Bali Cattle Research Articles (Page 1)

Marbling refers to white fat granules within muscle fibres that enhance meat tenderness and flavour. This study aimed to determine the marbling score of male Bali beef using two methods: ultrasonography and visual assessment based on muscle location and storage duration. Five intensively raised male Bali cattle (average weight 227 kg) were examined. Visual assessment used 0.5 kg samples from sirloin, rib, and round muscles, analysed with ImageJ and Minitab 17. Results showed that both muscle location and storage duration significantly affected (P < 0.01) the marbling score. The ultrasonography method yielded marbling scores of 1.06–1.44, while the visual method produced 1.10–1.50. The ultrasonography method proved reliable for predicting marbling without slaughter, with higher marbling observed in passive muscles (sirloin) than in active muscles (rib and round). Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):SDG 2: Zero Hunger SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production SDG 15: Life on Land

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama penyimpanan di waterbath terhadap kualitas mikroskopis semen segar sapi bali di Balai Inseminasi Buatan Daerah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. Rancangan yang digunakan yaitu rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari 4 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan yaitu P0: lama penyimpanan 1 menit (kontrol), P1: lama penyimpanan 20 menit, P2: lama penyimpanan 40 menit dan P3: lama penyimpanan 60 menit. Analisis data menggunakan ANOVA yang di uji lanjut menggunakan Tukey’s dengan aplikasi Tools Minitab. Hasil analisis menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh lama penyimpanan di waterbath (P<0,05) terhadap kualitas mikroskopis semen segar yang meliputi nilai motilitas, gerakan massa, gerakan individu dan konsentrasi spermatozoa. Perlakuan terbaik pada peneitian ini adalah perlakuan pada P0 dengan motilitas P0 yaitu 66.56 ± 3.52a, , P0 gerakan massa 2.75± 0.44a, P0 gerakan individu 2.65 ± 0.35a dan P0 konsentrasi 1.172 ± 0.21a.

Cattle fattening has been done for generations, but partners want to increase its quality and quantity. Partners lack knowledge in the field of housing and feed that can be preserved, so they experience obstacles in fattening cattle. The group requested training and assistance regarding the requirements for housing for fattened bulls. Fattening bulls is a side business carried out by farmers in Kuwum village that must be preserved and maintained in each region to maintain local wisdom and the population of Bali cattle. The solution to the problems faced by partners involves applying previous research results from the proposers, which are already published, by providing appropriate technology for maintaining Bali cattle and preserving local wisdom through cattle farming. The method used is active community participation and exploration. This community service activity supports IKU 2, namely students gain experience outside the campus, and IKU 3, namely lecturers engage in activities outside the campus. The activity lasted for 10 months, involving 2 students by recognizing several courses. Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):· SDG 1 – No Poverty· SDG 2 – Zero Hunger· SDG 8 – Decent Work and Economic Growth· SDG 12 – Responsible Consumption and Production

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of different brands of intramuscularly injected prostaglandin hormones on the speed and duration of estrus in Bali cattle. The study used 21 Bali cattle as subjects, divided into three treatment groups: P1 received 5 ml of Capriglandin, P2 received 5 ml of Lutalyse, and P3 received 2 ml of Juramate. The data collected included the speed and duration of estrus in hours. The results showed that for the speed of estrus onset, P1 required 69 hours, P2 56 hours, and P3 55 hours. Regarding the duration of estrus, P1 took 17 hours, P2 14 hours, and P3 13 hours. The findings indicate that the Juramate hormone resulted in the quickest onset of estrus, while the Capriglandin hormone led to a longer duration of estrus compared to the other hormones.

