Trade Balance Deficit Research Articles

Pengaruh Ekspor Batu Bara terhadap Kurs Rupiah

The major of exchange grade was an crucial macroeconomic indicator for a country, and its fluctuations can greatly influence the course of trade activities in a country and the price of a commodity. The reseach purposelly to quantitatively estimating toward impact of coal exports, inflation, also coal production towards rupiah exchange grades from 1996-2022 both the little run also the long proceed uses the Partial Adjustment Model (PAM) regression. The yields shown that coal exports have no impact towards exchange grades both are short or long proceed, also inflation also coal production has positive impact towards exchange grades. The government was expecting hight coal exports and reduce its imports in order to turn the trade balance deficit into a surplus and it is hoped that rupiah will appreciate. The government also needs to make regulations regarding coal import limits so that they dont excide tha count of its exports. Inflation rate should also be maintained through monetary policies especially interest rates to make sure that Indonesians’ consumption and purchasing power are stable.

Analisis Pengaruh Ekspor dan Impor Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Pendekatan Akuntansi Arus Dana yang Dimediasi Foreign Direct Investment di Indonesia Tahun 2019-2021

The purpose of this study was to determine and examine the effect of exports and imports before, during, and after the covid-19 outbreak on economic growth with an accounting approach to foreign direct investment mediated fund flows in indonesia. Quantitative approach with PLS analysis technique is used in this study. Secondary Data obtained from various official websites were used in this study. This study provides the results that exports and imports have a positive and significant influence on economic growth with the approach of accounting for the flow of funds mediated by foreign direct investment in Indonesia. This implies that exports and imports have an important role in economic growth approach to accounting for the flow of funds. Foreign direct investment plays an active role in mediating the relationship between exports and imports to economic growth. The declining value of exports, imports, and foreign direct investment during the pandemic also affected the decline in economic growth in Indonesia. Export activity needs to be increased so that economic growth also increases. Likewise with import activities, although imports are excessive trade balance deficit, imports also have some positive influence on economic growth such as by importing can meet domestic needs and open opportunities to attract investors to invest. For this reason, imports need to be controlled so that economic growth continues to increase.

Relationship Between Exchange Rate and Inflation in Afghanistan

Afghanistan is an import dependent country and has been facing perpetual trade balance deficit for decades. In case of imperfect competition in the market or existence of market monopoly, there is a higher chance of reflecting the exchange rate changes on the prices of the goods. In Addition, countries with low level of domestic production and higher amounts of imports usually experience higher degree of the exchange rate pass-through effect on inflation. Countries with high import volumes and low export levels often face a deficit in foreign currency inflows and an excess in outflows. These countries need substantial foreign currency to purchase and import goods from both neighboring and international markets, increasing domestic demand for foreign currencies and consequently leading to domestic currency depreciation. This study investigated the relationship between exchange rates and inflation in Afghanistan, examining how exchange rates impact inflation and the benefits associated with exchange rate mechanisms. The primary research questions include: What is the relationship between exchange rates and inflation in Afghanistan? How does the exchange rate influence inflation in the country? What are the benefits of exchange rate systems? The hypothesis posits that higher inflation typically depresses a country's currency value and that exchange rates directly affect inflation. Additionally, exchange rates determine the value of currency exchanges between different nations. This research aims to elucidate the relationship between exchange rates and inflation in Afghanistan, assess the impact of exchange rates on inflation, and explore the benefits of exchange rate systems. The methodology involves a binary system and utilizes secondary data collected from books, websites, and research papers. Findings indicate that Afghanistan's reliance on imports results in a persistent trade balance deficit, with a significant portion of goods, especially non-food items, being imported due to insufficient domestic production. To import goods, Afghanistan requires foreign currencies, which are typically earned through exports of goods and services as of a result, Afghanistan will experience stability in the exchange rate and in the domestic prices.

