Bad Road Research Articles

Navigating Public–Private Partnership success: A cross‐country study of key factors in Nigeria and South Africa

AbstractPublic–private partnership (PPP) has delivered expected results on a number of significant projects. Yet, despite the growing appeal, problems have been encountered which have either resulted in slow progress or the total failure of such arrangements. This study offers a comparison between Nigeria and South Africa focusing on several identified critical success factors (CSFs) for PPPs. We rely on secondary data to compare Nigeria and South Africa based on the top ten ranking CSFs identified in the literature. Findings reveal that both countries account for the highest number of PPP projects in Africa but have not recorded huge successes as a result of their shortcomings in important CSFs responsible for the success of PPPs. Nigeria, for instance, is still being challenged with poor energy supply, bad road networks, and ineffective waste management practices, among others. South Africa appears to have had better success in PPP delivery due to a suitable financial market, stable economic policy, favorable legal framework, and a transparent procurement process. We conclude by highlighting the key CSFs for PPPs in Nigeria and South Africa and emphasize the need to address the identified shortcomings. The relevance of this study is in its contribution to the understanding of CSF in PPP projects thereby offering useful insights for policy makers and administrators in improving the success rate of PPPs and enhancing the delivery of public services in these countries.Related ArticlesIkeanyibe, Okechukwu Marcellus. 2018. “Bureaucratic Politics and the Implementation of Liberalization Reforms in Nigeria: A Study of the Unbundling and Reorganization of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation.” Politics & Policy 46(2): 263–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12249.Iwuoha, Victor Chidubem, Nneka Ifeoma Okafor, and Emmanuel Ifeadike. 2022. “State Regulation of Nigeria's Maritime Ports: Exploring the Impact of Port Concession on both the Regulator and the Operators.” Politics & Policy 50(5): 1032–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12495.McNamara, Madeleine W., John C. Morris, and Martin Mayer. 2014. “Expanding the Universe of Multi‐Organizational Arrangements: Contingent Coordination and the Deepwater Horizon Transportation Challenges.” Politics & Policy 42(3): 346–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12073.

Qualitative assessment of the enablers and barriers of COVID-19 vaccination integration, into routine immunization Programme at primary health care facilities in Ekiti state, Nigeria

BackgroundThe introduction of the COVID-19 vaccine influenced discussions to explore integrating COVID-19 vaccination into routine immunization (RI) programs. Subsequently, the WHO Strategic Advisory Group Experts (SAGE) on immunization plausibly advised countries to leverage the COVID-19 vaccination rollout as a transformative opportunity to establish a resilient immunization system, through an integrated immunization system, resulting in strengthened primary healthcare services.ObjectiveThis study assessed the enablers and barriers to integrating COVID-19 vaccination into the routine immunization programme in Ekiti state, Nigeria.MethodsThis study utilized a qualitative research approach to obtain information from 40 participants selected purposively across the primary healthcare facilities, LGA, and state levels. A three-tier approach was employed to select the LGAs. At the same time, In-depth interviews were conducted to elicit relevant information on the assessment of enablers and barriers to integrating COVID-19 vaccination into routine immunization through an interview guide. All the audio interview files were transcribed into English Language, coded, and presented using a thematic approach.ResultsA total of 40 healthcare workers across Ekiti state were selected to participate in this study. Our study found the enablers of integrating COVID-19 into routine immunization to include demand generation and social mobilization, health education, health workers training, data validation, financing, and supervision. However, rumors, demand for incentives, Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI), manpower shortage, poor internet network services, and bad road networks were reported as barriers to integrating COVID-19 vaccination into routine immunization in Ekiti state.ConclusionWhile the enablers of integrating COVID-19 vaccination into routine immunization may outweigh its barriers, it is pertinent to know that the efforts towards integrating COVID–19 vaccination in the RI Program is a call to all stakeholders to ensure sustainability. The identified barriers in the study must be addressed to ensure a strengthened health system. Therefore, achieving a successful integration and uptake of vaccination/immunization is anchored on driving demand generation, social mobilization, health education, availability of healthcare workers, integrated supervision, and financing.