Background and Aim: Donggala cattle (Bos indicus), indigenous to Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, are recognized for their pro­ductive and reproductive performance. However, molecular information on their genetic diversity is scarce. Understanding genetic variability is essential for sustainable conservation and targeted breeding strategies. This study aimed to charac­terize the genetic diversity and relationships of Donggala cattle using microsatellite markers and advanced multivariate analyses. Materials and Methods: Seventy-five blood samples were collected from unrelated Donggala cattle in Central Sulawesi. Genomic DNA was extracted and amplified across ten Food and Agriculture Organization-recommended microsatellite loci. Allele frequency, observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity, and polymorphism information content (PIC) were calculated. Genetic distances and clustering were assessed using Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). Two- and three-dimensional principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to visualize genetic differentiation, with comparative datasets from other Indonesian cattle breeds. Results: High allelic diversity was detected, with SPS113 (12 alleles), ETH225 (11 alleles), and TGLA122 (9 alleles) being the most informative markers (PIC: 0.80–0.84). Ho was highest at ETH225 (0.95), reflecting substantial genetic variation. UPGMA and admixture analyses placed Donggala cattle closest to Pesisir cattle, though phenotypically more similar to larger B. indicus breeds such as Ongole Grade. The 3D PCA provided enhanced discriminatory power, distinctly separat­ing Donggala from exotic and crossbred cattle and differentiating Bali cattle from Banteng. AMOVA indicated that 22% of genetic variation existed among populations, while 21% was among individuals. Conclusion: Donggala cattle exhibit considerable genetic diversity, underscoring their value as a reservoir for breeding and conservation programs. Microsatellite markers, particularly SPS113, ETH225, and TGLA122, proved highly informative for genetic assessment. The application of 3D PCA enhanced resolution in distinguishing closely related breeds, supporting its use in molecular characterization. These findings provide essential baseline data for sustainable management, conserva­tion, and genetic improvement of Donggala cattle. Keywords: 3D principal component analyses, breeding, conservation, Donggala cattle, genetic diversity, microsatellite markers.

Bali cattle constitute an important indigenous genetic resource that contributes to food security, rural household income, and the socio-economic resilience of farming communities. In East Kalimantan, the population of Bali cattle increased by 4% in 2023. The sector continues to face persistent structural challenges, particularly weak business management, dependence on conventional marketing systems, and inefficiencies in herd population management. This study examined business management practices, marketing patterns, and population dynamics of smallholder Bali cattle farming in Tani Bhakti Village, Loa Janan District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan. Primary data were obtained through direct observation and structured interviews with 20 farmers selected by census, and secondary data were collected from government reports, statistical publications, and relevant academic literature. A descriptive qualitative approach was applied, and results were analyzed and presented in tabular and narrative forms. The findings reveal that most farmers rely on traditional rearing and feeding practices. At the same time, intermediary-based marketing channels dominate cattle transactions, reducing farmers’ bargaining power and profit margins. Moreover, reproductive performance remains low, and feed quality does not meet optimal nutritional standards, constraining productivity and herd sustainability. These conditions underscore the urgent need for technological innovation in farm management, the development of structured and digitally oriented marketing systems, and improvements in reproductive management and feed practices. The results provide empirical evidence to support the design of adaptive, inclusive, and sustainable livestock development policies that enhance the competitiveness and long-term viability of rural Bali cattle farming in East Kalimantan.

Batu Berdaun Village on Singkep Island, Lingga Regency, Riau Islands Province, faces serious challenges in developing sustainable livestock after the end of the tin mining era. The main problems include the decline in the Bali cattle population due to limited forage feed, the farmers’ limited knowledge of cattle fattening management, and the lack of utilization of livestock waste as fertilizer. Through a community engagement program, the solutions offered included training in the cultivation of odot grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott) as the main source of feed on former mining sandy lands, compost production from cow and chicken manure, and feed fermentation technology to increase nutritional value and production efficiency. The methods applied consisted of problem identification through interviews and observations, participatory training, and field demonstrations. The program results showed an increase in farmers’ understanding of forage cultivation, waste management, and sustainable cattle fattening techniques. This initiative is expected to encourage the independence of livestock groups in building a productive and competitive livestock system on post-mining coastal land.

The complete mitochondrial genome assembly of Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) using Oxford nanopore long-read sequencing technology.