תכנית החירום לייצוב המשק ב=1985: בחינה מחודשת

The Emergency Stabilization Plan is recognized as a turning point in the economic history of Israel. It transformed Israel from an economy characterized by extensive state intervention to a market economy, in which the private sector is much more dominant. Although there is an extensive literature on the long-term impact of the plan, historical research on the plan itself—its formation, implementation, and immediate consequences—is limited. Moreover, the existing research focuses on the domestic factors that allegedly caused the crisis. In this article, I reopen the ‘black box’ of the Stabilization Plan to identify the international factors that contributed to the economic crisis, with the goal of tracing the evolution of the Plan and its implementation based on archival research and reevaluating its successes and failures. The article makes three key arguments: First, I argue that the economic crisis of the 1980s was fundamentally a debt crisis, which was caused by international factors, in contrast to existing research which underlines the role of inflation, which was allegedly caused by the government's careless fiscal policy. Second, I argue that the Stabilization Plan proposed by Michael Bruno and approved by the government was based on neo-mercantilist principles that were designed to address Israel's trade balance deficit and external debt. The policy was grounded on the logic of internal devaluation, according to which the lowering of real wages will encourage Israeli exports and improve the competitiveness of the Israeli economy. This claim challenges the existing literature which emphasizes the neoliberal components of the Plan and the reduction of state involvement in the economy. Thirdly, I argue that the Plan proposed by Bruno and approved by the government in fact failed to achieve two of its declared objectives: lower inflation and an improvement in the balance of payments. It failed due to the very effective protests by workers and the Histadrut (the national labor union) against the government’s intention to freeze wages. I further argue that the policy instrument that eventually stabilized prices was an interest rate hike initiated by the Bank of Israel, with the support of the Minister of Finance. I argue that the involvement of the Bank of Israel was not part of Bruno’s original plan. Although the Bank’s policy led to a reduction of inflation, it did not achieve the Plan’s other objective, that is, to improve Israel’s balance of payments. Based on this interpretation, it appears that the Stabilization Plan was not an ideological transformation from a collectivist ideology to a liberal one, but rather a modification of Israel’s collectivist spirit to better suit the globalized era.

DETERMINANTS OF INDONESIA’S TRADE BALANCE : A VECM MODEL APPROACH

Trade Balance is the main indicator in external competitiveness. The condition of the trade balance in Indonesia tends to experience unbalanced conditions every year, so this study aims to see the relationship between the variables of Exchange Rate, FDI and GDP to the Trade Balance in Indonesia. The data used is a time series for 43 years (1980-2022) using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) method to analyze the relationship and response between variables in the term short and long term. Short-term results show that the Exchange Rate, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) do not affect the surplus or deficit of Indonesia's Trade Balance. While in the long run, Exchange Rate appreciation has a negative effect on the Trade Balance, the amount of FDI has a positive impact on the Trade Balance, and the amount of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) affects the deficit in the Trade Balance. The use of monetary policy can help stab ilize exchange rates, increase exports through increased foreign investment, maintain the value of exports, and reduce trade deficits. Rephrase

ANALISIS DAMPAK PANDEMI COVID-19 TERHADAP NERACA PERDAGANGAN DI KAWASAN ASIA TAHUN 2020

This study aims to determine the extent of the impact of Pandemic Covid-19 on the trade balances of countries in the Asian Region. Furthermore, the independent variables used in the study include real exchange rates, gross domestic product, pandemic covid-19 and interaction of pandemic covid-19 with gross domestic product. Pandemic Covid-19 variable uses the number of positive confirmed cases of this virus. The dependent variable in the study is the trade balance. The data used are secondary data obtained from the World Bank, Financial Data & Economic Indicators (CEIC) and Trading Economics, covering 30 countries in the Asian Region for the period I-IV year 2020. This study uses the balanced panel data method with the fixed effect model (FEM). The research used the estimation technique of fixed effect model (FEM), which was selected based on the result of the Chow and Hausman test. The results show that Pandemic Covid-19 affects the aggregate supply side, namely production activities in a country due to mobility restrictions, so that the level of output produced will experience a decline. When the level of output in a country decreases, it will have an impact on the level of demand for goods and services demanded by people abroad. Pandemic Covid-19, real exchange rate and gross domestic product variable had a negative effect on the trade balance. If there is an increase of pandemic covid-19 cases, it will later affect on the decrease of ecport activities. Likewise, if there is an increase on gross domestic product and real exchange rate, it will later affect on the increase of import activities. This negative affect will result a deficit in trade balance.

