Development Bank Research Articles

Pengaruh Karakteristik Syariah Marketing terhadap Kepuasan Nasabah Bank Syariah Indonesia KFO Mikro Merlung

This research is motivated by the current rapid development of Islamic Banking, causing the banking industry to face a very competitive business environment. Therefore, approaches and breakthroughs are needed to develop the Islamic market in indonesia. Therefore, one of the efforts of Islamic Banks is to implement Islamic Marketing which consists of fou characteristics, namely Theistic, Ethical, Relistic and Humanistic, which is a business process whose entire process applies islamic values.This study aims to determine whether the syariah marketing variables consisting of Theistic, Ethical, Realistic and Humanistic have a simultaneous or partial effect on Customer Satisfacion at Bank Syariah Indonesia KFO Mikro Merlung. This test uses a quantitative research method with an associative research type and uses a questionnaire and observation method. The questionnaire is used to obtain data on the characteristics of respondents, namely customers and to obtain data on the influence of syariah marketing on customer satisfaction at Bank Syariah Indonesia KFO Mikro Merlung through statements in the questionnaire. While observation is used for direct observation of the research location and to dig up data on organizational structure, population an samples.The results of this study indicte that the independent variables of Syariah Marketing consisting of Theistic, Ethicl, Realistic and Humanistic have a simultaneous effect on satisfaction of Bank Syariah Indonesia KFO Mikro Merlung with an effect of 40%, while the remaining 60% is explained by other variables not examined in this study, partially, it is concluded tht of the four characteristics there are there are three variables that have a significant effect on customer satisfaction, namely Theistic, Ethical, and Humanistic while the Realistic variable has an effect but is not significant on customer satisfaction of Bank Syariah Indonesia KFO Mikro Merlung.

Labor income gap by gender in the Dominican Republic: An analysis of its evolution in the period 2000–2021

The labor income gap between men and women in Latin America remains a barrier to achieving gender equality and sustainable development. In the Dominican Republic, this gap is particularly prevalent in the informal sector, among self employed workers, and in regions with higher female labor participation. Despite women often having a better job profile than men, the gap persists, pointing to the presence of gender biases. This paper aims to analyze the gender-based labor income gap in the Dominican Republic from 2000 to 2021, using data from the National Labor Force Surveys conducted by the National Statistics Office (ONE) and harmonized by the Inter- American Development Bank (IDB). Two models are employed for this analysis: the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition and the Ñopo decomposition. The primary contribution of this paper lies in its long-term analysis of the gap, which provides insight into how it has evolved over time. The findings reveal a significant and statistically substantial labor income gap that cannot be explained by factors such as work experience or economic sector, suggesting that the causes are likely normative or discriminatory. The gap is most pronounced in the informal sector, among self-employed workers, and in regions with higher female labor participation. Although the analysis spans two decades, no clear trend of increase or decrease in the gap was observed. However, the unexplained portion of the gap has widened considerably, indicating a need for further investigation to understand and address this disparity.

Design by Transitional Committee: learning from the Green Climate Fund

ABSTRACT In 2022 at the UN climate conference in Sharm el-Sheikh (COP27), countries agreed to establish a new fund for loss and damage. This decision was one of the most significant outcomes of the COP, and something Small Island Developing States had spent the previous three decades calling for. The approach taken to realize this new funding arrangement includes many similarities to that taken to create a similarly significant new fund twelve years earlier – the Green Climate Fund (GCF) – including its design by a Transitional Committee. The aim of this article is to assess the extent to which the ambitions for the GCF have been realized, with a view to informing the ongoing design and early implementation of the new fund. To do this, the article compares the GCF’s present-day outcomes to its original intentions as described by the COP16 decision text. This paper finds that the GCF’s operation today only partially reflects the ambitions expressed at COP16. While the ambition for a Board with equal representation by developing and developed countries has been achieved, ambitions to expand the sources of finance and increase funding for adaptation have been mixed. The influence of the World Bank was a key point of tension over the GCF’s Transitional Committee period, and the Bank continues in the Trustee role today. The role of the Committee’s Technical Support Unit – the group of staff seconded from various international development banks and agencies to provide technical and administrative support to the GCF’s Transitional Committee – had an outsized influence on the shape of the GCF, such that these organizations continue to receive the bulk of GCF funding today. These findings suggest a greater plurality of voices providing such technical inputs would enhance the design of new funding bodies. The creation of new international finance institutions is relatively rare, so understanding the history of the GCF’s design is important for contextualising discussions about other climate finance options.

CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND THE PERFORMANCE OF DEVELOPMENT FINANCE INSTITUTIONS IN NIGERIA

The study investigated the effect of capital structure on the performance of selected Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) in Nigeria. The study specifically examined the effect of Total Debt to Total Assets (TDTA) on performance of selected of development finance institutions in Nigeria; and ascertained the effect of Total Debt to Total Equity (TDTE) on performance of selected development finance institutions in Nigeria. The study adopted an ex-post facto research design and data were collected from published annual financial records of the selected DFIs on both TDTA and TDTE, the independent variables and Return on Assets (ROA), the dependent variable, for a period of ten (10) years (2013-2022). The population of the study composed of seven (7) national DFIs namely: Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), Bank of Agriculture (BOA), Bank of Industry (BOI), Development Bank of Nigeria (DBN), Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria (FMBN), Nigeria-Export-Import Bank (NEXIM) and the Infrastructure Bank Plc (IBN). The study sampled four (4) national DFIs using a purposive sampling technique, including CBN, BOI, FMBN and NEXIM. Computation of the relevant ratios were done for the independent variables (TDTA and TDTE); and the dependent variable (ROA). Data analysis was done using multiple regression and the econometric technique of Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) with the aid of E-Views Version 13. The study found that TDTA has a negative but significant effect on ROA, indicating that a percentage change in TDTA leads to lower ROA by 0.071551 and TDTE has a positive effect of TDTE on ROA, showing that a percentage change in TDTE will significantly increase ROA by 0.001696. The study concluded that the investigated DFIs have low equity capital which seems to hinder their ability to attract large loans for operations. The study recommended amongst others that DFIs should maintain a balanced total debt to total assets (TDTA) and ensure the regular monitoring of the debt-to-asset ratio to ensure it remains within a healthy range which will help maintain a balance between leveraging and risk.

Economic Diverification in Nigeria: Agriculture in Perspective

This study examines economic diversification: agricultural in perceptive. In particular the study examines the impact of investment in agricultural sector in achieving economic diversification between periods spanning from the years 2000 to year 2022. Time series secondary data were sourced from Central Bank Statistical Bulletin (2022) and World Bank Development Indicators (2024). Autoregressive Distributed Lag Regression Estimate (ARDL) analysis was conducted with the aid of E-view 10. Findings of this study reveals that agriculture credit guarantee scheme fund for cash crops and livestock have negative and significant impact on economic diversification. More so, agriculture credit guarantee scheme fund for food crops equally has negative and insignificant impact on economic diversification. However, grand total of agriculture credit guarantee scheme fund on agricultural commodities has positive and insignificant impact on economic diversification. Based on study findings, the following recommendations are suggested; that governments at all levels should as a matter of urgency should sustain funding of agriculture sectors and provide necessary infrastructure in the rural areas where majorities of agricultural activities take place in order to diversify her economy. More so, stakeholders in the agricultural sectors mainly the farmers should take advantage of loanable fund available to them and channelled it to appropriate crops that will yield investment return. In addition, it is also recommended that monetary policy authority should look inward to determine why agricultural credit guarantee scheme fund has negative significant impact on all the three categories of agricultural commodities identified. This can be achieved through close monitoring and adequate supervision of the loan disburse to the direct beneficiaries. Lastly, investment in human capacity in agricultural sector is away forward for economic diversification.

