Balinese Woman Research Articles

MODEL LOGISTIK ORDINAL UMUR KAWIN PERTAMA WANITA BALI

Age at first marriage of woman is the difference between her birth date and date she began living with her spouse or partner, and is truncated to years. Age at first marriage of woman is well-known affects her healthiness and reproduction processes. Despite of Indonesian Law No. 16, 2019 regulated the marriage limit for woman and man is 19 years old, underage- or child-marriage are also happen in some parts of this country. This study models age at first marriage of Balinese women, by putting socio-demographics indicators as the predictor, i.e. woman’s educational level, parents’ educational level, family domicile area before marriage, family income, parents job, home ownership status, and number of family members. To study the causal relationship between age at first marriage of Balinese woman and its predictors, 270 women were proportionally selected from 9 regencies/city in Bali and asked to fill self administered questionaire. The data were analyzed by applying ordinal logistic regression. The result shows educational level of subjects as well their parents significantly affect age at first marriage of Balinese women while other factors do not demonstrate significant effect.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome with multiple cranial neuropathies

Background. Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune reaction against peripheral nerves that manifests clinically as acute polyradiculoneuropathy. Classic sensory-motor, pure motor, paraparesis, pharyngeal-cervical-brachial, Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis, pure sensory, bilateral facial palsy with paresthesia, and Miller-Fisher syndrome are all known variants of GBS. This case report seeks to describe a case of GBS with involvement of the cranial nerves. Case report. A 39-year-old right-handed Balinese woman presented with LMN (Lower Motor Neuron) type paraparesis with ascending paralysis and involvement of cranial nerves III through XII. The results of the LCS (Liquor Cerebro-Spinal) demonstrate albuminocytological dissociation. According to the patient’s EMNG (electromyoneurography) findings, Guillain-Barré Syndrome was of the AMAN (acute motor axonal neuropathy) variety. The patient was diagnosed with multiple cranial neuropathies and GBS of the AMAN type. EGRIS (Erasmus GBS Respiratory Insufficiency Score) was 3, and EGOS (Erasmus GBS Obstructive Sleep Apnea Score) was also 3. Following IVIG (Intravenous Immunoglobulin) treatment, the patient exhibited clinical improvement (Hughes score decreased from 4 to 2). Discussion. The patient exhibits clinical manifestations of flaccid tetraparesis and multiple cranial nerve paresis. The clinical condition of the patient did not meet the criteria for GBS clinical variation. Symptoms of flaccid tetraparesis that do not involve the senses are classified as the motor-only variant. This patient’s differential diagnosis includes the possibility of MFS and ophthalmoplegia. This patient, however, had flaccid tetraparesis and no ataxia. Electromyoneurography (EMNG) examination produces AMAN-type GBS. The patient was diagnosed with one of the clinical variants of GBS, AMAN-type GBS with multiple cranial neuropathies. Conclusion. A case of GBS of the AMAN type accompanied by multiple cranial neuropathies has been reported.

The social discrimination of woman roles in the Tarian Bumi and Kenanga novels by Oka Rusmini and its relevance to Indonesian learning for twelfth graders at science 1 class SMA negeri 2 Gorontalo (Marxism-literature sociology approach)

Discrimination is differentiating treatments given to citizens. This research explores the social discrimination of Balinese woman figures in Tarian Bumi and Kenanga, two novels by Oka Rusmini. The research approach was descriptive-qualitative. The results showed that six data were categorized in the upper- and lower-class sections, two data were in the country class section, five data were in the ideology section, and 12 data were in the individual section in Tarian Bumi and Kenanga. The relevance to learning was educational values in the novel, e.g., religious, moral, social, and cultural values.