Reproductive failure in cattle production is a global concern and is influenced by various factors, including genetic alterations. This study explored the relationship between an X-linked single-nucleotide variant (NC_037357.1: g.87298881A>G, rs135720414) in the upstream of the bovine forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) gene and infertility. To this end, we examined the genotypes of the variant in old Asian cattle breeds, including 48 Bali and 5 Jaliteng cattle, and 20 water buffaloes, which have recently shown subclinical signs of infertility and repeated breeding problems among populations in Indonesia. We also examined the genotypes in 69 parous and 39 non-parous Holstein Friesian (HF) cows and investigated the relationship between the genotypes and serum concentration of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). The G allele frequency was markedly high in Bali (0.944) and Jaliteng cattle (0.714), and water buffaloes (1), suggesting that the G allele may be originally a wild-type variant in old Asian cattle and buffaloes. In HF cows, the G allele frequency was moderately high, and the AMH concentration was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in parous cows carrying the G allele (A/G and G/G genotypes) than in parous cows with the A/A genotype. In contrast, there were no significant differences in AMH concentrations among the three genotypes of non-parous HF cows. This suggests that both G allele and aging are associated with infertility in HF cows. In conclusion, the G allele of the FOXP3 gene variant may potentially be associated with infertility in different bovine breeds and species. Therefore, special attention should be paid to this variant, and infertility in bovine herds may be improved by selection and/or introduction of the A allele.

Rumen fluid of Bali cattle contains a highly diverse and functionally active bacterial community, offering valuable potential for compost bioactivation. This study aimed to isolate and characterize cellulolytic, phosphate and potassium-solubilizing bacteria from the rumen and assess their roles in supporting composting processes. A range of bacterial isolates was successfully obtained and grown on selective media, revealing distinct functional groups including those capable of degrading cellulose, solubilizing phosphate and potassium, fixing nitrogen, and producing Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA). Functional screening using clear zone assays confirmed enzymatic activities related to organic matter decomposition and nutrient solubilization. Several isolates exhibited multifunctional traits, demonstrating simultaneous activity across multiple biochemical processes. These findings highlight the ability of rumen-derived bacteria to accelerate composting, enhance nutrient availability and improve the overall compost quality. The results support the application of these indigenous bacterial strains as effective bioactivators in sustainable composting systems and organic waste management strategies.

The aim of this research was to determine The Effect of age of livestock on the oneset cycle of the bali caws . This research used 21 heifers selected from 47 bali cattle heifers. The method used in this research is a field experimental method using a completely randomized design (CRD), namely P1, aged 4-7 years, P2, aged 8 - 11 years, P3, aged 12 - 15 years, with the number of livestock at U1, U2, U3 were 16 and 5 respectively before being given treatment, the cows were selected to ensure the cows were not pregnant by carrying out a pregnancy check with rectal palpation. Cattle that are not pregnant are injected with the synthetic PGF2α hormone 2 ml per head, which contains the active ingredient Cloprostenol 500 µg. Female cows that had been given PGF2α were then observed to estrus from the first day to the sixth day. Data on the percentage of estrus, duration of estrus, intensity of estrus, and speed of onset of estrus symptoms were recorded as measured research variables. The data obtained were analyzed using the T test. The results of the analysis showed that age had no significant effect (P &gt; 0.05) on the heat cycle of bali cow mothers. The conclusion of this research is that age has no effect on the estrus cycle of bali cattle mothers after being injected with the hormone prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α).

Bali cattle is one of Indonesia's local cattle that has high economic potential. The quality of the semen used plays an important role as a factor in the success of artificial insemination (AI) programs. Climate change, including temperature variations, rainfall, and length of solar exposure, can affect the quality of fresh semen produced by bulls. Differences in environmental conditions can affect semen characteristics, such as spermatozoa concentration, motility, and morphology, which in turn have an impact on the field fertility rate. The aim of this study is to explore the differences in male fertility based on environmental conditions that change throughout the seasons. The research method used in this study is non-experimental, using secondary data on the quality of fresh semen and frozen semen production collected from the Regional AI Center, Bali Province. In addition, this study also used data from the big data of the National Animal Health Information System (iSIKHNAS) to calculate field fertility represented by conception rate. Climate data was obtained from the Indonesian Agency for Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysics (BMKG) Bali Province, the data collected was climate data in Tabanan Regency. The differences in the appearance of fresh semen quality, frozen semen production, and field fertility were analyzed using the Independent T-Test. In this study, there was no significant difference in fresh semen quality, frozen semen production, and field fertility (P&gt;0.05) in all parameters, but the average reproductive performance of bali bulls was higher in the rainy season than in the dry season.

