Balsam Woolly Aphid Research Articles

Compression Wood in Gymnosperms. Volume 1: Bibliography, Historical Background, Determination, Structure, Chemistry, Topochemistry, Physical Properties, Origin, and Formation of Compression Wood. T. E. TimellCompression Wood in Gymnosperms. Volume 2: Occurrence of Stem, Branch, and Root Compression Woods, Factors Causing Formation of Compression Wood, Physiology of Compression Formation, Inheritance of Compression Wood. T. E. TimellCompression Wood in Gymnosperms. Volume 3: Ecology

<i>Compression Wood in Gymnosperms. Volume 1: Bibliography, Historical Background, Determination, Structure, Chemistry, Topochemistry, Physical Properties, Origin, and Formation of Compression Wood</i>. T. E. Timell<i>Compression Wood in Gymnosperms. Volume 2: Occurrence of Stem, Branch, and Root Compression Woods, Factors Causing Formation of Compression Wood, Physiology of Compression Formation, Inheritance of Compression Wood</i>. T. E. Timell<i>Compression Wood in Gymnosperms. Volume 3: Ecology

Effect of Balsam Woolly Aphid on Cone and Seed Production by Balsam Fir

The size of cones and the quantity and quality of seed produced by balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill, in five balsam woolly aphid Adelges piceae (Ratz.), damage classes were compared. No cone or seed abnormalities that could be attributed to aphid infestation or the amount of aphid damage to the trees were detected. Also, the severity of aphid damage had no influence on the incidence of damage to cones and seed caused by cone insects. No balsam woolly aphids were found on cones.

Recovery of Young Balsam Fir Trees Damaged by Balsam Woolly Aphid

After one period of balsam woolly aphid damage, young balsam fir trees resumed normal height growth by the reactivation of inhibited terminal buds on 60% of trees, and by re-orientation of primary internodal and nodal branches on 24% and 16% of trees, respectively. Permanent forks and crooks were formed only infrequently. Height growth loss on damaged trees was small, equalling one to four years growth.

A new tissue essential to necrophylactic periderm formation in the bark of four conifers

Impermeability to OSO4 of periderm-free zones around the feeding sites of balsam woolly aphid (BWA), Adelges piceae, in the bark of Abies, was caused by a non-suberized impervious tissue (NIT). NIT developed at mechanical injuries in living bark of Abies grandis, Abies amabilis, Tsuga heterophylla, and Thuja plicata in 3 to 4 weeks during summer. It was found at healed injuries regardless of the cause, biotic or abiotic, at abscission scars, and at old resin blisters and rhytidome. It is concluded that NIT precedes formation of necrophylactic periderms (NP), may provide environment necessary for NP formation in tissues internally abutting NIT, and is a marker for distinguishing NP from exophylactic periderms. The imperviousness of NIT to water resulted neither from suberin (seven tests) nor from callose (three tests), and was detected by an F–F test, which is based on penetration of 2% FeCl3 followed by 4% K3Fe(CN)6 through the bark for 3 days each. The formation of NIT in the absence, e.g. rhytidome, as well as in the presence of injuries, BWA, and disease agents, suggests that NIT production is not only a non-specific inherent process but may be the physiological basis of host response to diseases in bark. Pathogen-free, "non-induced" NIT formation at rhytidome as a control process for isolating the host component of host–pathogen interactions is discussed.

Effect of Minus 29° F on Overwintering Populations of the Balsam Woolly Aphid in North Carolina

Journal Article Effect of Minus 29° F on Overwintering Populations of the Balsam Woolly Aphid in North Carolina Get access Gene D. Amman Gene D. Amman Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, USDA, Asheville, North Carolina Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 60, Issue 6, 1 December 1967, Pages 1765–1766, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/60.6.1765 Published: 01 December 1967 Article history Accepted: 19 July 1967 Published: 01 December 1967

Effects of Balsam Woolly Aphid (Adelges piceae) Infestation on Cambial Activity in Abies Grandis

Salivary secretions injected into the cortex or outer phloem by Adelges piceae (balsam woolly aphid) feeding on Abies grandis induce the production of wood that is in some respects similar to compression wood. Cambial activity was analyzed by examination of serial tangential sections through an annual ring in the xylem produced before infestation occurred and compared with similar sections from a ring produced after infestation. Growth after infestation was characterized by increased periclinal and anticlinal divisions of fusiform initials, increased production of new ray initials from fusiform initials and from anticlinal divisions of existing ray initials, and decline of numerous fusiform initials and termination of many tiers by maturation. This results in increased frequency of ray fusion and separation by decline or intrusion of adjacent fusiform initials. There was a marked increase in size and number of rays and number of parenchyma strands both of which also distinguish aphid-affected wood from compression wood with which it frequently has been compared.