The Matrix Metaloproteinase-1 Gene Polymorphisms as Risk Factor of Pelvic Organ Prolapse in Balinese Woman

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a gynecological problem that can worsen the psychosocial, economic, and sexual function of women and often relapses after surgery. POP is associated with weakness of the pelvic floor supporting structures. Pelvic organ prolapse is associated with a reduced quality of life for millions of women worldwide. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the MMP-1 rs 1799750 gene polymorphisms as a risk factor for pelvic organ prolapse in Balinese women. This observational case-control study involves 30 patients with pelvic organ prolapse as the case group and 30 patients without pelvic organ prolapse as the control group. The study was conducted at the Integrated Biomedical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University. Three milliliters of venous blood samples were taken from each patient and DNA examination was performed to determine MMP-1 gene polymorphisms. Risk assessment of the MMP-1 gene polymorphism for pelvic organ prolapse was done by controlling for confounding variables, including age, parity, heavy work, body mass index, menopausal status, and history of hysterectomy, through multivariate logistic regression conditional test. Result from this study is the MMP-1 gene polymorphism increased the risk of pelvic organ prolapse 4.33 times compared to non-prolapsed in Balinese women (OR 4.33, 95%CI 1.20 -15.61, p = 0.020). After controlling for various confounding variables, MMP-1 gene polymorphism still increased the risk of pelvic organ prolapse up to 5.52 times (AOR 5.52, 95%CI 1.352-22.50, p = 0.02). Conclusion from this study is MMP-1 gene polymorphism significantly increases the risk of pelvic organ prolapse in Balinese women.

COVID-19 pneumonitis and lupus pneumonitis: a challenge in diagnosis and early therapeutic consideration

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. It has various clinical manifestations, from asymptomatic to severe disease with possible multi-organ involvement, with respiratory and vascular systems being the frequent affected. COVID-19 can affect patients with autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The concurrent of both diseases may show the similar characteristic which can as a challenge in diagnosis and early therapeutic consideration. We report a case of 53 year-old Balinese woman patient who previously diagnosed with acute respiratory iIlness (Pneumonitis), The patient with past history of SLE since 2005, takes 200 mg hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and 4 mg methylprednisolone once a day orally without adverse effect. Then she was confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19 pneumonitis) concurrent with SLE flare (Lupus pneumonitis). The clinical similarities were fever, dry cough and shortness of breath with the chest X-ray (CXR) was bilateral interstitiil infiltrate. Laboratory results; a positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction test, leucophenia, increased ESR, slightly increased CRP, decreased CD4 and CD8 cell count. Decreased oxygen saturation, requiring 4 L of oxygen via nasal cannula on admission. She was given therapy of antibiotics, antivirus and other symptomatic. The prior SLE maintenance therapy was continued with increasing methylprednisolone dose. The patient’s condition was improved and weaned off her oxygen requirements. She was discharged and followed by home isolation for 14 days.

Cervical Hydatidiform Moles Pregnancy: Diagnosis and Treatment

Cervical partial hydatidiform mole is a rare condition and difficult to diagnose. A 39-year-old Balinese woman from Sanglah General Hospital, Bali, Indonesia complained vaginal bleeding with abdominal pain. The patient was diagnosed with a partial hydatidiform mole based on physical examination, ultrasound, beta HCG levels and pathology examinations. Mass evacuation surgery followed by arterial ligation to stop the bleeding and periodically examination of beta HCG levels was carried out until the 14th week after the procedure. Beta HCG decreased gradually to normal level and indicate no risk of trophoblastic malignancy. Establishing the early diagnosis significantly affects the outcome of patient.
 Keywords: partial cervical hydatidiform mole, blighted ovum, pregnancy, diagnosis, therapy.

Perempuan Bali dalam Dunia Politik (Studi Kasus Pemilihan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah di Kabupaten Badung Tahun 2009, 2014 dan 2019)

Balinese Hindu women are said to be laymen in politics. The patriarchal culture that is so strong in Balinese life seems to dictate that a Balinese woman only takes a domestic role and traditional rituals. This study uses the theory of existence and the theory of femenism as a basis for thinking in problems. The research method used is historical methods. The results of the study, namely the struggle of Balinese Hindu women in political activities have increased from 2009, 2014 and 2019, but if calculated globally it is still low. The factor of the involvement of Hindu Balinese women in political activities is the involvement of women in parliament. Political activities have very broad implications, such as having an impact on education, socio-culture, public policy and also having an impact on political activity itself.