This study is conducted to analyze livestock density (area density, farming density, economic density) and the capacity to increase the ruminant population (CIRP) in Buke District, South Konawe Regency. The research location is determined through purposive sampling in Buke Subdistrict, South Konawe Regency, with all Bali cattle breeders in the area being involved as respondents, totaling 734 breeders. The data are analyzed using livestock density analysis (area density, farming density, economic density) (Ashari et al., 1995), a combination of livestock density (Rahaeni, 2014), and the capacity to increase the ruminant population (CIRP) (Fariani, 2008). Based on the study results, it is shown that the density of Bali cattle in Buke Subdistrict is at an economic density of 97,11 AU/1,000 people, a farm density of 0,16 AU/ha, and an area density of 7,75 AU/km². The combination of livestock density is categorized as a dispersal and development area, while the capacity based on natural resources is recorded at 4.951 AU. Therefore, it is concluded that the density of Bali cattle in Buke Subdistrict varies depending on the indicators used. In economic terms, livestock density is classified as medium, whereas in terms of land area and regional distribution, it is considered sparse. Overall, the area is categorized as a dispersal and development region, with the capacity to accommodate Bali cattle based on available natural resources.

The Impact of Production Center Policy on Bali Cattle Farming in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia: A Policy Analysis Matrix Approach

The objective of this study was to evaluate the quantitative performance of thirty-six Krui cattle aged 18 to 36 months, raised on a traditional farm located in the Krui Selatan and Pesisir Selatan district, Pesisir Barat Regency, Lampung. A survey method using purposive sampling was employed to collect the samples. Body measurements, including body weight (BW), body length (BL), chest width (CW), chest circumference (CC), chest depth (CD), and hip circumference (HC), were recorded. The collected data were analysed descriptively. The findings revealed that BW, BL, CW, CC, CD, and HC of the Krui cattle in Krui Selatan District were: 175.40 ± 41.77 kg, 111.18 ± 5.74 cm, 28.18 ± 2.56 cm, 138.55 ± 16.88 cm, 52.73 ± 8.19 cm, and 18.00 ± 1.41 cm, respectively. At the same time, the Krui cattle's BW, BL, CW, CC, CD, and HC in Pesisir Selatan District were 154.23 ± 65.70 kg, 110.64 ± 9.36 cm, 24.86 ± 5.15 cm, 120.80 ± 11.2 cm, 47.67 ± 5.33 cm, and 17.64 ± 1.36 cm, respectively. This study concludes that the quantitative performance of Krui cattle in Traditional Farming in Krui Selatan District is greater than that of Krui cattle in Pesisir Selatan District. Still, more miniature compared to other local cattle breeds (Madura cattle, Bali cattle, Aceh cattle, Ongole grade cattle, and Jabres cattle) in Indonesia.

One of the technologies commonly used in beef cattle breeding is artificial insemination technology. Efforts have been made to increase the population and improve the genetics of Bali cattle in Barru Regency, including the application of artificial insemination technology. The success of the artificial insemination program in Barru Regency requires objective and systematic evaluation to determine its level of achievement. Common methods used to measure the artificial insemination success rate are to examine the Service pers Conception (S/C) and Conception Rate (CR) values. The material used in this study came from farmers who raised Bali cattle and whose cattle had been inseminated by an inseminator. The method used is a survey method by collecting primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained from interviews and questionnaires completed by farmers who participated in the artificial insemination program, as well as through direct observation by observing the condition of livestock that had been artificial insemination accompanied by inseminating agents. The data obtained were tabulated and discussed descriptively. The results of the study showed that the success rate of artificial insemination of c in Barru Regency was classified as good based on the conception rate (CR) value with a percentage of 67.09% and the service per conception (S/C) with a value of 1.43. The success rate of artificial insemination in Barru Regency is influenced by farmers' openness to adopting technology in the livestock sector and the availability of skilled inseminators active in implementing artificial insemination.