Strategy to Reduce the Trade Balance Deficit for Red Meat in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Strategy to Reduce the Trade Balance Deficit for Red Meat in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Analysis of the relationship between the general budget deficit and the trade balance deficit in Sudan for the period2000-2022 (Testing the Keynesian disability hypothesis and ricardian equivalence)

The study aimed to know the internal deficit (the general budget) and its relationship to the external deficit (the trade balance) statistically significant between the general budget deficit and the trade balance deficit in Sudan during the period 2000-2022. There is also a one –way causal relationship that goes from the general budget deficit to the trade balance in Sudan during the study period . the study used the descriptive approach to deficit concepts related to the general budget deficit ,the trade balance and theories .explaining the deficit and the quantitative approach was used to build a standard model the measure and analyze the relationship between the general budget deficit ,and the results of the study showed matching the Keynesian point of view with the existence of a causal relationship in two directions that goes from the budget deficit to the trade balance deficit and vice versa , and the rejection of the Ricardian equivalence hypothesis that says there is no relationship between the two deficits.

EFISIENSI TEKNIS PRODUKSI TANAMAN JAHE DI PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR: PENDEKATAN STOCHASTIC FRONTIER ANALYSIS

<em>Ginger is a spice and medicinal plant that much needed by industry and society. However, ginger production decreased and even experienced a trade balance deficit. One solution that can be done is through intensification or efficiency improvement, especially in the largest ginger-producing province in Indonesia, namely East Java Province. The data used is raw data of Cost Structure of Horticultural Cultivation Household Survey (SOUH) 2018. The results of the analysis using Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) show that four factors of production, namely land area, number of workers, amount of seeds used, and amount of fertilizer used, can increase ginger production significantly with a fairly high level of technical efficiency. However, technical inefficiencies are still found which cause ginger production to not be maximized. There are seven from eight variables that have a significant effect, namely farmer age, farmer education level, farmer group participation, pest control, receiving farm assistance, use of credit, and land ownership status. Meanwhile, the variable of farmer gender has no significant effect.</em>

PENGARUH EKSPOR, IMPOR KOPI DAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI TERHADAP NERACA PERDAGANGAN INDONESIA TAHUN 2003-2018

This research analyzes the impact of coffee exports, imports, and economic growth on Indonesia's trade balance in 2003-2018. The multiple linear regression analysis method tests the relationship between these variables. Data obtained from Indonesian Plantation Statistics for Coffee Commodities (2019). The research results show that coffee exports significantly negatively impact the trade balance, which means that an increase in coffee exports can cause a decline in the trade balance. On the other hand, coffee imports have a significant negative impact, indicating that increasing coffee imports can contribute to the trade balance deficit. The importance of policies that support increasing the competitiveness of coffee exports, controlling imports, and sustainable economic development to achieve a better trade balance. Further research can explore in-depth micro and macroeconomic aspects to produce more specific policy recommendations.

Effects of the Russian–Ukrainian war on the value of imports and the food trade balance in Saudi Arabia

PurposeThis study aimed to measure the effects of the Russian–Ukrainian war on the value of imports and the food trade balance in Saudi Arabia.Design/methodology/approachEstimating the suggested model using econometric analysis for the years 1990–2021.FindingsThe amount of deficit increased in the food trade balance from 11.58 billion riyals in 1990 to 72.98 billion riyals in 2021. As for the increase in the index of food production by 10%, it leads to a decrease in the value of food imports for Saudi Arabia by 1.88%. Also, the value of the deficit in Saudi Arabia's food trade balance decreases by 5.24% as a result of a 10% rise in food exports to the country.Originality/valueIn light of the increase in the food price index to 145.8, the value of food imports and the deficit in the food trade balance exceed their counterparts in the current situation for the year 2021, at a rate of 37.1% and 44.5% for each respectively. In view of achieving huge financial surpluses as a result of the rise in oil prices, the Saudi Arabia is able to bear the high import bill and the amount of food trade balance deficit. Finally, the Russian–Ukrainian war leads to an increase in the cost of obtaining food commodities and their unavailability in the markets and thus affects the food security environment. Therefore, this study recommends the necessity of conducting more studies on the impact of the war on the food security of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Dynamic relationship between exchange rate and trade balance