Evaluation of low back pain status and affecting factors in drivers in Turkey: A cross-sectional study1

BACKGROUND: Low back pain (LBP) is a common public health problem resulting in workforce loss. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the LBP status and its affecting factors among drivers in a city in southeast Turkey. METHODS: This cross-sectional questionnaire survey study was conducted among 323 drivers. The chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The mean age of the drivers was 41.7±11.5 years (min: 19, max: 70), and 83.9% were married, and all were men. LBP was found in 59.4% of drivers. It was significantly higher in drivers with poor socioeconomic status, dissatisfied with their life, having a chronic illness, physically inactive, having sleep disorders, exposed to bad road conditions, prolonged vibration, high physical- psychological workload, and a family history of LBP (p < 0.05). There was no significant association between age, education level, and BMI with LBP (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: There is limited study on this subject in Turkey. Further studies can raise awareness about this issue and create an educational plan.

Primary health care challenges: insights from older people with multimorbidity in Malawi – a qualitative study

BackgroundThe global population is undergoing a significant surge in aging leading to increased susceptibility to various forms of progressive illnesses. This phenomenon significantly impacts both individual health and healthcare systems. Low and Middle Income Countries face particular challenges, as their Primary Health Care (PHC) settings often lack the necessary human and material resources to effectively address the escalating healthcare demands of the older people. This study set out to explore the experiences of older people living with progressive multimorbidity in accessing PHC services in Malawi.MethodsBetween July 2022 and January 2023, a total of sixty in-depth interviews were conducted with dyads of individuals aged ≥ 50 years and their caregivers, and twelve healthcare workers in three public hospitals across Malawi’s three administrative regions. The study employed a stratified selection of sites, ensuring representation from rural, peri-urban, and urban settings, allowing for a comprehensive comparison of diverse perspectives. Guided by the Andersen-Newman theoretical framework, the study assessed the barriers, facilitators, and need factors influencing PHC service access and utilization by the older people.ResultsThree themes, consistent across all sites emerged, encompassing barriers, facilitators, and need factors respectively. The themes include: (1) clinic environment: inconvenient clinic setup, reliable PHC services and research on diabetic foods; (2) geographical factors: available means of transportation, bad road conditions, lack of comprehensive PHC services at local health facility and need for community approaches; and (3) social and personal factors: encompassing use of alternative medicine, perceived health care benefit and support with startup capital for small-scale businesses.ConclusionThis research highlights the impact of various factors on older people’s access to and use of PHC services. A comprehensive understanding of the barriers, facilitators, and specific needs of older people is essential for developing tailored services that effectively address their unique challenges and preferences. The study underscores the necessity of community-based approaches to improve PHC access for this demographic. Engaging multiple stakeholders is important to tackle the diverse challenges, enhance PHC services at all levels, and facilitate access for older people living with progressive multimorbidity.

Evaluation of data representation techniques for vibration based road surface condition classification

The accurate classification of road surface conditions plays a vital role in ensuring road safety and effective maintenance. Vibration-based techniques have shown promise in this domain, leveraging the unique vibration signatures generated by vehicles to identify different road conditions. In this study, we focus on utilizing vehicle-mounted vibration sensors to collect road surface vibrations and comparing various data representation techniques for classifying road surface conditions into four classes: normal road surface, potholes, bad road surface, and speedbumps. Our experimental results reveal that the combination of multiple data representation techniques results in higher performance, with an average accuracy of 93.4%. This suggests that the integration of deep neural networks and signal processing techniques can produce a high-level representation better suited for challenging multivariate time series classification issues.

Profile of Mortal Injuries in Vehicular Accidents: An Autopsy-Based Study.

