Channel Banks Research Articles

Ensuring Economic Stability through Liquidity Management in the Banking Sectors of Nepal

This study aims at finding how Nepalese banks and financial institutions (BFIs) struggle at managing liquidity to stabilize financial performance for the nation’s economic sustainability. Investigating the relationship between liquidity management and economic stability remains as sole purpose to ensure the Nepalese economy. This study applies the qualitative research design and aims to explore the liquidity management of Nepalese BFIs with an interpretative approach. The economic and financial stability of the country can be accomplished through adequate and proper liquidity management in BFIs. The loanable fund is easily available in the banking sector that vibrates on economic activities including production, distribution, transportation, advertising, communication, exports, and job creation, consequently affecting the total economic activities. Based on the findings, the current scenario of liquidity crisis can be minimized through appropriate financial instruments, monetary policies, an increase in the export of goods, and discouraging the import of luxury items. Remittance is a major source of foreign currency in Nepal, and government needs to encourage people to send remittances through formal banking channels. Equally, the government needs to increase the spending capacity of budgeted capital expenditure on time. Policymakers, economists, microfinance practitioners, Banks, financial institutions (BFIs), and regulatory authorities are expected to be benefitted from the conclusions of the study.

The Issue of Own Money


 
 
 
 
 Charging own money on vehicles has become a norm in Pakistan’s automobile * industry. Own is a form of premium charged by the car dealers over and above the price of the vehicle for express delivery of the vehicle. An artificial shortage, primarily due to low production numbers, allows dealers and other investors to pre-book vehicles and charge own from end buyer for immediate transfer of ownership once the demand for vehicle rises in the market.
 As per our estimates, in the last five years at least PKR 150-170 billion was paid as own money on cars in Pakistan, with own being charged on 80 to 90 percent of vehicles. This means, Pakistani car consumers pay an additional PKR 30-34 billion annually in undocumented transactions under the disguise of own money for the purchase of cars. In the last five years, Pakistan produced less than a million vehicles under the cars and jeeps category (See Fig 1). During the same period, Morocco produced twice as many vehicles while Turkey’s production remained over six times more than Pakistan. Moreover, Brazil’s vehicle production remained nearly thirteen (13) times more than vehicles produced in Pakistan.
 In addition to low production numbers, lack of effective regulations allows the automobile companies, dealers, and other investors to foster the own money culture in the automobile market. While the invoice amount of vehicle is paid through banking channels directly to the automobile manufacturer, the own money transactions occur through cash only, thus, creating a significantly large black economy in the automobile sector of Pakistan. PIDE Knowledge Brief No. 41:2021 details the ground realities of the nuisance of the own money culture.
 
 
 
 

The impact of green lending on banking performance: Evidence from SME credit portfolios in the BRIC

The evolution of green financing is essential for emerging markets to facilitate sustainable development. The banking channels can provide the necessary funds that can foster the transition to eco-friendly business processes. This role is more critical in the case of SMEs who face funding constraints but can play a significant role to achieve net zero emissions. The literature on the relationship between sustainable bank financing and SMEs is non-existent and in this paper, we attempt to fill this gap. We employ a comprehensive dataset of commercial banks in the BRIC for eleven years. Our results show a positive relationship between green SME lending and net interest margin. We also observe a negative relationship between sustainable lending to small firms and the default risk of the banks. These findings demonstrate that if banks expand their sustainable SME lending, they are likely to get bottom-line support from improvement in net interest margin and a reduction in default risk. These observations suggest that there are financial incentives for the banks to extend sustainable credit to SMEs and commercial banks can contribute to sustainability goals by tapping these opportunities.

Characteristics of fluid mud in the Yangtze Estuary: Storm, tide, and slope-triggered sediment dynamics and effects