EFFECTS OF BALSAM WOOLLY APHID (ADELGES PICEAE) INFESTATION ON CAMBIAL ACTIVITY IN ABIES GRANDIS

Salivary secretions injected into the cortex or outer phloem by Adelges piceae (balsam woolly aphid) feeding on Abies grandis induce the production of wood that is in some respects similar to compression wood. Cambial activity was analyzed by examination of serial tangential sections through an annual ring in the xylem produced before infestation occurred and compared with similar sections from a ring produced after infestation. Growth after infestation was characterized by increased periclinal and anticlinal divisions of fusiform initials, increased production of new ray initials from fusiform initials and from anticlinal divisions of existing ray initials, and decline of numerous fusiform initials and termination of many tiers by maturation. This results in increased frequency of ray fusion and separation by decline or intrusion of adjacent fusiform initials. There was a marked increase in size and number of rays and number of parenchyma strands both of which also distinguish aphid‐affected wood from compression wood with which it frequently has been compared.

Impact of Summer Cutting on the Dispersal of the Balsam Woolly Aphid

Journal Article Impact of Summer Cutting on the Dispersal of the Balsam Woolly Aphid Get access H. L. Lambert, H. L. Lambert USDA Forest Service, Southeastern Area Division of Forest Pest Control, Asheville, North Carolina Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar W. M. Ciesla W. M. Ciesla USDA Forest Service, Southeastern Area Division of Forest Pest Control, Asheville, North Carolina Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 60, Issue 2, 1 April 1967, Pages 613–614, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/60.2.613 Published: 01 April 1967 Article history Accepted: 22 December 1966 Published: 01 April 1967

Foreign Predator Introductions for Control of the Balsam Woolly Aphid in the Pacific Northwest

The balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg), an import from Europe, causes major damage to true fir forests in North America. A program has been underway since 1957 to control the pest in Oregon and Washington by introducing insect predators. Twenty-three species have been introduced from 7 countries throughout the world. They include 15 species of beetles, 4 of flies, 3 of lacewings, and 1 bug. Three species of flies, Aphidoletes thompsoni Möhn, Cremifania nigrocellulata Czerny, and Leucopis obscura Haliday and 2 species of beetles, Laricobius erichsonii Rosenhauer and Pullus impexus (Mulsant), are successfully established. They prey on the aphid but so far have not sufficiently reduced populations to prevent tree killing. Reasons for their failure include poor synchronization of predator-prey seasonal habits, inadequate searching ability of the predators, and inability of the host trees to withstand even light populations of the aphid. Search for more effective predators is continuing. The aphid problem is expected to decrease as the present virgin old forests are converted, under management, to less susceptible young forests. Aphid predators may become relatively more effective under such forest conditions.

Some New Infestations of the Balsam Woolly Aphid in North Carolina, with Possible Modes of Dispersal

Three recent infestations of the balsam woolly aphid, Chemes piceae Ratzeburg, were examined to determine approximately when they began and by what means the aphid may have reached the infested areas. Infestations were dated by the numbers of trees involved and by sectioning recently killed trees and examining them for red wood caused by aphid feeding. The aphid reached Mt. Sterling in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Prior to 1958, Roan Mountain in 1958, and Grandfather Mountain in 1959. Of the possible dispersion agents, it is Concluded that wind is the most likely.

Seasonal Biology of the Balsam Woolly Aphid on Mt. Mitchell, North Carolina

Studies of the seasonal biology of the balsam woolly aphid, Chermes piceae Ratzeburg (Adelgidae: Homoptera), were carried out in 1960 following discovery of a severe infestation of this insect on Mt. Mitchell. Observations of aphid development were made in the field on 3- by 3-inch plots of bark on living trees. In addition, microscopic counts of aphids on bark samples were made at frequent intervals in the laboratory. Observations within the plots revealed as many as three generations per year. Data obtained from bark samples showed that most of the aphid population completed two generations.