Background It is crucial to analyze the trends of fatal injuries amongpedestrians, passengers, motorcycle riders, and drivers of three- and four-wheelers in traffic accidents. Objective To ascertain the trend of fatal injuries to the head, chest, and abdomen across different victim categories in vehicular accidents. Materials and methods An autopsy-based prospective study was carried out in the mortuary of a rural tertiary care hospital. A total of 108 fatal cases of vehicular accidents were taken into consideration. All natural and unnatural deaths, other than those stemming from vehicle crashes, were excluded from this study; only the victims of fatal vehicularaccidents were included. Results Males outnumbered female victims by 8.8:1. The age range of 41-60 years was the most affected (38.9%). The greatest number of victims (17, or 15.8%) were male motorcycle riders in the range of 21-40 years. Most vehicular mishaps (61;56.5%) occurred during the evening. The most frequent injury pattern reported was head injuries (53.4%). Conclusions Motorcycle riders constituted the most severely injured victim category in a vehicular accident. Most mishaps occurred in the dark because of inadequate lighting or bad road conditions in rural areas. Furthermore, the most frequently occurring type of injury was an injury to the head, which may be an outcome of riders' lack of compliance with the mandatory helmet-use policy.

Pothole Detection Using Machine Learning Models

Potholes are damage caused to the ground by the formation of water and wear and tear over time. According to statistical data, bad road conditions account for about one- third of the total road accidents which has been increasing exponentially. Potholes have become so common that it has become second nature for people to learn how to spot and avoid them, which causes further accidents. The need of the hour is to build a dependable pothole detection system to accurately detect potholes and warn the drivers and government officials in advance. The process to build such a system is divided into two steps i.e. collection of data and pothole identification. The first step is achieved by taking the data from already available data sets on the Internet. The other step includes labeling the potholes in the data set which is usually done manually. This paper focuses mainly on Visual-based techniques to identify the best detection method by comparing popular Machine Learning models and algorithms. The obtained data set is trained using various transfer learning techniques like You Only Look Once (YOLO)[1] and Single Shot Detector (SSD) [1]. Apart from transfer learning, this paper also focuses on some proposed techniques using Convolutional Neural Net- works (CNN) and classification algorithms like Support Vector Machine (SVM)[21] to identify and localize potholes. The actual size of potholes is calculated using morphological operations, which is a just a straightforward technique to analyze figures using set theory. To analyze every model and find the best model, each model is trained on different sizes of data sets and the obtained result is validated and examined by considering different aspects like speed and accuracy in mind.

Mathematical Modeling of Intra-Communal Violence and Risk-Level Analysis. Case Study: Obiaruku Community in Delta State, Nigeria

This paper aims to capture the dynamics of intra-communal violence in a deterministic model of ordinary differential equations, accordingly, the Authors found some interesting results. Lack of quality education, insecurity, bad roads, drugs and alcoholism, unequal representation in government and religious decay have been identified as key factors supporting intra-communal violence over the years. In this research work we built all these factors into a deterministic model describing intra-communal violence and performed some basic mathematical analysis such as positivity of solutions, existence of invariant region, violence-free equilibrium, violence-persistent equilibrium, basic reproduction number, sensitivity analysis, stability analysis and bifurcation analysis. It was revealed that the violence-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable. The model exhibits a forward bifurcation. The sensitivity analysis revealed that injustice and insecurity are highly sensitive parameters of the basic reproduction number. We also designed a questionnaire to ascertain the violence risk level of Obiaruku community in Delta State, Nigeria and the analysis revealed that the community is at the medium high risk level and thus violence may occur in most cases in the community. The results of the stability analysis and the sensitivity analysis showed that under certain conditions, a community can be brought to the maximum low risk level and the maximum high peace level.

Tiv entrepreneurs in road transport business: engaging the patterns and trends, 1960’s-2015

ABSTRACT The paper examines the evolution and development of the road transport business in Tivland from the 1960s to 2015. Tivland is located in Benue State, central-Nigeria. The contention is that the advent of British colonial rule led to the construction and expansion of footpaths into motorable roads in Tivland. Tiv entrepreneurs took this advantage by engaging in the transport business. Therefore, transport entrepreneurship was a watershed in the economic development of Tivland. The paper made use of both primary and secondary data, and its approach is descriptive, narrative, and analytic. The paper finds out that the road transport business has contributed to the socio-economic development of Tivland. However, the transport business among the Tiv was beleaguered with some daunting challenges: bad roads, lack of finance, lack of loan facility, mismanagement, stiff competition from outsiders, lack of insurance cover, and extortion of drivers by security personnel. As a way out of these challenges, the study suggests that roads should be repaired and new ones open up to reach areas of production in Tivland. There is also a need to make loan facilities available to aspiring Tiv entrepreneurs to support their businesses.