Fluid mud is widely found in estuarine and coastal areas and significantly affects sediment transport, navigational safety, and ecological functions. The formation mechanisms of fluid mud are not yet fully understood because of their complex dynamics, including the effects of riverine discharge, tides, storms, and gravity-driven flows. In this study, the in situ density of 18 fluid mud events was measured along the deep navigation channel (DNC) of the Yangtze Estuary from 2010 to 2016, along with hydrodynamic factors such as riverine discharge, wind, waves, tidal stratification of salinity and suspended sediments, and channel slope. Our results indicate that the scale of storm-triggered fluid mud events in the DNC was 10–60 km long and 0.5–4 m thick, and tidal residual flow circulation and salinity stratification co-formed fluid mud and determined its structure along the DNC. In addition, the coupled stratification induced by the suspended sediment concentration and salinity affected the thickness of fluid mud, and the strengthened stratification induced by the decreasing tide current affected the thickness of high-density fluid mud. Furthermore, gravity-driven flow induced by the steep slope on both channel banks enhanced the accumulation of fluid mud in the DNC. Finally, fluid mud accounted for 20% of the annual silted sediment in the DNC, and the upper low-yield-stress layer of fluid mud (density <1250 kg/m3) could be utilized as the potential nautical depth during fluid mud events, accounting for 20–75% of the entire thickness of the fluid mud. The results of this study can improve the understanding of fluid mud processes and mechanisms and promote cost-effective dredging activities, particularly in muddy tide-dominated estuaries.

A framework for the sustainable risk assessment of in-river hydraulic structures: A case study of Taiwan’s Daan River

Taiwan has frequently suffered from extreme rainfall in the past decades. A rainfall-induced flood tends to cause the failure of the in-river structure, ecological catastrophe, and even loss of human life and property. This study proposes a risk assessment framework balancing in-river structures’ design strength and ecological impact. The Daan River of Taiwan is examined as a case study to test the proposed framework. First, the study applied persistent scatterer differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR) techniques to analyze the interferometric images captured from the Sentinel-1 satellite to identify large-scale terrain deformation zones of the watershed. A numerical simulation was then applied to assess the impact of different protective in-river structures. Finally, calculations examined the Froude numbers to assess the ecological effects of landscape and fish habitat indicators. In addition, the study applied a wireless monitoring method (i.e., float-out device) to assess riverbed scouring near piers in high-risk regions. The results indicated that the majority habitat type of the stream during base flow is a glide, with an area of about 32%, with run accounting for about 10%. Riffles with high flow velocity and low water depth occupy only about 1%. The primary habitat type during the period of flooding is run with pools near the shore, providing an essential refuge habitat for fish during floods. During the constant current period, exposed sand bars occupy about 55% of the total study area of the river. When a flooding event occurs, the size of the sand bars can be reduced by 40%. Flooding hurts the quality of the habitat of the two fish species considered in this study, with the adverse ecological effects leading to degraded or scattered habitats. The creation of sufficient pool areas on the right bank of the river channel should facilitate the foraging and utilization of fish during regular flow and as a refuge during periods of flooding.

Flow behaviour concerning bank stability in the presence of spur dike – A review

Abstract Flow in streams and rivers typically erodes the banks, causing channel bank migration laterally, resulting in loss of nearby land, modification in channel morphology, excessive sediment transport, and water quality degradation. A spur dike is a hydraulic structure placed at the channel bank projecting outward to guide or divert the flow away from the bank, thus protecting it from erosion. The stability of the riverbed and banks is influenced by turbulent characteristics such as three-dimensional velocity distribution, turbulent kinetic energy, Reynolds shear stress, turbulent intensity, and bed shear stress. The researchers found that these turbulence parameters are instrumental in sediment movement along the channel's bed and from its banks. Spurs dikes are a significant river training structure provided along the river bank to protect from erosion. Several aspects related to spur dikes, such as their geometry, physical features, design considerations, flow and scour patterns, etc., are critically reviewed in this paper. Despite the numbers of literature in the field of turbulent characteristics and scour depth around spur dike, the role of vegetation and the effect of seepage around spur dike still remains an unexplored area. These knowledge gaps of spur dikes in field conditions are discussed for future studies.

A reconnaissance survey of channel bank particulate phosphorus concentrations, controls and estimated contributions to riverine loads across England.

Channel banks can contribute a significant proportion of fine-grained (<63 μm) sediment to rivers, thereby also contributing to riverine total particulate phosphorus loads. Improving water quality through better agricultural practices alone can be difficult since the contributions from non-agricultural sources, including channel banks, can generate a 'spatial mismatch' between the efficacy of best management applied on farms and the likelihood of meeting environmental objectives. Our study undertook a reconnaissance survey (n=76 sites each with 3 profiles sampled) to determine the total phosphorus (TP) concentrations of channel banks across England and to determine if TP content can be predicted using readily accessible secondary data. TP concentrations in adjacent field topsoils, local soil soil type/texture and geological parent material were examined as potential predictors of bank TP. Carbon and nitrogen content were also analysed to explore the impacts of organic matter content on measured TP concentrations. The results suggest that channel bank TP concentrations are primarily controlled by parent material rather than P additions to adjacent topsoils through fertilizer and organic matter inputs, but significant local variability in concentrations prevents the prediction of bank TP content using mapped soil type or geology. A median TP concentration of 873 mg kg-1 was calculated for the middle section of the sampled channel bank profiles, with a 25th percentile of 675 mg kg-1, and 75th percentile of 1159 mg kg-1. Using these concentrations and, in comparison with previously published estimates, the estimated number of inland WFD waterbodies in England for which channel bank erosion contributes >20% of the riverine total PP load increased from 15 to 25 (corresponding range of 17-35 using the 25th and 75th percentiles of measured TP concentrations). Collectively, these 25 waterbodies account for 0.2% of the total inland WFD waterbody area comprising England.