The volatility of exchange rates affects the country’s export-import positions and the financial condition of organizations in the real and financial sectors. Also, it has an impact on the country’s macroeconomic stability. This study analyses the dynamic relationship between exchange rates and the trade balance in five North African countries: Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Libya, and Mauritania. A panel autoregressive distributional-lag model (PANEL ARDL) was chosen to analyze the long-term relationship and short-term dynamics between the studied indicators. 1990-2019 was chosen as the research period. The selected variables (exchange rate level net trade balance) were tested for stationarity, and a cointegration test was performed. Three-panel dynamic models were built into the work: pooled mean group (PMG), mean group (MG), and dynamic fixed effects (DFE). The study demonstrates a long-term inverse relationship between the exchange rate level and the net trade balance for all analyzed North African countries. In particular, an increase in the exchange rate by 1 USD leads to a decrease in the trade balance deficit by 46.4 million USD for all analyzed countries together. It is found that the countries of North Africa need about three years on average to return to the equilibrium state caused by significant crises from 1990 to 2019. Individual countries (Algeria, Libya and Mauritania) have mechanisms to rebalance after approximately two and nine months, two and three months and a year and a half, respectively. However, Morocco and Tunisia do not have such mechanisms, which means that any external shock will weaken the equilibrium relationship between the analyzed variables in these two countries. To protect the trade balance from potential shocks and ensure the stability of the exchange rate, the countries of North Africa need to implement fundamental reforms in the monetary, financial and trade policies of these countries. It includes reducing imports, especially consumer goods that can be produced domestically, encouraging foreign investment and providing incentives to attract foreign capital as additional support for foreign exchange reserves.

PENGARUH PERUBAHAN TARIF PAJAK IMPOR ATAS PEMBERLAKUAN PMK.199/PMK.010/2019, PENETAPAN HARMONIZED SYSTEM, DAN PREFERENSI BELANJA SETELAH PERUBAHAN DE MINIMIS THRESHOLD TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN IMPORTIR

Merlin Fitri Qhairunisa. 301 19 11 047. 2023. In recent years, the volume of imports of goods has increased significantly due to the sale of imported goods by e-commerce actors in importing goods, to reduce the volume of imported goods, the government has imposed new rules regarding the import of consignments, regulated in PMK 199/PMK 010/ 2019 concerning Customs, Excise and Tax Provisions on Imported Goods. This study aims to analyze the effect of changes in tax rates, establishment of a harmonized system, and shopping preferences on importers' decisions in purchasing imported e-commerce goods. This research approach is a quantitative descriptive analysis with a sample of 105 respondents. The sampling technique uses a non-probability sampling technique using a purposive sampling method. Based on the research results, changes in import tax rates, harmonized systems and shopping preferences have a positive and significant effect on importers' purchasing decisions. The results of this study are expected to provide information as a basis for consideration, support, and contribution of ideas to importers and the government in an effort to reduce import volumes and reduce the trade balance deficit.

Investigating the Dynamic Relationship between Exchange Rate and Trade Balance in Egypt: ARDL Bounds Testing Approach

Exchange rate policies are among the most important economic tools in the country for their impact on the balance of payments in general and the balance of trade. This study used the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to estimate the long-term relationship between the exchange rate and the trade balance deficit while clarifying the impact of potential determinants during the period 1990 to 2021 in Egypt. The data for trade balance and its economic determinants (exchange rate, foreign direct investment, and money supply) was obtained from the World Bank. The results indicated that the best model was ARDL (2,1,2,3). The exchange rate is found to have a significant negative effect on the trade balance, confirming the perceptions of the economic theory. The money supply is positively and significantly related to the trade balance while there is no significant effect of foreign direct investment in the long term on the trade balance deficit. Economic adjustments between the four variables occur in the short run (after about 14 months only). The study recommends continuing the policy of liberalizing the exchange rate while working on expanding the production base to increase exports.