Seasonal History of the Balsam Woolly Aphid in the Pacific Northwest

The balsam woolly aphid, Chermes (Adelges) piceae Ratz., is widely distributed in Europe and North America. It infests many species of Abies (true firs) and may be found attacking its hosts at elevations from near sea level to timberline (5,000 to 6,000 feet). Because of the great range of environments inhabited by the balsam woolly aphid, its biology differs considerably from one region to another. Perhaps the most variable feature in its biology is seasonal history. Karafiat and Franz (1956) reported three generations per year in central Europe, whereas Varty (1956) noted two and sometimes a partial third generation in Scotland. Balch (1952) found only two generations in the Maritime Provinces of Canada, but Amman noted three and sometimes a partial fourth generation in southeastern United States.

Development, Feeding Habits, and Predator-Prey Relations of Insect Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae), Recently Introduced into Canada

Smith and Coppel (in preparation) listed the releases and reviewed the bionomics in Europe of insect predators of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), recently introduced into Canada. The most promising species released since 1951 are Aphidecta obliterata (L.) and Pullus impexus (Muls.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) ,Cremifania nigrocellulata Cz.(Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), and Laricobius erichsonii Rosenh. (Coleoptera: Derodontidae). All these species, with the possible exception of A. obliterata, are established near Fredericton, New Brunswick. Investigations in co-operation with the Forest Biology Laboratory, Fredericton, were begun in 1951 on the behaviour and initial establishment of the introduced predators (Clark, Brown, and Smith, 1954). The present paper contains field and laboratory observations on the development, feeding habits, and predator-prey relations of the four promising species.

A Method for Field Studies of the Balsam Woolly Aphid

Journal Article A Method for Field Studies of the Balsam Woolly Aphid Get access Norman E. Johnson, Norman E. Johnson Weyerhaeuser Timber Company, Forestry Researeh Center, Centralia, Washington Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar H. J. Heikkenen H. J. Heikkenen Weyerhaeuser Timber Company, Forestry Researeh Center, Centralia, Washington Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 51, Issue 4, 1 August 1958, Pages 540–542, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/51.4.540a Published: 01 August 1958 Article history Accepted: 17 March 1958 Published: 01 August 1958

Responses to Light and Influence of Light and Temperature on Locomotion of the Crawler of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae), and of Insect Predators of this Species

This is a report on observations made in the field and in the laboratory in 1954 and 1955 at Fredericton, New Brunswick, on the responses to light and influences of light and temperature on the locomotory activities of introduced insect predators and the motile first-instar larva, or crawler, of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.). Adults and larvae of the predators were observed in the field and tests were conducted with adults in the laboratory. The species studied were Aphidecta obliterata (L.) and Pullus impexus (Muls.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Cremifania nigrocellulata Cz. and Neoleucopis obscura (Hal.) (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) , and Laricobius erichsonii Rosenh. (Coleoptera: Derodontidae). The work is part of an investigation on factors influencing the searching abilities of the predators.

Pullus impexus(Muls.) (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae), a Predator ofAdelges piceae(Ratz.) (Hemiptera, Adelgidae), with notes on its Parasites

The biology ofPullus impexus(Muls.), a Coccinellid beetle predacious onAdelges piceae(Ratz.) in Switzerland, Germany and France, was studied during 1950–1952. The present work is a part of the research on the complex problem of factors in the control of the Balsam Woolly Aphid in Canada.The morphology of both the larva and the adult has been studied. Some information has been provided on the probable distribution of the species.P. impexushas only one generation a year. The eggs are deposited during the late summer or early autumn on infested trees and the larvae hatch in April. The larvae develop and adults appear in May. The adults of the new generation are to be found in June together with adults of the old generation. In the biology, particular attention has been directed to the diet of the insect in each of its stages, in order to establish the value of the species from the standpoint of biological control.Two new species of Hymenopterous parasites were found in Switzerland and in Germany,Scymnophagus mesniliFerr., a parasite of pupae, andCentistes scymniFerr., a parasite of the imagines. The life history of these species has been briefly studied. A cephaline gregarine species was noted in the mesenteron of adults ofP. impexusand a nematode in the abdominal cavity of a female. The two Hymenopterous species provide an important limiting factor in the increase of the population ofP. impexus.

The Balsam Woolly Aphid in Maine

Journal Article The Balsam Woolly Aphid in Maine Get access A. E. Brower A. E. Brower Maine Forest Service, Augusta Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 40, Issue 5, 1 October 1947, Pages 689–694, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/40.5.689 Published: 01 October 1947

Some Observations on the Balsam Woolly Aphid in Maine

Some Observations on the Balsam Woolly Aphid in Maine