Pencarian Rute Terdekat Menghindari Jalan Rusak Menggunakan Algoritma A-Star

In our daily lives, we are often faced with the challenge of broken roads that can affect our travel. To solve this problem, a web-based map system has been developed. The system uses road data from OpenStreetMap and the A-star algorithm to find the shortest route that avoids bad roads. The website is built using JavaScript, PHP, HTML, and CSS, with the support of a MySQL database that stores information on damaged roads and user accounts. The process of using the system starts with registration and account login. Users can view the map on the main page, report the damaged road with photo evidence equipped with a time watermark and coordinate data, and view their initial route. The admin then validates the damaged road data, and the system automatically constructs an alternative route that avoids the verified damaged roads. The accuracy of the A-star algorithm in finding routes depends on the amount and correctness of the damaged road data entered by the admin. In further development, special attention is paid to admin validation, data security, integration with location service provider APIs, and performance optimization. Richer reporting features, multi-platform support, and notifications to users could also be valuable additions. With good documentation and thorough testing, the system is expected to provide an effective solution and be well received by users.

Entrepreneurship Development In Cameroon: An Analysis of The Characteristics of Cameroonian Entrepreneurs

The main objective of this study is to describe the characteristics of Cameroonian entrepreneurs. Using a descriptive research design, the study collected 150 questionnaires through the purposive and referral (snowball) sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse and present collected data. The result of the study reveals that most Cameroonian entrepreneurs are dominantly Optimistic in nature and have a fighting spirit to see that their ventures survive and grow in the midst of the many challenges that surround them such as disturbance from local council agents and taxation agents, high taxes, inflation, the socio-political crisis, unsafety, power outages, lack of subventions, bad roads. They are also hardworking, generous, trustworthy, gentlemanly, sceptical, ambitious, risk bearers, confident, customer service providers, determined, discrete, dynamic, focused, goal getters, innovative, motivated, profit conscious, realistic, self-confident, strategic, time conscious, visionary. It can also be concluded that the majority of entrepreneurs in Cameroon are below forty-two (42) years, they are mostly male, married, have at least a Bachelor degree, schooled in government schools, are not very bold about their political affiliations and are not very inclined to the practice of their traditions.

Filmowe wizerunki przestrzeni Donbasu po 2014 roku w wybranych filmach o tematyce wojennej

The paper aims to analyse the spatial representation in contemporary Ukrainian films created after 2014, set in the Donbas region and revolving around the ongoing war. As I reference the specific spatial context, my analysis is grounded in the framework of spatial turn. It also is crucial for me to delve into the history of Donbas and the portrayals of this place in Ukrainian cinematography. Film ecocriticism constitutes a significant context, particularly concerning representations of natural and postindustrial landscapes, often ravaged by human actions, especially in the context of warfare. Referring to the concept of landscape, I rely on Arnold Berleant’s perspective, noting that culturally transformed landscapes hold the same value as natural ones, and every landscape contributes to shaping cultural traditions. In my study, I employ textual film analysis derived from general structural analysis. My considerations encompass productions, such as Klondike (2022) directed by Maryna Er Gorbach, Reflection (2021) and Atlantis (2019), both directed by Valentyn Vasyanovych, as well as Bad Roads (2020) directed by Natalia Vorozhbyt.

