Bark Anatomy Research Articles

Ind

Bark anatomy of white pulai (Alstonia scholaris R.Br.). black pulai (Alstonia angustiloba Miq.) and bintaro (Cerbera manghas L.) were observed and described for identification purposes. These plants have been used as sources of traditional medicine in South East Asia. Bark of these trees exudes white gum when it was cut; the inner parts are white. The outer surfaces of A. scholaris and C. manghas are gray and usually lenticellate; the outer surface of A. angustiloba contains no lenticel, and the colour is dark brown . with narrow and shallow longitudinal fissures. The main components of bark are phloem, parenchyma, ray, fibre, sclereid and periderm. Fibres are tangentially arranged near the cambium ofjuvenile stem of all species, then pushed outward by cambium activity as the age of the plant increased. Sclereids were few and thin walled while the plants were young and then increased in quantity and in cell wall thickness as the plants become mature. The main anatomical differences between bark of these plants were in the morphology of the sclereids. Sclereids of A. scholaris are short and chubby, sclereid of A. angustiloba are long and stout while those of C. manghas are long and slender. A tentative identification key is presented.

Arquitectura foliar y anatomía de la corteza y la madera de Quercus sartorii y Q. xalapensis (Fagaceae)

En este trabajo se describe y compara la arquitectura foliar y la anatomía de la corteza y la madera de Quercus sortorii y Q. xalapensis , especies morfológicamente similares, en la búsqueda de caracteres que contribuyan a su delimitación. Los resultados mostraron que los caracteres del patrón de venación: número y forma de aréolas, ramificación de las vénulas y recorrido de la vena secundaria dentro del diente son caracteres que permiten distinguir a las especies, no así el tamaño de la hoja y el número de los estomas. Las especies difieren en la corteza externa y la felodermis. La madera de ambas especies es similar a lo reportado para el género, pero se observó una distribución diferencial de los vasos, menos abundantes y solitarios, en hileras radiales en Q. sartorii. Los atributos mencionados deberán emplearse en conjunto con caracteres de la flor, el fruto y la semilla para apoyar el reconocimiento de ambas especies.

Wood and Bark Anatomy of Myricaceae: Relationships, Generic Definitions, and Ecological Interpretations

Wood anatomy of the single species of Canacomyrica (hitherto not studied) shows that it belongs in Myricaceae, although it differs from other genera in several respects (axial parenchyma grouped in bands or columns as well as diffuse; Heterogeneous Type I rays; more numerous bars per perforation plate). The latter two features are primitive for the family. The four genera (Canacomyrica. Comptonia, Morella, and Myrica s.s.) differ from each other not only by qualitative features but by quantitative features (feature means in genera mostly non- overl apping). Wood of Comptonia and Myri ca s.s. lacks chambered crystals in axial parenchyma and ray crystals. Wood of Myrica s.s. has tracheids in latewood but fiber-tracheids in earl ywood. Diagnostic generic summaries are presented. Features of Myricaceae such as scalarifom perforation plates, presence of (true) tracheids , ray types , chambered encapsulated crystals in axial parenchyma, and bark anatomy correspond with character states and expressions in Betulaceae, Casuarinaceae, Corylaceae, Juglandaceae (including Rhoipteleaceae), Ticodendraceae and, to a lesser extent, Fagaceae and Nothofagaceae. This grouping of families can be found as Fagales in recent DNA trees. The predominance of tracheids in basal Fagales such as Myricaceae and Ticodendraceae suggests that origin of vasicentric tracheids which occur in combination with libriform fibers in Fagaceae is the product of tracheid dimorphism. Low imperforate tracheid length to vessel element length ratios (FN ratios) in Myricaceae are a probable indication of wood primitiveness. Quantitative vessel features of Myricaceae, as combined in Mesomorphy Ratio values, characterize wood of Myricaceae as a whole, but at the species level such values correspond to respective habitats; notably high vessel density in Comptonia may represent greater conductive safety appropriate to relatively dry habitats.