The Rhetoric of Paintings: Balinese Painters, Dutch Colonists and the Question of Gender Relationships in 19th and Early 20th Century Bali

The present essay is about the interpretation of paintings and how an interest which Balinese painters display in gender relationships in the context of illustrations of ritual in their narrative works on the one hand, contrasts with strong expressions of Dutch disapproval of the despotic nature of the rule of Balinese kings and consequentially the unjust treatment of women in Balinese society on the other. With this in mind, the present paper first considers the representation of gender relationships in a number of Balinese paintings from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and then turns to a discussion of the understanding of Balinese gender relationships of two members of Dutch colonial society in the Dutch East Indies, one a senior bureaucrat, Graaf C.W.S van Hogendorp and the other the protestant missionary R. van Eck. I discuss a play by Graaf C.W.S van Hogendorp, ‘Pièce de Circonstance sur la conquête de Bali 1846’, written to celebrate the victory of the Dutch army over the Kingdom of Buleleng in 1846 and an article about ‘Het Lot der Vrouw op Bali’ (‘The lot of the Balinese woman’), published in the journal Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde in 1872 by the protestant missionary R. van Eck.

Kedudukan Hukum Wanita yang Mulih Daha di Banjar Munggu Kecamatan Mengwi Kabupaten Badung

For Balinese indigenous people, a woman returning to her parents’ home due to divorce has the status of mulih daha. With this status, a woman will have swadharma (obligations) and swadikara (rights) just like before the marriage took place in their respective homes. Several women who have experienced a mulih daha case have visited Banjar Munggu to regain their rights and carry out their obligations. This study examines the procedure for the return of a Balinese woman with the status of mulih daha and their customary position in Banjar Munggu Mengwi Badung. To achieve this goal, this research was conducted using an empirical legal research method with a sociological approach to law. Data were collected through selecting and summarising the data obtained from applicable legal provisions into relevant data with the object of the study. The results reveal that a woman with mulih daha status as a result of divorce does not have the right to inherit from her husband’s assets and / or that of their parents’, except from joint assets in inheritance. In Banjar Munggu Mengwi, the inheritance provisions for women with mulih daha status are clearly stipulated in the Awig-Awig of Banjar Adat, stipulating that every woman with the status of mulih daha is prohibited from joining in the village organisation.

The physiological aspect of thyroid-induced breast cancer: a case report

Background: Breast cancer has the second-highest prevalence of cancer in Indonesia. The aetiology of breast cancer involves endogenous sex hormone activity, estrogen. Besides, thyroid hormones have estrogen-like effects on breast tissue which are thought to play a role in the development of breast cancer. This case report aims to evaluate the physiological aspect of thyroid-induced breast cancer.Case Report: A 49-year-old Balinese woman came to the Primary Health Care with a history of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism for 5 years (2014-2019), complaining of a lump in her left breast. Open biopsy and immunohistochemistry were done (Grade III Invasive Carcinoma ER + 50%, Her + 2-3). Patients were diagnosed with stage 3B breast cancer and conservative treatment has been taken. The examination of TSH thyroid hormone was 0.204 µIU/mL (normal = 0.5 - 6 µIU/mL) and FT4 3.1 ng/dL (normal = 0.7-1.9 ng/dL).The primary management of patients was chemotherapy following by Modified Radical Mastectomy (MRM), hormone suppressant injection, as well as Herceptin. Those medications were effective in reducing the development of breast cancer through thyroid hormone pathway.Conclusion: Some studies showed hyperthyroidism increase the risk of breast cancer and that high thyroid levels can cause estrogen-like effects, trigger proliferation and angiogenesis by activating the same pathway as estrogen those are mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase ½ (ERK ½).