Detection of Potholes and Speed Breaker for Autonomous Vehicles

As it is now the generation of autonomous vehicles, Every automotive company is aiming to build an autonomous vehicle, so an application to detect potholes and speed breakers is really necessary because poor road conditions are a constant concern since they annoy the public. Inefficient roadways increase traffic in a city. This directly bothers the traveller. Additionally, it harms a number of important car parts, which has a long-term negative impact on how well the car performs. Despite all of these inconveniences and harm, accidents are the main problem caused by bad roads that need to be addressed. The study highlights how crucial pothole and speed breaker detection are for enhancing driver safety and road infrastructure. The YOLOv5 implementation is used for the pothole detection and speed breaker models. By testing real-time data, the model provided an accuracy of 85 percent for potholes and 83.8 percent for speed breakers. More training and validation of photos can increase accuracy, which can then be used in the real world with sensors to indicate detection. This type operates automatically, assisting motorists with safe driving. More sensors might be added to the model to produce data on climate-vulnerable regions, which could then be used to design suspension systems and other car parts. Any unintended failure of the roads in the database may be promptly updated by cars with this model, serving as a warning.

Emotive language as construction of situational aggression among drivers at gridlock scenes in Nigeria

This paper 1investigates the use of emotive language in the construction of situational aggression among drivers in gridlock scenes along the failed Calabar-Uyo highway, in Southern Nigeria. Data were derived through participants’ observations, informal interactions and semi-structured interviews in an eight-month fieldwork involving 26 drivers who formed the representative sample. Insights from Frustration-Aggression and Conceptual Act Theories were utilised to account for how emotive language instantiate displaced aggression. Findings show that the emotive cues used by drivers were principally informed by the bad road which occurred as a result of failed leadership and endemic corruption, and other cues used to exemplify inferiorisation of women, driving incompetence, superiority complex and economic hardship. The exchanges are combined to situate the collective excruciating experience of drivers and a protest against Nigerian political establishment. The emotive language impliedly re-enacts participants’ patriarchal beliefs, driving attitudes, multilingual identities and myriad of challenges that describe the Nigerian sociocultural context.

Self Branding of Grobogan District Through Mapping Superior Potential

Grobogan is one of the largest districts in Central Java which has various areasSelf Branding and sstereotype-its. One of the interesting expressions that seems to betagline is "Purwodadi His City That Became Reality”. This expression triggers the enthusiasm to continue working and shows the existence of Purwodadi City, Grobogan Regency. One of the problems in Grobogan Regency - perhaps also faced by most other districts - is the problemSelf Branding or Personal Branding.Self Branding or personal branding is the ability to shape people's perception of oneself or one's personal perception and what one has to offer professionally now and in the future.Self Branding Grobogan for many years has always been a "bad road".Self Branding This is certainly detrimental to Grobogan Regency. Actually Grobogan has a lot of potential besidesSelf Branding which is detrimental. The problem of changeSelf Branding It's not easy, but it can be done. Awareness of the people of Grobogan district to brand themselves is very necessary. The will of the Grobogan people to want to createSelf Branding andbarandingpositive is very necessary. Grobogan has a lot of superior potential which has so far been little known due to problemsbranding. This problem needs to be addressed, one of which is by "arousing the will of the Grobogan people to want tobranding himself." For this, one thing that can be done is collaboration with universities through community service activities. Problems that can be solved through community service activities are (1) How to instill community understanding about the importance of community serviceSelf Branding (2) How to raise public awareness of what to doSelf Branding by wanting to identify the superior potential that exists in various regions in Grobogan Regency (3) How to map the superior potential that exists in Grobogan Regency as an effortSelf Branding. This service activity aims to foster and instill understanding in the Grobogan community about its importanceSelf Branding as well as mapping the superior potential that exists in Grobogan forSelf Branding.To overcome this problem, activities are carried out in the form of (1) providing outreach, understanding and strengthening the importance of itSelf Branding for Grobogan Regency (2) Instilling the importance of mapping superior potential in various regions in Grobogan (3) Accompanying the creation of superior potential maps in Grobogan Regency. It is hoped that these three service activities can overcome the problemSelf Branding in Grobogan Regency.