The policy impacts and implications from the insights of mangosteen export chains

Mangosteen has the highest contribution to Indonesian fruit export under the national fruit trade balance deficit. As this fruit is mainly cultivated by small-scale farmers in rural areas in an agroforestry pattern, mangosteen is essential for farmers’ income and environmental sustainability. However, there are noticeable gaps between the mangosteen production and export demand which means the potential market for Indonesia is to increase export. On the other hand, some bottlenecks along the supply chain of exporting mangosteen in Indonesia. This study employs the value chain analysis to evaluate the governance of mangosteen export. Results show that the primary issue is the transparency of the standard quality of exported mangosteen along the supply chains. The significant differences between the local and exported market prices are expected to be the disadvantages farmers face. The information on the mangosteen quality between farmers and traders is different, potentially decreasing the prices received by farmers as the standard in the farmers’ levels is higher than in the traders. Government and farmer groups should work with traders to resolve this problem to enhance the fairness of the benefit earned by each actor along the supply chain. Suppose this information is transferred transparently among actors along the supply chain. In that case, it will not only enhance the farmers’ income but also motivate them to increase productivity and quality, eventually enhancing the export of Indonesian mangosteen.

An analytical study of the status of the food gap for the main food commodities in Algeria during the period (2009-2020)

The study aims to present and analyze the food deficit for the most important food products in Algeria during the period 2009-2020; It concluded that Algeria recorded a deficit in the food trade balance during the study period because it imported most basic food products, whose world prices reached record prices, while it exports a very limited number of food products; The food deficit fluctuated during the study period, but it had a tendency to increase, reaching an average of 6502.52 million dollar. The largest fooddeficit suffered by Algeria is related to the group of cereals, with an average rate of 42.93%, of which wheat and flour contribute the largest percentage, estimated at 26.73%. Next comes the group of dairy products and its products with an average rate estimated at 19.39%, in which the milk product contributed the largest percentage 16.99%, the group of oils and fats 12.59%, the corn 12.67% and sugar 9.2%.These are widely consumed products, then red meat comes with 3.05%, total legumes 3.42%, total fruits 2.59%, barley1.98%, rice 1.07%, total vegetables 0.71%, fish 0.74%, eggs 0.03%. A situation that requires intensified efforts. In order to achieve sustainable agricultural development

Virtual Water Trade in Egyptian Agricultural Sector in the Light of Scarcity of Water Resources

Agricultural foreign trade has taken many recent trends in light of many changes and developments affecting the global economic environment. Countries have resorted to adjusting their trade policies and reconsidering the commodity structure of their exports to suit their resources, especially water resources, in order to maintain the efficiency of the use of these resources and at the same time increase the export return. The water issue in Egypt faces major challenges on the demand side of water in light of the relative stability on the supply side. The state is working to increase the supply side through the reuse of agricultural wastewater, seawater desalination, and wastewater treatment. On the demand side, it is working to develop systems Irrigation, reducing wastage in the use sectors, moving towards foreign trade by importing basic crops, and limiting the export of water-depleting crops to find a balance between the water balance and the agricultural trade balance, in which the deficit amounted to about LE 182.5 billion, representing about 23.5% of the deficit in the total trade balance of about LE 777.42 billion in 2019. The problem of the research is inefficiency of using the water resource in agricultural exports, as most components of the Egyptian agricultural exports structure are water-intensive fruit and vegetable crops, while the contribution of agricultural commodities that is less in the use of the water resource and the best in the export return is somewhat limited, which indicates the importance of working on modifying the structure of Egyptian agricultural exports and re-planning them in line with the variables related to the scarcity of water resources in Egypt. The main objective of the research is to propose different alternatives for the optimal planning of Egyptian agricultural exports, which are characterized by high export returns and low needs of water resources. The research depends on the linear programming method as a quantitative method to measure the phenomena and variables related to the research problem. Related to the research results, the following can be recommended: 1) Supporting the productive capacities of producers to export crops that use less water; 2) Reducing the expansion of exports that use the most water resource by limiting the volume of export support for these commodities; 3) Working to increase the Egyptian exports of dates, pomegranates, olives, grapes, fresh kernels, potatoes, eggplant, coriander, jasmine paste and marjoram, as they are among the agricultural exports with high export returns and the least in their needs for water resources; 4) Working to reduce or stabilize the exported quantities of bananas, citrus fruits, mangoes, onions, garlic, tomatoes, mint and fennel as they are among the agricultural exports with high average returns and the highest in their needs for water resources.