The Economic and Geopolitical Significance of the Brics Nations: A Comparative Analysis of Their Global Influence in the 21st Century

The research investigates how BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) influence global economics and political leadership while noting the opportunities and obstacles the alliance encounters. As a powerful influence in finance and trade globally, BRICS confronts the Western institutions that used to dominate. The collective has challenges from its members' vast economic and political variation, even with important milestones like the setup of the New Development Bank. In addition, outside influences from political tensions, mainly with the G7 and global competition, obstruct detailed cooperation. This research examines how the future of BRICS might develop, especially with the BRICS+ initiative, which is designed to include members from the Global South. The growth shows BRICS's purpose to shape global governance more strongly. The study recognizes a requirement for better political and economic integration among BRICS and points out that greater collaboration within the group may promote sustainable growth and financial strength. Limitations in methodology and data quality are recognized along with time constraints relating to the trustworthiness of macroeconomic information from the BRICS countries. This study ends by suggesting ways to enhance BRICS collaboration and identifies new research inquiries regarding the alliance's future direction and its impact on a more diverse world order

Oil Price and Long-run Economic Growth in Oil-importing Developing Countries

The recent spikes in oil prices are a significant setback for the world economy, which has already faced multiple challenges due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This is particularly concerning for developing countries as maintaining a sustained growth in real GDP is crucial for lifting their population out of poverty. While the short-run negative macroeconomic effects of a spike in oil prices are well established in the context of the developed world, the long-run growth effect has received little attention, especially in developing countries. Using the World Bank's development indicators database covering the period 1990 to 2020, this study aims to investigate the oil price-growth nexus in low and middle-income net oil-importing countries to shed light on how oil price increases could be a challenge for sustainable development. Specifically, we first set up a theoretical model to establish the relationship between growth in output per capita and oil price. Following the traditional growth regression approaches, we empirically estimate the causal effect of growth in oil prices on the economic growth of 65 net oil-importing developing countries using fixed effect panel IV regression methods. The empirical results confirm statistically significant negative effects of oil prices, indicating that a higher oil price reduces long-run economic growth in oil-importing developing countries. Our results on the other determinants of growth are consistent with the existing empirical growth literature. Oil-importing developing countries, therefore, must allocate resources towards alternative domestic energy sources, in addition to pursuing fuel efficiency and conservation strategies, to mitigate the negative effects of oil price fluctuations on their long-run economic output and uphold sustainable development.

The Anti-illicit Activity Regime of the Multilateral Development Banks: Criminal Acts or Prohibited Practices?

The spread of illicit activity across the global economy presents significant challenges to international development. Despite the well-recognised global incidence of corruption, fraud, and money laundering in development-focused investment projects, the responses of the multilateral development banks (MDBs) to these threats remain understudied. Our article offers the first comprehensive study into the comparative historical emergence and evolution of MDB responses to illicit activity. By identifying and analysing critical junctures in this history, we argue that the MDBs have tended to approach illicit activity as prohibited practices rather than criminal acts. We contend that this is an intentional choice made by the MDBs that absolves these organisations from any real responsibility in minimising illicit activity, finding their concern to be ensuring contractual compliance in their lending operations rather than curtailing criminal behaviour and their preference to be resolving contractual deviations in-house as opposed to coordinating with local jurisdictions and law enforcement agencies.