Wood and Bark Anatomy of Salvadoraceae: Ecology, Relationships, Histology of Interxylary Phloem

CARLQUIST, S. (Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, 1212 Mission Canyon Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105). Wood and bark anatomy of Salvadoraceae: relationships, ecology, histology of interxylary phloem. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 129:10-20. 2002. Quantitative and qualitative data are presented for stem wood of one species each of Azima, Dobera, and Salvadora and for root wood of Salvadora. The liquid-preserved material of Salvadora permitted analysis of interxylary phloem: abaxial to most strands a residual meristem adds sieve-tube elements and companion cells to each strand, crushing earlier-formed phloem. Current opinion that Salvadoraceae are a sister family to Bataceae is supported by wood anatomy: they share such features as bands of mostly nonsubdivided axial parenchyma cells, wide multiseriate rays, and and storied structure. Nonbordered perforation plates, found also in other Capparales, are newly reported for Salvadoraceae. Koeberliniaceae have tracheids, Bataceae fibertracheids, thought more primitive than the libriform fibers of Salvadoraceae. Wood of Azima is moderately mesomorphic, perhaps because it grows near beaches where saline or brackish water is available to roots; Dobera and Salvadora have highly xeromorphic wood. The terms foraminate included phloem and concentric included phloem are misnomers and must be rejected.

Leeuwenhoek's Observations on the Anatomy of Bark

Summary Leeuwenhoek's letter to the Royal Society of 27 March 1705, dealing with the anatomy of bark of cherry, birch, cinnamon, lime and cork oak is reviewed. It contains many detailed observations and illustrations of, i.a., ray dilatation, various types of phloem sclerenchyma, and annual rings in cork. This is another example of Leeuwenhoek's importance as an early plant anatomist.

Effects of flooding on wood and bark anatomy of four species in a mangrove forest community

Variation in the wood and bark anatomy of the dominant species of a mangrove forest community in Mexico was evaluated in relation to some environmental factors, and their physiological adaptations to salinity and flooding period are discussed. The forest is characterized by three zones according to the presence of dominant tree species and flooding periodicity. Vessel arrangement and wood and bark ray height are strongly associated with flooding zones where trees are growing. Variance analyses revealed significant differences among zones for these anatomical characteristics. Soil texture and water salinity were the most useful parameters for the prediction of values of anatomical characteristics. More abundant vessels in radial multiples in a shorter flooding period suggest a functional advantage of multiple vessel groups. Taller wood and bark rays in response to prolonged flooding period can be attributed to anoxic conditions. Among zones, significant differences in the vulnerability index of the species were detected, but not with respect to relative conductivity. Significant differences among zones exist for wood and bark characteristics involved in vertical and horizontal water transport, photosynthates and gas exchange.

Estudo anatômico comparativo do lenho e da casca de duas espécies de Eugenia L. (Myrtaceae)

The wood and bark anatomy of Eugenia cerasiflora Miq. and E. uniflora L. is described. The species have a uniform wood anatomy, whereas the bark anatomy is highly variable between species. Based on wood anatomy the genus can be distinguished by the type of axial parenchyma and presence of crystals. The bark is distinguished based on the type and distribution of sclerenchymatic tissues, the types of periderm and rhytidome. The differences found in wood and bark anatomy among species show their importance for identification purposes.

Anatomia da madeira e casca do maricá, <i>Mimosa bimucronata</i> (DC.) O. Kuntze.

São descritos os caracteres gerais, macroscópicos e microscópicos da madeira de Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) O. Kutze, bem como a estrutura de sua casca. A anatomia da madeira é comparada com referências da literatura para espécies afins. Os caracteres observados incluem placa de perfuração simples em vasos, pontuados alternos, pontuações ornamentadas, parênquima paratraqueal, fibras libriformes, raios homogêneos de células procumbentes e ausência de estratificação. Na estrutura da casca destacam-se o líber duro em faixas tangenciais descontínuas, envolvidas por células parenquimáticas geralmente cristalíferas, o curso irregular dos raios na casca interna e a formação de cunhas de parênquima na casca mediana.