An Analysis of Factors Influencing the Adoption of Internet Banking in Mauritius

The advent of ICT has transformed industries around the world. The benefits resulting in better quality service, speedier services, cost reduction, business process re-engineering, more valued employments, among others are well-documented. However, adoption of ICT comes with its own risks and criticisms like potential loss of privacy, security of data, issues around trust, and so on. Notwithstanding the potential downsides of ICT adoption, these technologies are the realities of the present and certainly of the future. The question is no longer whether or not to adopt ICT but on how to deploy it for the survival and growth, for profits and profitability, for competitiveness. The Banking and Financial Services Sector has been one of the sectors whereby ICT has been most adopted. The option not to adopt ICT in the banking and financial services sector would in fact tantamount to death of the organization. Internet Banking (IB) has gained increasing popularity around the world as online services are perceived as being more attractive than those provided by traditional banking channels. This paper briefly reviews the literature in the area of internet banking and the issues surrounding its adoption and non-adoption. It goes on to tests hypotheses to scientifically prove the factors enhancing the adoption or non-adoption of Internet Banking by citizens in Mauritius. Banks may be inspired by the findings to shape their future policies in increasing Internet Banking penetration.

FAKTOR–FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PEMBIAYAAN MUDHARABAH DI BANK MUAMALAT INDONESIA

Raising funds from third parties of Islamic banks is an indicator of the number of Islamic banks disbursing financing, if more Islamic banks channel financing, the more profit margin returns. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence mudharabah financing at Bank Muamalat Indonesia in 2015-2020. Mudharabah financing will be viewed from Third Party Funds, Return on Assets, Capital Adequacy Ratio, Non Performing Financing and Total Assets. Bank Muamalat Indonesia financial report data for 6 years from 2015-2020 on a quarterly basis so that there are 24 samples. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression. Partially, the Third Party Fund variable has a negative and significant influence on mudharabah financing. The ROA, NPF and Total Assets variables have a positive influence in distributing mudharabah financing, while the CAR variable has no effect on the distribution of mudharabah financing. However, simultaneously the variables of TPF, ROA, CAR, NPF, and Total Assets affect the distribution of mudhaarabah financing.

Three-Dimensional Turbulent Flow Characteristics Near the Leading Edge of a Longitudinal Structure in the Presence of an Inclined Channel Bank

The present work investigates turbulent flow structures and behavior near the leading edge of a longitudinal flow obstruction in an open channel with an inclined bank. A volumetric particle image velocimetry (VPIV) was employed to collect velocity data. The results indicate that a relatively moderate channel bank angle (θ=28∘) does not prevent the formation of a junction vortex (JV) system. Indeed, it is found that the JV system develops over the channel bank and extends to the leading edge of the flow obstruction. It is demonstrated that the main factor that strengthens the primary junction vortex (JV1) at the tip of the protrusion is the pronounced downward flow. The probability density functions (pdfs) of the velocity fluctuations specify that the JV1 oscillates aperiodically between the so-called zero-flow and back flow modes. This explains the amplification of TKE at its core. It is shown that the velocity difference between the peaks of the pdf increases from over the channel bank towards the tip of the flow obstruction. The aperiodic behavior of the JV1 is confirmed via the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) technique. Specifically, it is demonstrated that the leading POD modes, associated with the JV system, contain lower energy content compared to periodic flows. The time-averaged vertical vorticity field verifies the presence of a tornado like vortex structure near the upstream face of the retaining wall. Finally, the results suggest that the largest bed shear stress values in the mean flow are located near the tip of the protrusion.