INFLUENCE OF TRANSPORT OPERATIONS ON THE CHANGING LOCAL CLIMATE IN NIGERIA’S SOUTHWESTERN CITIES

The activities of transport operations exhibit both positive and negative outcomes. Its negative effects on human health and the sustainability of the environment are of interest in this study. As a result, the study investigated the influence of transport operations on the changing local climate in Nigeria's southwestern cities. It investigated motorists' socioeconomic status (SES) and travel characteristics; the salient components of transport operations contributing to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG emissions); the effect of GHG emissions from transport operations on the local climate; transport externalities contributing to local temperature changes; and the effect of GHG emissions from transport operations on human health in the research location. This study employed a cross-sectional research design, utilizing systematic sampling to collect 580 copies of questionnaires administered to commercial motorists found in queues across two randomly selected parks in each capital city within the region. Both descriptive and inferential statistics (ANOVA and Linear Regression) were used to analyze the data. The study found that 60% of the motorists were middle-aged (aged between 36 and 45). The majority (70%) drive an average of 100 to 150 km, and premium motor spirit (PMS) is the primary source of energy for 95% of them. The nature and condition of the fuel in use are the top-ranked components of transport operations contributing to GHG emissions. The result of the ANOVA revealed a significant variation among the components of transport operations contributing to GHG emissions (F = 28.302, p = 0.000<0.05). Meanwhile, the linear regression results indicate that vehicular GHG emissions have a significant impact on the local climate (F1⁄578=30.091, p=0.000<0.05). Traffic congestion and bad road conditions were the top-ranked transport externalities contributing to the changing local climate. The most common effects of GHG emissions on human health were headaches and difficulty breathing. Considering these findings, this study suggests the best tactics to lessen the effects of GHG emissions from transport operations, which adversely affect the local climate and human health in the study area.

Rural Youth Involvement in Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) Processing in Okitipupa Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria

Abstract Youths have been found to lack interest in agricultural activities. This study investigated rural youth involvement in oil palm processing in Okitipupa local government area, Nigeria. Quantitative data were obtained from 120 rural youths through a multi-stage sampling procedure. Chi-square and correlation analysis were used to test the relationships between socio-economic characteristics, constraints on operations and the involvement of rural youth in oil palm processing. The mean age of respondents was 31 years; they were mostly single (65.0%) and literate (95.0%). Bad roads (x̅ = 2.98) and high cost of transportation (x̅ = 2.91) were the most severe constraints confronted by the respondents. Gender (χ2 = −32.85, p = 0.001) and years of education (χ2 = 96.51, p = 0.002) had a significant positive relationship with involvement in oil palm processing activities. Poor processing equipment (r = −0.38, p = 0.00) and bad roads (r = −0.40, p = 0.04) had a negative correlation with involvement in oil palm processing activities. Rehabilitation of road networks and access to innovative methods would improve involvement in oil palm processing activities.

Caution Signages and Their Relevance in Commuter Safety in High-Density Construction and Traffic Areas of Two Smart Cities in Odisha: A Cross-Sectional Study to Ensure Eco-Mobility