Anatomia da madeira e casca de espinilho, <i>Acacia caven</i> (Mol.) Mol.

São descritos os aspectos anatômicos da madeira e casca de Acácia caven (Mol.) Mol. São apresentados dados quantitativos de 34 caracteres do xilema secundário, bem como fotomicrografias das estruturas anatômicas da madeira e casca. A ausência de septos em fibras, a abundância de parênquima axial e a elevada percentagem de raios com 4 ou mais células de largura, são os caracteres mais importantes na estrutura do lenho. O arranjo das fibras floemáticas em feixes tangenciais regulares, rodeados por séries cristalíferas, é, por sua vez, o aspecto mais notável da casca. Este caráter ainda não havia sido reportado pela literatura anatômica das acácias sul-americanas, e pode ter valor taxonômico em nível infra-genérico.

Wood and Stem Anatomy of Stegnosperma (Caryophyllales); Phylogenetic Relationships; Nature of Lateral Meristems and Successive Cambial Activity

Wood and bark histology data on stems of two species of Stegnospenna (Stegnospermataceae, or Phytolaccaceae s.l.) is presented, complementing previous accounts . Wood of Stegnosperma is relatively primitive within Caryophyllales because of presence of tracheids , diffuse parenchyma, and both multiseriate and uniseriate rays . The solitary nature of vessels is held to be correlated with tracheid presence , as in other groups of dicotyledons with vessels solitary or nearly so. Bark anatomy is newly reported for the genus . The method of section used permits analysis of divisions in cells with primary walls. Radial rows of parenchyma ('secondary cortex') develop in the inner cortex and are perpetuated by tangential divisions collectively termed a diffuse lateral meristem here. Successive cambia form within the radial rows of parenchyma. Despite diverse terminology and interpretations in literature on plants with successive cambia, the successive cambia and their origin in Stegnosperma are believed to represent the same anatomical phenomena as in other Phytolaccaceae s.l.

Wood and bark anatomy of Schisandraceae: implications for phylogeny, habit, and vessel evolution

Qualitative and quantitative features are reported for mature wood and bark of two species of Kadsura and five species of Schisandra. Newly reported for the family are predominance of simple perforation plates (all species); presence of pit membrane remnants in vessels of first-formed secondary xylem; two to three series of pits per facet on tracheids; diffuse axial parenchyma (Kadsura); multiseri- ate rays more than three cells wide at the widest point (all species); ethereal oil cells in axial xylem; and certain details of comparative bark anatomy. Differences in wood anatomy between Illiciaceae and Schisandraceae are nearly all differences of degree. These differences relate to the shrubby to arboreal habit in Illicium as opposed to the scandent habits in Schisandraceae. Larger pits on tracheids, wider and shorter vessel elements, and a high figure for conductive area per mm2 of transection are features related to the scandent habit of Schisandraceae; opposing character states in Illicium relate to the self-supporting nature of growth forms in that genus.

Specialized phloem parenchyma cells in Norway spruce (Pinaceae) bark are an important site of defense reactions

The bark anatomy of Norway spruce clones that were resistant or susceptible to Ceratocystis polonica, a bark-beetle-vectored fungal pathogen, was compared. The major difference concerned the axial parenchyma cells, called polyphenolic parenchyma (PP cells) because of their vacuolar deposits. The phenolic nature of the deposits was indicated by autofluorescence under blue light, and immunocytochemical studies demonstrating PP cells are enriched in phenylalanine ammonia lyase (EC 4.3.1.5), a key enzyme in phenolic synthesis. Susceptible-clone PP cells occurred as single rows filled with dense deposits. The resistant clone had 40% more PP cells, which occurred in rows two cells thick plus as individual cells scattered among the sieve cells and had lighter deposits. Trees inoculated with fungus were analyzed but a distinct fungal response could not be separated from the general wound response. In the resistant clone, phenolic bodies were reduced in size and density or disappeared completely 12 d after wounding, and PP cell size increased. The susceptible-clone phenolics and cell size changed only slightly. These data show that PP cells are active in synthesis, storage, and modification of phenolics in response to wounding, providing an important site of constitutive and inducible defenses.