Growth curve modeling is essential for understanding livestock development, productivity, and efficiency. This study evaluated the growth patterns of Bali cattle, a resilient and economically significant breed in Indonesia, using five non-linear growth models: Brody, Gompertz, Logistic, Von Bertalanffy, and Modified Von Bertalanffy. Body weight data were collected from 256 males and 279 females at key growth stages from birth to 730 days. Goodness-of-fit criteria including Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), coefficient of determination (R²), and correlation coefficient (r) were applied to identify the most suitable model for describing growth curves. The Gompertz model exhibited the best fit for males, with the lowest AIC (29.76) and BIC (28.58) and highest R² (0.9913) and r (0.9956). For females, the Modified Von Bertalanffy model performed best, with superior goodness-of-fit metrics. Growth parameter analysis revealed that males achieved higher mature weights (A) and slower growth rates (K), whereas females exhibited faster growth rates but matured at smaller sizes. These findings indicate distinct growth dynamics between sexes, influenced by genetic and physiological factors. This research emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate models to understand critical growth stages, optimize nutrition, and enhance management and breeding strategies. The results offering valuable insights for breeders, farmers, and policymakers aiming to bolster beef production.

Myasis is a disease that commonly occurs in ruminants with the incidence of myasis increasing from year to year in Indonesia, especially in rural areas, with an incidence rate of 70% and a recurrence rate of up to 40% in cattle, buffalo, horses and goats. This disease is characterized by the presence of wounds and maggots. The presence of secondary infections will make the disease worse. Therefore, it is necessary to handle miasis cases so that they do not cause losses to farmers. A 7 year old of bali cattle in the North Sinjai district experienced miasis on the head. Treatment for myasis includes washing the wound, removing maggots and administering medication. Treatment uses the antibiotic oxytetracycline, anti-inflammatories, and vitamins as well as turmeric powder as a topical treatment. With the handling and treatment given, the cow showed recovery within 2 weeks. There is a need to improve election management so that this miasis incident does not happen again. As well as the need for socialization from related departments regarding livestock diseases and livestock rearing management.

ABSTRACT This research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Caudal Epididymis Plasma (CEP) combined with nanoparticle soybean extract (NSE) as diluents in maintaining the quality, motility and DNA integrity of Bali cattle spermatozoa in liquid semen. The study utilized semen from Bali cattle and employed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Four treatment groups were tested: T1 (CEP + 10% Egg Yolk), T2 (CEP + 40% NSE), T3 (CEP + 50% NSE) and T4 (CEP + 60% NSE). The observed parameters included sperm motility, viability, abnormalities, membrane integrity, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Malondialdehyde (MDA), DNA fragmentation and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) morphology. Motility, viability, abnormalities and membrane integrity were analyzed using ANOVA via SPSS 16, while SOD, MDA and DNA fragmentation were assessed using Microsoft Excel; SEM results were interpreted descriptively. The findings revealed that T4 had significantly higher abnormalities (18.81%) compared to other groups (p < 0.05). However, T3 and T4 showed superior progressive motility on day 9 of cold storage. Higher SOD and MDA levels were found in T1 on day 7. DNA fragmentation remained low across all treatments, ranging from 3.65% to 5.35%. The use of CEP with 50-60% NSE effectively preserved semen quality for up to nine days of storage.

Background:Heat stress has a significant impact on cattle performance, particularly in hot-humid climates like tropical regions. Bali cattle (Bos javanicus), an indigenous Indonesian breed, are widely known for their ability to adapt to and withstand heat stress. The heat shock protein (HSP) gene family is responsible for heat stress adaptation, and genetic diversity is linked to the ability of animals to cope with heat stress.Aims:The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic variation of potential HSP gene candidates in Bali cattle by scanning single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and comparing them to the available cattle genetic reference database.Methods:The research was divided into two experimental phases. The first step is to identify potential HSP gene candidates in silico. The selected genes were then mapped to the B. javanicus sequence (year 2023 version) to generate primers that were used to amplify all exons for SNP scanning. In the second experiment, a pool of DNA samples was amplified using a custom-designed primer, followed by sequencing and polymorphism analysis. The SNP variation was identified by comparing the nucleotide sequences with the existing Bos taurus and Bos indicus databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, which serve as genetic references. Genetic variations were then grouped, classified, and analyzed based on the type of nucleotide mutation and amino acid type.Results:The results revealed that among the HSP genes in B. javanicus, HSP90AB1 had the highest similarity to those in other breeds: 99.05% similarity with B. taurus and 99.05% with B. indicus. In total, 127 SNPs of the HSP90AB1 gene were identified across exons 2 to 6 of the Bali cattle and have the potential to affect protein function and expression related to cattle traits.Conclusion:HSP90AB1 can be a candidate gene for thermotolerance trait selection in Bali cattle but needs further study to be used as a selection marker.