INTRODUCTION: India has regulations to control RTA and is thus skewed towards regulating traffic and imposing fines if appropriate protective gear is not worn while driving. However, considering the population and perhaps also the socioeconomic standards of a major section of society, it is imperative to be equally vigilant towards the protection of commuters. Commuters can fall into all age ranges and, given the compounded problems of multiple constructions, bad roads, lack of proper walking space, stray animals, and mostly even rash driving, are at the highest risk of accidents. The most cost-effective and basic initial effort to offer them some protection would be to have signages and instructions posted at appropriate points of busy junctions or requisite points. OBJECTIVES: Primary: 1. To assess the awareness among commuters regarding danger signages and pedestrian norms in age groups and among genders. Secondary: 1. To identify the enabling factors that contribute to injuries/accidents among this section of the population on busy roads in sampled areas. 2. To make recommendations to ensure commuter safety and compliance with safety rules. METHODS: Select four sites each as per police station jurisdiction in the twin cities of Bhubaneswar and Cuttack. Two team members are deputed to stand at a convenient hour and seek permission as well as consent from commuters and assess their knowledge from a standardized pictorial flow chart by the Disaster Management Board. Responses were noted in a Google form by the survey team comprising interns and postgraduate students and interviewed at least ten each day. Five consecutive consenting commuters, each from age groups 11-21, 21-50, and >50 years from each gender, for five working days of two weeks, were completed. In the last six months, data from the police station was taken regarding reports of accidents by commuters in those areas and correlations were developed between relevant factors. Results were shared with the commuters and police in random groups to educate and generate a felt need for reinforcement of regulations that would prevent accidents to some extent. The study was conceived in the two busiest cities of Odisha state- Cuttack and Bhubaneswar, where active development activities occur throughout the year. RESULTS: From both cities, 64 commuters were selected for the study. Awareness of signages improved with increasing age, from 56% to 65% to 88%. Signages for construction sites and malls were poor in Cuttack, as it did not have many malls. Accidents were common among those aged 11 to 21 years, especially among females, and no correlation was seen between the reported injuries, gender-wise or socioeconomic status. Although increasing age was protective for injuries (21%; SD ±4.5, OR 0.21, p<0.03), the ones reported were primarily due to the use of alcohol, oversight, and lack of knowledge of signages. The police administration also admitted to under-reporting such injuries. The presence of stray animals was also a highly significant enabling factor for such injuries (OR 5.6, P<0.0001).

Level of road user satisfaction with safety and confort on jalan Mohammad hatta

Mohammad Hatta Road is a type of district road that is used as a link between Kurik District and MalindiMalindiMalindi District. The increased activity and mobility of residents on Jalan Mohammad Hatta have not been balanced with safety and comfort for road users, such as damage to the road body and a lack of supporting facilities on the road. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence the lack of safety and comfort levels of road users and the influence between satisfaction variables on safety and comfort variables on Jalan Mohammad Hatta. This research method uses the correlation test method. This test is used to find the relationship between variable X (satisfaction) and variable Y (safety and comfort) on Jalan Mohammad Hatta which has bad road conditions. The data used in this study were obtained by distributing questionnaires with a total sample of 394 respondents. The results of this study showed that people were dissatisfied a percentage of 83.61%, insecure with a percentage of 83.92%, and very uncomfortable with percentage of 84.01%, in terms of several factors, namely road conditions, stability of vehicles, health, travel effectiveness, economy, pavement structure, socio-cultural conditions, facilities, and accessibility. There is a relationship between the satisfaction variable and the safety variable with a correlation value of 0.905 and a relationship between the satisfaction variable and the comfort variable with a correlation value of 0.886. So it shows that the higher the level of safety and comfort, the higher the level of satisfaction of road users.

Causes and Strategies for Reducing Road Traffic Accidents in the Bongo District of Ghana

Aim: This study intends to assess drivers’ state of knowledge on the main causes and the best strategies capable of reducing road traffic accidents in the Bongo District of Ghana.
 Study Design: The study was a descriptive design.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the Bongo District of the Upper East Region of Ghana between July 2023 and August 2023.
 Methodology: The researcher conducted a survey involving 100 drivers who were randomly selected from a driver population of 120 in the Bongo District. The data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel [Version 19]. The results of the data analysis were presented as tables and charts.
 Results: The study found that the main causes of road traffic accidents emanate from human error such as low driving skills, excessive speeding, and poor vision of driver. Also, road conditions like bad road networks, no lane markings, and no speed limit signs were found as causal factors of road traffic accidents. Faulty vehicles with causative factors such as defective tyres, brakes, and lights were noted to be also responsible for road accidents. Nevertheless, the least factor was environmental conditions such as bad weather conditions and stray animals being enumerable as environmental conditions which cause road accidents. The study further found that the best strategies for curbing road traffic accidents were enforcement of traffic laws, education and training of drivers, obeying traffic rules by drivers, and maintaining vehicles well.
 Conclusion: The study, therefore, concluded that human factors play a central role in contributing to road accidents and curbing road traffic accidents. The research findings can be used to guide stakeholders in formulating and prioritizing interventions that are more human-centred for the curbing of road traffic accidents in the Bongo District of Ghana.