Leño y corteza de Prosopis alba Griseb., algarrobo blanco, Mimosaceae, en relación con algunas magnitudes dendrométricas

Prosopis alba Griseb., is one of the most important Argentinean Mimosaceae. With a great distribution area, it is a common component in the Chaco Forest. Prosopis alba, Algarrobo blanco, is one of the Argentina's legumes of more economic importance. The aims of this study are: to describe the wood and bark anatomy and tree ring pattern of Prosopis alba, to analyse tree ring evolution in relation to age and orientation, to characterise sapwood, heartwood and bark width, in relation to age, DBH (diameter at breast height) orientation, and height and to determine the main defects of the wood. The study was carried out in ten individuals from the following sites of Santiago del Estero, Argentina: Brea Pozo, San Martin Department; Las Delicias, Pellegrini Department and Sachayoj, Alberdi Department. Healthy, well formed trees, with more than 30 cm DBH were selected from the dominant-canopy. Wood samples were taken following the methodology of Helinska et al. The terminology by IAWA was used for wood descriptions, and the terminology by Roth in bark. Results obtained show that Prosopis alba has tree ring demarcated by terminal parenchyma (type 2 of Coster). Tree rings have a medium width of 4.05 mm (2.11-5.18), with a maxim between 29 and 32 years. Orientation had no influence on width. Sapwood in the trunk has a tree ring width (2-6), diminishing with age and height. The principal defect of the wood are the scars produced by fire which alter the pattern of growth. The deciduous bark is of the fibrous type, with longitudinal fissures. The thickness of total bark is 1.16 cm, the living bark 0.39 cm and rhytidome 0.74 cm. The bark increases with age and diminishes with DBH. The duraminization process begins between the years 3 to 6.

Wood and Bark Anatomy of Caricaceae; Correlations with Systematics and Habit

Wood and bark anatomy are described for four species of three genera of Caricaceae; both root and stem material were available for Jacaratia hassleriana. Wood of all species lacks libriform fibers in secondary xylem, and has axial parenchyma instead. Cylicomorpha parviflora has paratracheal parenchyma cells with thin lignified walls; otherwise, all cell walls of secondary xylem in Caricaceae except those of vessels have only primary walls. Vessels have alternate laterally elongate (pseudoscalariform) pits on vessel-vessel interfaces, but wide, minimally bordered scalariform pits on vessel-parenchyma contacts. Laticifers occur commonly in tangential plates in fascicular secondary xylem, and rarely in xylem rays. Proliferation of axial parenchyma by zones of tangential divisions is newly reported for the family. Bark is diverse in the species, although some features (e.g., druses) are common to all. Wood of Caricaceae is compared to that of two species of Moringaceae, recently designated the sister family of Caricaceae. Although the wood and bark of Moringa oleifera, a treelike species, differ from those of Caricaceae, wood and bark of the stem succulent M. hildebrandtii, the habit of which resembles those in Caricaceae, simulate wood and bark of Caricaceae closely. Counterparts to laticifers in Moringaceae are uncertain, however. Phloem fibers of Caricaceae form an expansible peripheral cylinder of mechanical tissue that correlates with the stem succulence of most species of Caricaceae.