Legal Framework for Impact Financing in the Digital Economy: What the Future Looks Like for the BRICS+ Countries

The article is devoted to the analysis of the legal regulation of the process of introducing FinTech in the sphere of impact finance within the context of digital technologies in the newly expanded BRICS bloc. This is a crucial step in order to be able to meet the challenges of the new global digital economy and cooperate in achieving common goals. The authors come to the conclusion that although the BRICS countries are geographically located on different continents, the states that decided to form this organization share a number of key features. Firstly, the governmental role in the digital transformation of all BRICS countries is significantly greater in comparison to the Western countries. Secondly, because not all BRICS countries have developed economies, the BRICS member states, despite their strong interest in digitalization of their countries, do not always have the capacity to finance such projects from their own national budgets, which highlights the important role of the BRICS New Development Bank in the process of digitalization of the BRICS economies. Thirdly, cooperation among the BRICS countries, through their participation in the New Development Bank in the digital realm, can significantly contribute to fostering the economic growth of each country within the integration. Since the greatest effect of digital technology penetration is achieved when starting from the lowest level, harmonization of approaches in the BRICS countries and new member countries of the bloc will most likely have a synergistic effect.

Measurement of the Financial Performance of Banks for Development and Investment in Türkiye by CAMELS Analysis

Using the CAMELS analysis approach, this study examines the financial performance of banks operating in Türkiye for development and investment. Accordingly, a comparative performance evaluation has been conducted using the financial data of 12 banks for development and investment, comprising three state-owned, seven privately owned, and two foreign-owned banks, for 2020-2022, with 22 financial ratios. At the end of the analysis, it was observed that Golden Global Investment Bank Inc. exhibited the best financial performance in 2020, Diler Investment Bank Inc. in 2021, and GSD Investment Bank Inc. in 2022, among the other banks for development and investment. The worst financial performance, however, was demonstrated in all three years by BankPozitif Credit and Development Bank Inc.

Navigating energy policy uncertainty: Effects on fossil fuel and renewable energy consumption in G7 economies

ABSTRACT In an era where energy transitions are critical for addressing climate change and ensuring economic stability, energy policy uncertainty (EGU) emerges as a crucial factor influencing energy consumption patterns. This study investigates the complex relationship between EGU and various forms of energy consumption, including fossil fuels, renewables, and total energy use across G7 countries from 1996 to 2022. Utilizing FMOLS (fully modified OLS) and DOLS (dynamic ordinary OLS) models, long-term relationships among variables were established and robustness was checked by employing ARDL (autoregressive distributed lag) model. Our findings reveal that EGU significantly hampers fossil fuel consumption, impedes renewable energy uptake, and affects total energy consumption adversely. These effects underscore the broader implications of policy uncertainty on energy strategies. Specifically, the robustness checks confirm that these relationships hold across different model specifications and periods. In addition, analysis reveals the dynamic impact of control variables including FDI inflow, institutional quality, banking development, and inflation rates on specific energy consumptions. Policy implications are profound: governments must prioritize the stabilization of energy policies to enhance investor confidence and facilitate the transition to sustainable energy sources. Additionally, targeted interventions to mitigate uncertainty can promote the development of renewable energy infrastructure and support more predictable energy markets. This study provides new insights into the impacts of policy uncertainty on energy consumption and offers a foundation for strategic policy formulation aimed at achieving a balanced and sustainable energy future.

The efficient enforcement challenge of secured transactions law reforms in civil law systems—self-help repossession, strict foreclosure, and other methods for the acceleration of enforcement of security interests

Abstract Although the forging of an efficient system for enforcement of security interest is one of the central expectations of secured transaction law reforms in civil law systems, the results hardly give reason for satisfaction. As the reforms tend to be supported and influenced by various international organizations’ projects (especially the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law, and the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law), most out-of-court methods of enforcement of security interests have played a central role. Yet due to civil law’s general hostility towards self-help as such, either the introduction of the concept has been rejected or the local limited-reach kin have been merely ‘paper tigers’. Similarly, although security interests on several types of collateral (accounts, investment property) or on the workhorse of the English financial system—the floating charge—have also been enforced extrajudicially (save the exceptions), little attention has been attributed to these enforcement modalities. The same applies to strict foreclosure in civil law systems still being prohibited, or restricted, and thus rarely resorted to, due to the inherited hostility towards the doctrine of lex commissoria. Rethinking local laws on preliminary and temporary court orders to match them with such globally known ex parte preliminary measures as the English Mareva Injunction or the French Saisie Conservatoire, which allow creditors to swiftly freeze debtors’ assets and thus substitute self-help repossession, has also been given short shrift. The enforcement segment, consequently, remains the Achilles’ heel of secured transaction law reforms in civil law systems. This article desires to contribute to reform literature by addressing these deficiencies and by offering tested, fully or partially fitting, functional equivalents of self-help repossession.