Persepsi Narendra Modi Dalam Kebijakan India Menarik Diri Dari Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Tahun 2019

The Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi introduced the Act East Policy (AEP) which was presented at the ASEAN Summit in Myanmar, November 2014. The AEP policy is a reflection of the long-term economy and takes advantage of its strategic position to create closer relations with countries in the Asian region. Pacific. One of the ways to achieve India's economic growth is to establish various frameworks of economic cooperation. However, in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) agreement in the negotiation stage, Modi withdrawal India from RCEP. This research aims to analyze The perception of Modi in formulating India policy of withdraw from the 2019 RCEP. This research has its urgency because India's political dynamics have initially participated in negotiations since 2012 during Modi's leadership period, then decided to withdraw from the RCEP.. This shows that Narendra Modi has his own perception of RCEP. To see Modi's perception, this research uses a framework of thinking about the relationship between perception and decision making according to Ole R. Holsti. This study uses a qualitative research method with a descriptive analytical approach using secondary data. Furthermore, based on a framework related to Holsti's perception, this study finds that Modi's belief system and image are not in line with RCEP because it is not in accordance with the belief system that influenced Modi, namely the rejection of domestic actors, the trade balance deficit, the rejection of the Three Tier Approach proposal, Hindu nationalist and Gandhiji Talisman and not in accordance with the image that should have happened according to Modi, namely realizing Make in India and India First.

Missing Basic Issues on Credit Money: On the Role of Money in Removing World-wide Growth Barriers (The M. L. Qureshi Memorial Lecture)

Kalecki identifies demand restraint in industrialised and capital restraint in developing countries as the decisive barriers of world-wide growth. Thus, beyond others, it is a matter of financing to foster employment in both types of countries: a rational use of credit money on the international scale could finance additional imports of capital goods by developing countries, whereas industrialised countries could increase their output by trade balance surpluses. This question has been largely debated under various aspects, from the Stamp plan (1958) to the programme of the Commission on International Development Issues (1980). Even if this debate has been superseded by questions of the process and the institutions by which capital is allocated, of the appropriate business management and screening and monitoring, declining growth rates in the last twenty years show that the basic issue of production and distribution of additional real capital remains at stake. Besides institutional obstacles, capital restraint still remains the main bottleneck for development. Basic questions as how to create and use world-wide credit money has to be reconsidered instead of taking backfiring actions to manage actual financial crises. Additional international money supply by planned trade balance deficits of developing countries contributes to world-wide growth, whereas trade balance deficits of the United States are likely to prepare the next financial crises by an excessively increasing dollar supply. A revival of the debate of how to link SDR’s and development financing surely requires to tackle a great number of additional questions, such as how to allocate trade balance deficits and surpluses and how to ensure the acceptance of this world credit money. All in all, it would be a serious attempt to break the money away from the handing down tradition and to transform it into a rationale by abstract reasons and well-founded instrument for economic development.

The Impact of Tourism Income on Foreign Reserves in Jordan during the Period 2005-2020

This study aimed to analyze the impact of tourism income on foreign reserves in Jordan during the period 2005-2020. The study used annual data related to three variables (foreign public debt, trade balance deficit, and workers’ remittances) during the study period; the data were collected from the annual reports issued by the Central Bank of Jordan and the Jordanian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities. To achieve the aim of the study, the fully modified least squares (FMOLS) test was applied. Among the most important findings of the study according to the Johansen statistical test was the existence of a long-term equilibrium relationship between tourism income and foreign reserves and between the three variables between the variables (foreign public debt, trade balance deficit, and workers' remittances) and foreign reserves. The empirical results of the study also showed a positive and significant effect of tourism income on foreign currency reserves and a positive and significant impact of both foreign public debt and remittances of workers abroad on foreign reserves. This finding was obtained through the statistical FMOLS model. Among the most important recommendations of this study is the need for the Jordanian government to pay more attention to the issue of foreign reserves to keep them at high and comfortable levels. This can be achieved through the Jordanian government’s set of procedures and reviews of laws and policies related to the tourism sector, as it is one of the most important financing sources of foreign reserves. In this regard, the government must provide the necessary infrastructure to revitalize the tourism sector, in addition to reviewing the tax policies and fees imposed on the sector.