Novel sediment source fingerprinting quantifying erosion-induced total nitrogen and total phosphorus outputs from an intensive agricultural catchment, North China

Intensive farming is a primary cause of increased sediment and associated nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loads in surface water systems. Determining their contributing sources, pathways and loads present major challenges in the high-intensity agricultural catchments. Herein, we quantify the sediment sources and magnitude of sediment total N and total P from different sources using a novel application of compound-specific stable isotope (CSSI) and fallout radionuclides (FRNs) of 137Cs and 210Pbex in an intensive agricultural catchment in North China. Sediment sources from surface and sub-surface soils were estimated from FRNs fingerprint and accounted for 62 ± 7% and 38 ± 7% respectively, while surface soil from land uses that originated from hillslope were identified by CSSI fingerprint. Using a novel application of FRNs and CSSI sediment fingerprinting techniques, the dominant sediment source was derived from maize farmland (44 ± 0.1%), followed by channel bank (38 ± 7%). The sedimentation rate (13.55 ± 0.30 t ha−1 yr−1) was quantified by the 137Cs cores (0–60 cm) at the outlet of this catchment. The total N and total P in sediment were both mostly derived from maize farmland and least from channel banks. The channel banks are significant sediment sources but contribute little to the input of sediment N and P for eutrophication. It implies that chemically-applied farmlands are the main hotspots for catchment erosion control and pollution prevention. The novel application of FRNs and CSSI techniques cost-effectively quantified sediment N and P loads from different sources with a single visit to the catchment, enabling rapid assessment for optimizing soil conservation strategies and land management practices. Keywords: Sediment sources, Land use, N and P loads, Compound-specific stable isotope, Fallout radionuclides.

Recent Trends, Major Opportunities and Challenges of Digital Banking in Indian Context

By enabling clients to carry out their daily financial activities at their convenience, digital banking has opened the door to a new range of banking services. In developing nations like India, digital banking systems are expanding quickly as a result of the widespread use of mobile phones and the internet. The banking transaction landscape has quickly evolved from traditional to convenience banking, which presents a huge opportunity to transition to a cashless and cash-lite society. With the goal of promoting "Digital India," the Indian government has made a number of efforts to improve and strengthen the digital banking system. The GoI wants to create a "digitally empowered" economy that is "Faceless, Paperless, and Cashless" as part of the plan. The banking sector has gone through several major stages of digital transformation during the past few decades. The purpose of this change is to make banking more affordable, efficient, and accessible for all of the nation's residents. This transition was aided by increased competition among public sector, private sector, and international banks. In an economy's financial system, the banking sector is extremely important. It makes it easier to build and maintain a reliable payment system that satisfies the needs of enterprises, the government, and the general public. It also functions as a method of delivering credit that people who require money can use. The center of an economy is generally represented by the banking sector. Consequently, the development of the banking system depends on its strength and health. Currently, the Indian banking industry is going through an IT revolution and is moving toward digitization. The way that banks and other financial institutions operate has been completely altered by the internet and IT. In the late 1980s, information technology was introduced to the Indian banking industry. However, the IT revolution is currently in a more intensive and significant phase, which may have the ability to alter not only the banking environment but also the general composition and course of the economy. Both customers and banks have benefited from the modernization of the banking industry following the arrival of IT and the internet. The banking industry has expanded to include transactions outside of the branches as well, including via mobile devices like smartphones and tablets. The term "Digital Banking" may be an adequate description of the current stage of banking. In addition to the variety of digital banking channels and their availability at the right time and place for the customer, as well as their advantages of comfort and safety, several conclusions were drawn, the most crucial of which is that digital banking services are an important way to lower costs for the bank and the customer together, helping to lessen customer concerns and increase their faith and beliefs in the bank. The statistical research also revealed a statistically significant positive association between the use of digital banking services and client trust. The development of a safe digital ecosystem to offer clients adaptable solutions when necessary, the bank's interest in marketing the goods and services it offers, and raising customer awareness of banking were the most crucial recommendations. Keywords: Digital banking, Digital Indi

Applying geochemical and colour properties to quantify sediment sources in a Brazilian semiarid ephemeral river system