US dollar is losing it position of a reserve currency: how new BRICS development bank can ensure a soft landing

Freezing or the danger of freezing the assets of many countries can make the run away from the US dollar an uncontrolled process. Whereas in the long term this process may be beneficial for the US and the world economy, the short- and medium-term adjustment costs can be extremely high. To ensure a soft landing the New Development Bank of BRICS countries can issue bonds that would be sold to countries, whose assets have been frozen or are afraid that they might be frozen by the West, so that they can store their foreign exchange reserves in these bonds. The Bank will invest the proceeds from the sale of these bonds in the traditional financial instruments for storing foreign exchange reserves—US and EU treasury bills and bonds denominated in the same dollars and euros. These BRICS bonds would be less prone to sanctions and thus considered safe investment.

Why Target Communities Remain Subjects Rather than Partners of Development Agencies in Integrated Conservation and Development Projects in Latin America

AbstractDespite repeated calls for locally anchored Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (ICDPs), the decision-making authority of targeted Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLCs) remains limited. This paper is grounded on an Institutional Logics perspective to examine the role of major development agencies—the World Bank (WB), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), and the German Development Bank (KfW)—in perpetuating this challenge. Interviews with project managers in the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region reveal complex internal hierarchies, risk-focus, high performance pressure, a “better than nothing” rationale, and a hands-off approach to community participation. We argue that these tendencies are rooted in organisational structure and individual mentalities that constitute a project management logic, which in turn raises concerns about the ability and willingness of development agencies to foster local project ownership of ICDPs. The paper calls for the international donor community to reflect on and transform such management logic, and to allocate more substantial decision-making power and resources to local representatives.

Human resources management practices and organisational performance in the Nepalese development banks: Insights from structural equation modelling

Purpose: Effective human resource management (HRM) practices are essential factors that provide organizations with a competitive edge and contribute to their overall performance. This study examines the impact of HRM practices, including recruitment and selection (RS), training and development (TD), compensation policies (CPs), and performance appraisal (PA), on the organizational performance (OP) of the Nepalese development banks (DBs). Design/methodology/approach: The study followed a causal-comparative research approach. It employed a structured questionnaire to gather the necessary data from 257 working representatives of the ten selected Nepalese DBs. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to examine the association between the variables and validate the study hypotheses. Findings: The HRM practices exhibit a significant and positive association with OP (β = 0.910; p < 0.05), indicating their influence on achieving organisational success. Such findings offer a pragmatic perspective for achieving HRM excellence and organisational effectiveness in the Nepalese DBs. Research constraints/implications: Analysis of cross-sectional data from development banks cannot be extrapolated to other sectors. This study emphasises the importance of compensation, performance measurement, hiring and selection, development, and training in improving OP, confirming and expanding prior findings. These insights may benefit policymakers, HR managers, and executives in enhancing HR operations by improving employee performance and business productivity.Originality/value: This study's unique contribution is its examination of HRM dynamics and their direct impact on OP, notably in the Nepalese DBs. The DBs may optimise their HR, enhancing OP and a long-lasting competitive advantage.