Papulonecrotic tuberculid: a case report

Introduction: Papulonecrotic tuberculid (PNT) is a chronic, recurrent, and symmetric eruption of necrotising skin papules in crops involving the arms and legs, and healing with scar formation. PNT is an uncommon disorder, occurring in less than 5 % of cases of active TB. The pathophysiology of this disease has remained controversial.Case: A 31 years old Balinese woman, visited Outpatient Clinic Department of Dermatology and Venereology Sanglah Hospital Denpasar in 8th September 2003, she has complained of recurrent ulcer for 14 years ago. The clinical feature showed papules, multiple ulcer, and scars, symmetrically on her arms, legs and trunk. Mantoux skin test was strongly positive with 13 mm induration. Lymphohystiocytic vasculitis was found on cell pathology examination, there is no evidence of microbial growth in culture, Ziehl-Neelsen staining and PCR was negative. She was given anti-tuberculosis with a rapid improvement after therapy for 6 months with no significant adverse event.Conclusion: Treatment for six months using anti-tuberculosis drugs provides satisfactory results with clinical improvement in patients with PNT.

STIGMATIZATION TOWARD TATTOOED BALINESE WOMEN IN DENPASAR

The phenomenon of Tattooed Balinese Woman has been increasingly frequent in public spaces in Denpasar. Tattooed Balinese women want to convey or express their feelings through tattoo on their body, but this is not fully accepted by the society who has different judgement and perception encapsulated in what we call as Stigma. Stigma is viewed as a struggle between dominant and sub-cultural ideology within discourses which may cause marginalization and discrimination of tattooed Balinese woman psycho-socially and culturally. The research is aimed to faind out the forms and implications of stigmatization of tattooed Balinese woman in Denpasar. The data collection method uses observation technique, indepth interview, and document study. The data analysis adopts cultural study approach through reduction, reporting, and verification processes. The researcher uses Power-Knowledge Relation Theory, Stigma Theory, and Identity Theory as theoretical framework. The result of this research concludes that the form of the stigma of tattooed Balinese woman in Denpasar is labeling, stereotyping, separation and discrimination. The implication of the stigma is personal worthlessness and alienation, psychological instability, paradoxical attitudes in relationships and association, and sense of proving oneself as an expression of resistance against the stigma.
 Keyword: stigma, Balinese Woman, Tattoo, resistance

Ni Krining, Antara Pengorbanan dan Perlawanan dalam Budaya Patriarki Bali

A literature is a reflection of real world reality. A writer wrote it in a literary work. One of the themes of short stories in Indonesia is the theme of women's resistance in traditional and cultural circles. The short story "The First Night of a Priest" by Gde Aryantha Soethama tries to offer the theme. The main character in the short story is Ni Krining, a Balinese woman from a lower caste who is married to a Brahman caste. The situation makes Ni Krining must accept polygamy. Behind his sacrifice, Ni Krining has resisted the cultural system in his environment and made his existence recognized. This study uses an existentialist feminism study to explore various reasons that make Ni Krining gain recognition in its environment which is dominated by patriarchal culture.

Women left out in the cold: When a Balinese woman was mutilated by her husband, it created a media storm within Indonesia and shed light on domestic abuse there. And yet it barely dented its international reputation

Women left out in the cold: When a Balinese woman was mutilated by her husband, it created a media storm within Indonesia and shed light on domestic abuse there. And yet it barely dented its international reputation

KENANGA: WOMEN’S CULTURE (AN ANALYSIS OF NOVEL, A WORK OF FEMALE AUTHOR WITH PRESPECTIVE ELAINE SHOWALTER CULTURE MODEL)

In understanding the women’s culture, historians see and distinguish various aspects of identity, roles, relationships, attitudes and pictures of women's lives formed in the culture of society in general. Female writers also express and present the women’s culture in their works. This study discusses how the women’s culture is represented in a novel written by a woman. A work that is written with attention to the cultural elements of women that presents women's lives through experience and narration. The object analyzed in this study is Oka Rusmini's novel entitled "Kenanga" which tells the women’s lives with Balinese cultural background. Oka Rusmini, the author is also a Balinese woman. The novel is analyzed by using the approach of Subjectivity (Spivak,1994) and Elaine Showalter cultural model (Showalter,1982) especially women's writing and women's culture model. This study shows that women authors represent experiences and women's issues in their works. Women authors also write down their responses and perspectives on the patriarchal culture that surrounds their lives with a Balinese cultural setting. Oka Rusmini also conveys resistance of social and cultural constructions which make women become subordinate through the attitude and life of the characters in her novel.