Sextonia, a New Genus of Lauraceae from South America

The genus Sextonia is described; it consists of two species, the rather widespread S. rubra and the new species S. pubescens, restricted to eastern Peru. Ocotea is the largest genus of neotropical Lauraceae, including at least 300 species (van der Werff, 1991). It is not surprising that with such a large number of species the genus shows considerable morphological variation, is difficult to delimit, and is in much need of a modern revision. Oftentimes the genus has been used to accommodate species that could not be adequately placed in other, better defined genera. As information from other disciplines, most notably wood and bark anatomy (Richter, 1981), has become available, some of the anomalous species have been removed from Ocotea and recognized as distinct genera. Rohwer et al. (1991) created the genus Chlorocardium for two species previously placed in Ocotea and discussed some other problematical species. I propose to recognize one of those species, until now treated as Ocotea rubra, as belonging to a distinct genus and will describe a new species of this genus as well. Sextonia van der Werff, gen. nov. TYPE: Sextonia rubra (Mez) van der Werff. Figure 1. Arbores magnae. Folia ad apices ramulorum aggregata. Inflorescentiae axillares, racemosae vel paniculatae. Tepala 6, inaequalia, 3 exteriora quam 3 interiora minora, erecta; stamina 9, 4-locellata, 6 exteriora locellis in arcu non profundo dispositis, 3 interiora locellis in 2 paribus superpositis; staminodia 3; receptaculum profundum. Fructus cupula insidens, ab ea 13 vel fere omnino obtecta. Large trees, to 45 m tall. Twigs thick, corky, terete. Leaves alternate, clustered near the tips of the branches, pinnately veined, without domatia. Inflorescences axillary, racemose or paniculate, ultimate divisions of inflorescences frequently not strictly cymose, but racemose. Tepals erect, unequal, the outer three smaller than the inner three; stamens 9, 4-celled, the outer 6 with the cells in a shallow arc, the inner 3 with the cells placed in two pairs, the filaments short, as wide as the anthers, staminodia 3; receptacle deep. Fruit initially enclosed in the cupule, at maturity either 2/ exserted or almost completely enclosed in the cupule. The new genus Sextonia is readily recognized by having clustered leaves and flowers with unequal tepals, characters already mentioned by Rohwer et al. (1991). The differences in wood and bark anatomy between Ocotea and Sextonia (as O. rubra) were amply discussed by Richter (1981), and indeed the main reason that Rohwer et al. (1991) did not describe a new genus to accommodate O. rubra was their reluctance to describe another monotypic genus. In a genus as large as Ocotea it is not surprising to find individual species or groups of species that differ in one or more morphological characters from the rest of the species, and finding such differences is not a sufficiently strong argument for describing a new genus. However, when such morphological differences are supported by differences in wood and bark anatomy the argument for a new genus is stronger. Three reasons made me consider the generic status of 0. rubra again. The first is the recent discovery of an undescribed species closely related to O. rubra, sharing with it the clustered leaves and flowers with unequal tepals, but differing in having pubescent flowers and racemose inflorescences. This new species has wood and bark anatomy similar to O. rubra. Describing this species in Ocotea would clearly be incorrect. The second argument is that during a study of the embryology of Lauraceae (Heo et al., in prep.) Ocotea rubra was found to differ clearly from the other four investigated species of Ocotea in having the mature embryo sac protruding from the nucellus, a character state otherwise only found in Beilschmiedia, Caryodaphnopsis, Cryptocarya, Endiandra, and Potameia, but lacking in genera considered closely related to Ocotea, such as Aiouea, Aniba, Cinnamomum, Licaria, Mezilaurus, and Nectandra. The third is that the inflorescences of the two species of Sextonia are different from those found in Ocotea. In Ocotea the flowers are arranged in cymes, with the lateral flowers of a cyme strictly opposite. In Sextonia rubra, however, the flowers are not arranged in cymes. Frequently the ultimate branching of the inflorescences appears racemose and flowers are not strictly opposite. The inflorescence types of Lauraceae and their importance for the suprageneric classification are discussed in detail by van NovoN 7: 436-439. 1997. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.151 on Thu, 07 Jul 2016 05:31:01 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Volume 7, Number 4 van der Werff 437 1997 New Genus of Lauraceae

Bark Anatomy of Arborescent Leguminosae of Cerrado and Gallery Forest of Central Brazil

The bark anatomy of28 species of arborescent Leguminosae of 'cerrado' and gallery forest in the Brazilian Federal District was examined. The most significant characteristics for taxonomic purposes were determined to be: delimitation between collapsed and non-collapsed phloem; phloem stratification; type and position of sieve plates; dilatation patterns; arrangement and contents of sc1ereids; and presence of secretory cells. The bark data support the idea that Papilionoideae is the most advanced group of the Leguminosae.