As relações econômicas entre Costa do Marfim e França

he present article deals with the economic relations between Ivory Coast and France, analyzing the economic trajectory of the country under the presidency of Félix Houphouët Boigny (1960-1993). We seek to address the process of independence of the country, led by Boigny, dealing with the neocolonialist action of France through the use of the CFA Franc and the maintenance of military bases in the country, among others. In this context, we present a retrospective of Ivory Coast's economic policy, focused on agricultural production, mainly on the coffee-cocoa binomial. Much of the production continued to be exported to France after independence and, after a period of great export growth, in the 1980s the country entered a serious crisis, due to the maintenance of the economic structure of a colonial character. The crisis was marked by the fall in prices of the main export products, the external debt and its moratorium. Although there is a history of adoption of structural adjustment programs (SAP) in the 1980s, conducted by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development - World Bank (IBRD), the general effects did not lead to overcoming the crisis.

Policy recommendations for digital banking development contributing to sustainable development in Vietnam

Policy recommendations for digital banking development contributing to sustainable development in Vietnam

Promising Strategies to Enhance the Sustainability of Community Seed Banks

Community seed banks are farmer-managed organizations that conserve and sustainably manage local crop and tree diversity. They are found in many countries of the Global South and increasingly in the Global North. Altogether, they maintain hundreds of crop and tree species and thousands of mostly local varieties and distribute tons of quality seed per year. Through their activities, they share and safeguard the world’s agrobiodiversity, contribute to seed security, and allow farming households in local communities to produce and consume more affordable, secure, diverse, and nutritious foods. However, community seed banks are knowledge-, resource-, and time-intensive organizations that operate through their members’ voluntary contributions. The purpose of this article is to analyze the sustainability challenge of community seed banks and identify strategies that address it. Focus group discussions and key informant interviews were used, complemented by secondary data analysis of research reports and other deliverables, resulting in five case study countries in Africa and Asia. Five promising sustainability strategies can support viable community seed bank development: value addition; nature-positive agriculture; enabling environment and national genebank partnership; networking and digitalization; and modern, low-cost seed quality technologies. Sustainable community seed banks can make important contributions to national seed sector development but they need stronger policy and legal support to maintain their sustainability.

The causal relationship between government investment and economic development in ASEAN countries

The purpose of this article is to evaluate the impact of public investment on economic growth. The data was used from the annual data of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for 6 countries in ASEAN during 2000-2022. The methodology used in the project is to apply the unit root test to the stationarity properties of individual time series and establish the cointegration relationship between non-stationary variables using methods related to cointegration testing in the long-run. The error correction model (ECM) considers the impact of the variables public investment, public expenditure and budget revenue from taxes on short-term economic growth and long-term growth thereby calculating the adjustment speed and adjustment time of the model and using the Granger causality test with fixed effects for analysis of unbalanced panel data to comprehensively analyze the relationship between public investment and economic growth. Data analysis and processing were performed using Stata software version 17. The findings that public investment has a long-term impact on economic growth and has a two-way causal relationship in all countries. The authors provide policy implications to make public investment more effective contributing to promoting the country's socio-economic development, reviewing and improving the legal system on public investment, restructuring public investment while strongly enhancing the efficiency and quality of public investment, inviting and attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) capital, diversifying capital sources and creating more motivation for the private economic sector to develop and promulgate solutions to develop high-quality human resources.

MAIN DIRECTIONS OF BANK LOANS IN CREDIT MARKET

Financial analysis in credit market and commercial banks, which have been an important factor of economy and human life and activity currently, study of financial-economic results of activity of a bank, determination of main directions of development of the bank and main factors of financial business processes, determination of purpose-oriented special knowledge and growth rates, etc. Different economic sources, internet materials have been applied as a theoretical and methodological basis. As systematization of loans in bank lending system is a theme of the research, methods such as analysis, induction and deduction have been used. Main scientific innovation that has been put forward: In this field, one of the most important issues is, certainly, organization of organization system of information issues, which have the most significant role in determining and implementation of successful demand and supply of bank loans in credit market and main directions of bank loans in credit market. Results of the research: Finding perspective improvement ways of commercial banks Development of credit system, directly improved by banks, significantly positively effects progress of country economy Information tools and technology play the most important role in improving credit market now.