• The Brazilian semiarid is the most densely populated dry region in the world. • Sediment source apportionment was quantified in a semiarid ephemeral catchment. • The combination of conventional and alternative tracers improved source discrimination. • Our results may gain high visibility given the climate change projections for the semiarid regions. The Brazilian semiarid is the most densely populated dry region in the world. Although climate change projections underline the need for the creation of integrated strategies to protect water resources in the semiarid, sediment source apportionment data remain scant for this environment. Accordingly, we evaluated sediment source contributions in one of the most relevant Brazilian semiarid catchments by combining geochemical and colour tracer properties. In doing so, we explored the applicability of colour tracers as a low-cost alternative to the use of time-consuming and costly properties, such as geochemical tracers. Two source classification schemes were used based on environmentally contrasting regions within the catchment (upper, middle and lower catchment parts) and land use (Caatinga biome - natural vegetation, unpaved roads, and channel banks). Suspended sediments (SS) and bed sediments (BS) were used as target sediment. A total of 660 individual source material samples were collected and composited. Geochemical and colour tracers were measured on the source and target sediment samples and used as potential fingerprints to discriminate and quantify the sediment source contributions. The geochemical tracers provided weak source discrimination based on land use. However, combining geochemical and colour tracers improved the final outputs. Using the MixSIAR model, the lower catchment contributed more sediment than the other regional sources. The Caatinga (SS = 49 %; BS = 47 %) contributed more sediment than channel banks (SS = 35 %; BS = 39 %). Overall, our results suggest that the recovery and conservation of the Caatinga vegetation and the stabilization of channel banks, especially in the lower catchment part, are critical for improving sediment supply control in the semiarid study basin. More studies are needed to evaluate the conservative behaviour of colour tracers in ephemeral rivers.

Evaluating the Evolution of Soil Erosion under Catchment Farmland Abandonment Using Lakeshore Sediment

Discriminating the potential sources contributing to lacustrine sediment is helpful for decision-making for catchment soils and lake management strategies within lake-catchment systems. Using a sediment fingerprinting approach from the multivariate mixing model, the spatiotemporal sources of geology and land use were identified in a small agricultural catchment in southwest China. Results showed that sediment accumulation rates (SARs) were estimated to range from 0.002 to 0.065 g cm−2 a−1 (mean 0.015 ± 0.016 g cm−2 a−1), which has a positive correlation with instrumental Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) precipitation. Time-integrated sources were divided into four zones in combination with the changes in SARs, which were qualitatively and quantitively interpreted by particle size, and precipitation, and historical land use polies over the past ~160 years. Spatially, Quaternary granite (QG) in geology and channel bank (CB) in land use were the dominant contributors to the lakeshore sediment, respectively. Two relatively higher contributions of abandoned land (AL) to lakeshore sediment were found during the periods of 1930s–1950s and post-1990s, which originated from the dual impacts of topographical factors of slope gradient and elevation, and socioeconomic factors of the gap of farmer’s expenditure to income. The results illustrate that restricting the farmland to be abandoned would be useful for reducing the soil erosion within the lake-catchment system.

The Influence of Alternative Banking Channels’ functionality on customer satisfaction in Tanzanian commercial Banks

The Influence of Alternative Banking Channels’ functionality on customer satisfaction in Tanzanian commercial Banks

Strategy and Business Model Reformulation for Development of Zakat, Infaq, Alms, and Waqf (ZISWAF) (Case Study Bank XYZ, Pekanbaru)

Indonesia has enormous potential for zakat and waqf, but Bank XYZ has not maximized the collection through the sharia business unit (UUS). Therefore, it is necessary to reformulate the strategy and business model of developing ZISWAF Bank XYZ in order to obtain optimal results. This study used a qualitative descriptive method with a case study at Bank XYZ. The research was conducted from February 2021 to October 2021. The response survey was determined based on purposive sampling consisting of internal practitioners, academics, BWI, BAZNAS, and ziswaf institutions affiliated with Islamic banks. The data collection technique was based on observation, in-depth interviews, and questionnaires to respondents. Data analysis used IPA, BMC, SWOT, and QSPM approaches. Based on IPA analysis, this study recommends that three selected elements be developed: value proposition, channel, and critical resource. Technology adjustment and strengthening of bank image as ZISWAF recipients, improving bank channels through optimizing office networks and utilizing social media marketing and customer databases, as well as improving SOPs to improve the business model of Bank XYZ in the future.