Bark Anatomy of Four Tropical Vitaceae from Veracruz, Mexico

Bark anatomy of four species of Vitaceae growing at the tropical rain forest of Veracruz, Mexico, is described. Young and mature individuals were collected at the tropical biology field station 'Los Tuxtlas' . External, gross characteristics of the bark and microscopic features of young and adult individuals are given. Sectorization of the vascular tissues into minor and major areas was found in the three Cissus species, but not in Vitis tiliifolia, where it was apparent only at early stages of development. All the species studied have storied secondary phloem and very tall rays. The potential role of mucilage in water-holding capacity and the relationship of stem anatomy and aerial root formation are discussed.

Wood and bark anatomy of lianoid Indomalesian and Asiatic species of Gnetum

Abstract Quantitative and qualitative data on wood and bark are offered for 11 species of lianoid Indomalesian and Asiatic species ofGnetumsectionCylindrostachys. Material of roots was studied for two species, material of an underground stem for one species, and stem material was studied for all species; wood from inside and outside of a large stem ofG. montanumwas analysed (quantitative data do not change with age in this species). Roots have shorter, narrower vessel elements, more numerous per mm2, compared with those of stems; these trends run counter to those in dicotyledons. Roots and underground stems have more abundant parenchyma and less abundant sclerenchyma than do stems. Parenchyma of both roots and stems is rich in starch. All of the species studied here have both fibre-tracheids and tracheids, but tracheids are not distributed vasicentrically as they are in dicotyledons. Tori are reported for tracheary elements of three species studied here. Vasicentric axial parenchyma (which usually is thick–walled) is present in all species; thick or thin-walled diffuse or diffuse-in-aggregates apotracheal parenchyma is present in almost all of the species studied. Rays are mostly dimorphic in size, but show various conditions with respect to wall thickness, sclerenchyma presence, and crystal presence. As in other lianoid species ofGnetum, the species of the present study show origin of lateral meristem activity in parenchyma of the innermost cortex. Cortex and bark of the species studied here are relatively uniform in distribution of gelatinous fibres, nests of sclereids, the cylinder of brachysclereids that extends around the stem, and sclerenchymatous phelloderm. Laticifers were observed in bark of only two species studied. Although a few species characters are evident, the species that comprise SectionCylindrostachysdiffer from each other mostly in degree rather than in presence or absence character state distributions. Secretory cavities are newly reported for the genus.

Defence reactions of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) to controlled attacks of Ips typographus (L.) (Col., Scolytidae) in relation to tree parameters

Abstract: The defence reactions of 105 Norway spruce trees in response to controlled attacks of Ips typographus were analysed and five groups with different defence reactions were recognized. Growth‐ and vigour‐indices showed no significant correlation with the induced reactions, but parameters of bark anatomy were most important. Due to secondary radial growth, the formation of periderm was intensified. Thereby, the density and thickness of radial resin ducts in the phloem increased, the number of boring attempts decreased and the number of boring attempts, defended by primary resin exudation, increased. Seasonal changes in the defence reaction could partly be traced back to changes in starch reserves in the phloem. Temporary changes in carbohydrate and water balance may affect the defences, but structural and anatomical properties of the bark govern the basic conditions for the responses to invading bark beetles.

Anatomía sistemática de la familia Anacardiaceae en México. l. La corteza secundaria de Tapirira Aublet.

La corteza de Tapirira se describe para las especies presentes en México. Los resultados muestran que hay caracteres anatómicos con valor diagnóstico que ayudan a diferenciar a las especies. El tamaño de los radios (altura y anchura) y el diámetro de los canales radiales de la corteza al igual que los de la madera ayudan a distinguir T. chimalapana de T. mexicana. La peridermis ondulada, la felodermis esclerificada y el exudado de color amarillo café en T. chimalapana la distinguen de T. mexicana, con peri dermis lisa, súber esclerificado y exudado de color rojo. Ambas especies presentan un ritidoma laminar, siendo más conspicuo en T. mexicana. Estudios adicionales de las especies del grupo de T. guianensis son esenciales para apoyar el valor diagnóstico de los caracteres antes mencionados.