The Role of Social Capital and Business Strategies in Developing the Business of Banten to Increase Balinese Women’s Employment

ABSTRACTBali is famous around the world as the island of gods, since the majority of the inhabitants of Bali are Hindu. The Hindu religion and rituals cannot be separated. Each day Balinese woman make banten, as a ritual offering; but with many Balinese women now working outside the home, many decide to buy banten. Due to the demand, enterprises which sell banten have appeared. The purpose of this research is to discover the role of social capital and business strategies in developing the business of banten to increase women’s employment opportunities in Gianyar Regency, Bali. The business of banten has great future potential, with a marketing system that harnesses the flow of information by word of mouth. In an attempt to improve the welfare of the families of women who work in the business of banten, network, trust and norms as social capital play a very important role.

Outcaste by Choice: Re-Genderings in a Short Story by Oka Rusmini

Ida Ayu Oka Rusmini is a major contemporary Indonesian author. She has published two novels, Tarian Bumi (2000) and Kenanga (2003a), a collection of short stories, (Sagra, 2001), and a volume of poetry, Patiwangi (2003b, republished in 2007 as Warna Kita, with the omission of some 12 poems). Born in Jakarta in 1967 of Balinese parents, she was a member of the highest Balinese caste, the brahmana caste, but renounced this status, including her title, after her marriage to the East Javanese essayist and poet Arif B. Prasetyo. Oka Rusmini is a graduate of the Indonesian Studies Department, Udayana University, and lives in Den Pasar where she works as a journalist for the Bali Post.
 
 Most of Oka Rusmini’s prose works explore the constraints into which the socioreligious practices of caste place all members of society, but most especially women. Both of her novels tell of a woman’s abandonment of her brahmin caste status as the result of her marriage to a sudra. The title of the poetry book, Patiwangi, refers to the ritual practice by which this degradation is confirmed, and the poem which gives the book its title bears the footnote: ‘Patiwangi: pati = death; wangi = fragrant. Patiwangi is a ritual that is performed on a noble women in her Village Temple to remove her noble status as a consequence of having married a man of a lower caste. The ritual often has a serious psychological impact on noble women’ (107). In both novels, and many short stories and poems, their loss of status brings enormous scorn and hardship to the major woman characters. Nevertheless, as we shall see, stepping outside patriarchally-dominated caste ties may also provide an ambiguous freedom for any woman who is positioned to take advantage of the opportunities which the modern, potentially secular, nation state of Indonesia, offers her.
 
 In this paper, I am interested in the way in which the short story, ‘Cenana’ (Sagra, 270-318), uses a traditional myth to deal various cross-caste transgressions in contemporary Balinese society. The story draws on one of the foundation myths of medieval Javanese history, the story of Ken Angrok, founder of the dynasty of Singhasari, East Java, in 1222 AD, and his consort, Ken Dedes, the wife of Ken Angrok’s predecessor. To my knowledge, although the myth has been the subject of a number of modern literary works, Oka Rusmini’s is the only account by a Balinese woman. Through its focus on the transgressions committed by strong female characters of all caste backgrounds, and dissolute male characters, Oka Rusmini’s narrative in ‘Cenana’ allows for a revision of conceptions of feminine agency in a society based on respect for high caste men and marriage to them.

Multiple cysticercus nodules in skin and brain in a Balinese woman: A case report

A case of multiple subcutaneous and cerebral cysticercosis in a 33-year-old Balinese female, is reported. The patient suffered from seizures since adolescence, which was not treated. Since three years before admission she started developing multiple nodules in the skin, starting from her forehead and since a year ago also in other parts of the head and body such as shoulders, chest and back. Serum sample tested against cysticercus antigen by immunoblot assay against antigen of Taenia solium was positive. The copro-antigen test was also positive, indicating the presence of the adult worm in the intestines. The patient was treated with praziquantel for the adult T. solium infection and thereafter with albendazole for the larval stages, which resulted in obvious reduction of the cerebral cysts and most of the subcutaneous nodules disappeared. However the adult worm was not recovered in the 24 hours stool specimen and after one year the immunoblot test was still positive. (Med J Indones 2002; 11: 169-73) Keywords: cysticercosis, Taenia solium, praziquantel, albendazole