Customer satisfaction with digital banking channels in times of uncertainty

The unprecedented Lebanese economic crisis and the global COVID-19 pandemic have taken their toll on the Lebanese banking sector. This led to the need to investigate this sector in times of dire uncertainty by highlighting six digital banking channels offered by Lebanese banks. This study reveals how the banking industry has adapted to this novel situation by embracing dynamic technological changes to attain higher levels of customer satisfaction with digital banking channels (DBCs). Consequently, the study investigates the extent of DBC adoption, their usage benefits, the resulting service quality, and their aggregate impact on overall customer satisfaction with DBCs. The study measures customer satisfaction with digital technologies implemented in Lebanese banks during the most unstable period of Lebanese history. This study supported the deductive approach generating significantly interesting results by analyzing Spearman’s correlations regarding DBC adoption and investigating customer satisfaction levels with DBCs showing satisfactory results such as high correlation for mobile banking adoption (0.544), internet banking (0.533), transactional call center (0.528) followed by ATM (0.455). A multiple linear regression study found a positive relationship between DBC adoption in Lebanese banks and overall customer satisfaction with DBCs with an adjusted R-squared value of 0.454 for DBC benefits and an adjusted R-squared value of 0.802 for DBC service quality in Lebanese banks on their customer satisfaction.The final conclusion is that banks should invest in DBCs and develop them as they are the major determinants leading to improved customer satisfaction through higher adoption/diversification rates, improved service quality levels and greater benefits.

Evaluating strategies for promoting retail mobile channel using a hidden Markov model

With the proliferation of mobile communication technology, many firms, including retailers and consumer banks, are making efforts to develop mobile platforms to better engage with their customers and reduce operational costs. However, the cost advantage of these mobile technologies will not yield fruition unless the mobile channel accounts for a significant share of total transactions. In this article, we explore potential options for firms to promote usage of the mobile channel. To achieve this, we propose a hidden Markov model to both model customers’ decisions and assess different managerial strategies through simulations. While we apply our proposed model to data from a leading financial institution, our approach is equally applicable to other retail settings. The results show that customers’ choices of services and channels are sensitive to process time by type of channel. A 10% increase in process time through non-mobile channels leads to a nearly 14% increase in utilization of mobile banking channel. Therefore, retailing firms could potentially influence customers’ choice of different channels by changing channel-specific process times. Motivated by these findings, we present and compare performances across five different policies, in promoting the usage of mobile channel. Drawing on our simulation results, we also make personalized policy recommendations to firms facing different levels of financial constraints. For those with financial constraints, we recommend a policy of increasing process time for a selected subset of service requests through non-mobile channels. Firms not constrained by the resources might be better off improving process time with the mobile channel by targeting customers identified as having a better relationship with the firm.

Channel instability and hydrogeomorphic adjustment in alluvial reach of Kangsabati River, India using Digital Shoreline Analysis System and Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler

Despite the stable stratigraphic setup in plateau basin, several anthropogenic interventions triggered geomorphic sensitivity by hydrodynamic metamorphosis. Present research focussed to evaluate the hydrogeomorphic evolution for anthropogenic interventions in Kangsabati River as measured by channel migration rate (CMR), bankline shifting, and erosion-accretion of last thirty years (1990–2020) in 454 mouza using Digital shoreline analysis system (DSAS). Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) was used to directly estimate bank scouring or erosion measuring of hydraulic variables during bankfull discharge across the DSAS transects. DSAS denoted that decaying CMR (64–46 km) decreased accretion area (4.08–1.44 km2) but increased erosion area (2.12–2.44 km2). ADCP revealed that sand mining induced super-critical flow, bridge and embankment generated maximum boundary shear, and mining bed slope increased hydraulic action for channel widening and bank erosion especially middle and lower segments. This study has provided information about channel instability, and bank erosion hazard planning and management.

“Green Banking Initiatives: A Core towards Sustainability”

The21st century has begun with massive advancement and modernization inall industries, as well as an urgent warning to humanity. The ongoing threat ofclimate change and global warming has shifted every industry's goal from'Profit Only' to 'Planet, People, Profit.' The banking sector, as a key playerin the nation's economic prosperity and development, and as a direct orindirect backbone to all industries, has recognized the realities of the modernera, as well as its critical role in environmental protection and long-termdevelopment. The Go Green motto has helped to popularize the concept of Green Bankingin the financial industry. Green Banking Channels were created as part of GreenBanking initiatives to make banking activities more inclusive andenvironmentally sustainable. Green Banking Channels alone will not result in apositive outcome; a shift in customer habits toward utilizing Green Banking Channelsrather than regular banking channels is required to safeguard the environmentand to reach sustainability. This study spotlight on Green Banking Channels,which are a component of Green Banking initiatives aimed at making banks' andcustomers' banking activities more environmentally friendly in order to backinglong-term sustainability.