by the observed differences between Fraxinus and Fagus in properties of the bark powder suspensions, as these were not reflected in the solutions in equilibrium with the bark surface. Comparisons with other Scandinavian investigations on heavy metal contents in epigeic moss were made, and it was concluded that the metal contents of epiphytic moss originate mainly from the atmosphere.

Effect of camphor bast powder on the plant growth.

I had reported the effcct of bark powder of camphor tree on the growth of the crops, and after ward I conducted the same experiments on rice plant, upland rice, barley, wheat and potatoes. The result on the germination and the field experiment on potatoes are as follows. I Germinating cxperiment One section (withont powder) and the other (with powder) Were 100 percent in germination percentage. In the germinating energy, the top was the best and the middie and the base followed in order. In comparing the standard with the other, I could not find any difference between them But the middle and the base buds of the latter were superior to the standard. ll Field experiments I conducted the experiments dividing 3 section. A section (put the powder on cut surface). C section (mixed the powder in the soil) and. B section (without the powder). A and C sections were better than B section in harvest at the rate of from 23-38 percent. ln the beginning there were some tendency of retarding in A and D section, but at the end I found the one with the powder mixed in soil was the best in harvest.

Effect of camphor bast powder on the plant growth.

I had reported the effcct of bark powder of camphor tree on the growth of the crops, and after ward I conducted the same experiments on rice plant, upland rice, barley, wheat and potatoes. The result on the germination and the field experiment on potatoes are as follows. I Germinating cxperiment One section (withont powder) and the other (with powder) Were 100 percent in germination percentage. In the germinating energy, the top was the best and the middie and the base followed in order. In comparing the standard with the other, I could not find any difference between them But the middle and the base buds of the latter were superior to the standard. ll Field experiments I conducted the experiments dividing 3 section. A section (put the powder on cut surface). C section (mixed the powder in the soil) and. B section (without the powder). A and C sections were better than B section in harvest at the rate of from 23-38 percent. ln the beginning there were some tendency of retarding in A and D section, but at the end I found the one with the powder mixed in soil was the best in harvest.

Effect of Salts Upon Oxidase Activity of Apple Bark

1. One-tenth normal solutions of all of the chlorides tested (potassium, sodium, lithium, caesium, ammonium, calcium, manganese, ferric) decreased oxidation of pyrogallol by apple bark powder. 2. Oxidation was increased very slightly by 0.10 N solutions of all the sulphates tested. 3. Potassium, sodium, and magnesium nitrates (0 10 N) had practically no effect on oxidation, while nitrates of calcium, barium, manganese, and iron (ferric) decreased it. 4. Potassium chloride (0.02 N and 0 002 N) had no effect on oxidation, while manganese chloride in these concentrations increased it. 5. Tartrates, oxalates, citrates, acetates, and carbonates increased oxidation. Marked increase in oxidation in these cases seems to be due, in part at least, to the low acidity of the mixtures of bark, pyrogallol, and salt. 6. Marked decrease in oxidation is not necessarily accompanied by high acidity of the mixtures. 7. Ions other than the hydrogen and hydroxyl may be important in regulating oxidase activity. 8. In neutralizi...

Notice of Iron Found in the Powder of Cinchona Bark

Notice of Iron Found in the Powder of Cinchona Bark