Bacteriological Contamination Research Articles

Assessment of bacteriological quality of fruits and vegetables sold in Gombe metropolitan market

Fruits and vegetables are important components of human diet that could be contaminated by different kinds of microorganisms. Microbial contamination may occur during any steps of transportation or processing from farm-to-table due to many environmental, animal, and human sources as well as technological applications. This study aimed at assessing the bacteriological contaminants of fruits and vegetables sold in Gombe metropolitan. A total of 30 fruits and vegetables samples were purchased from different vendors and transported to the Microbiology Laboratory for processing. Ten-fold serial dilution was performed on each sample and aliquots of 10-1-10-3 dilutions were inoculated on Nutrient Agar and MacConkey Agar plates using pour-plate technique. The plates were incubated for 24 hours at 37oC and then observed for aerobic mesophilic and faecal coliform counts. The bacterial loads of the samples ranged from 3.7x104 to 2.7x105 and 2.9x104 to 8.7x104 for total mesophilic and faecal coliform counts, respectively. Subsequently, a total of eight bacteria were isolated and identified as Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Shigella spp. In conclusion, the fruits and vegetables were found to be contaminated with different bacterial species of public health concern.

Groundwater quality assessment in upper Kabul basin and Paghman aquifer

In Afghanistan, groundwater is widely used for drinking water, but its quality poses a health threat. This study investigates the physical, chemical, and bacteriological characteristics of groundwater in the Upper Kabul Sub-basin. Fifteen samples were collected and analyzed from different parts of the study area. The qualitative determination of parameters such as pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Salinity, Total hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Chloride, Fluoride, Sulfate, Phosphate, Potassium, Nitrite, Nitrate, Ammonia, Iron, Manganese, Copper, Aluminum, Arsenic, Total coliform, and Fecal coliform bacteria was carried out. The results were compared with WHO and ANSA standards to assess their suitability for drinking purposes. The analyzed samples indicate that physical parameters generally fall within permissible limits according to WHO and ANSA standards. However, certain wells exhibited elevated levels of chemical and bacteriological contaminants. Specifically, Magnesium concentrations exceeded the WHO guideline of 30 mg/L in all of the samples, and Calcium levels surpassed the recommended limit of 75 mg/L in 53% of the samples. Total coliform bacteria were detected in 33.33% of the samples, while fecal coliform bacteria were within the WHO and ANSA permissible limit for drinking water. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient (R) suggested significant correlations between EC, TDS, and total hardness with other physical and chemical parameters. For instance, EC showed a strong positive correlation (R = 1.00) with TDS, EC and Salinity (R = 0.981), EC and Fluoride (R = 0.838) EC and Sulfate (R = 0.853), TDS and Salinity (R = 0. 981), TDS and Fluoride (R = 0.838), TDS and Sulfate (R = 0.853). The findings demonstrate that correlation coefficient analyses of water quality parameters provide a valuable means for monitoring water quality. These results offer critical insights for ensuring a safe water supply in the region.

Physico-chemical and bacteriological contamination of water from some supply wells in the Mandjou and Kano neighbourhoods, Djadombè subwatershed, Bertoua, East Cameroon

Physico-chemical and bacteriological contamination of water from some supply wells in the Mandjou and Kano neighbourhoods, Djadombè subwatershed, Bertoua, East Cameroon

Assessment of the surface water quality and primary health risk in urban wastewater and its receiving river Kathajodi, Cuttack of eastern India.

Kathajodi, the principal southern distributary of the Mahanadi River, is the vital source of irrigation and domestic water use for densely populated Cuttack city which receives anthropogenic wastes abundantly. This study assesses the contamination level and primary health status of urban wastewater, and its receiving river Kathajodi based on the physicochemical quality indices employing inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy and aligning with guidelines from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and WHO. The high WQI, HPI, and HEI in the catchment area (KJ2, KJ3, and KJ4) indicate poor water quality due to the influx of domestic waste through the primary drainage system and effluents of healthcare units. A high BOD (4.33-19.66mg L-1) in the catchment indicates high organic matter, animal waste, bacteriological contamination, and low DO, resulting in deterioration of water quality. CR values beyond limits (1.00E - 06 to 1.00E - 04) in three locations of catchment due to higher Cd, Pb, and As indicate significant carcinogenic risk, while high Mn, Cu, and Al content is responsible for several non-carcinogenic ailments and arsenic-induced physiological disorders. The elevated heavy metals Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn, in Kathajodi, could be due to heavy coal combustion, vehicle exhaust, and industrial waste. On the other hand, Cu, Fe, K, and Al could be from agricultural practices, weathered rocks, and crustal materials. Positive significant (p ≤ 0.05) Pearson correlations between physicochemical parameters indicate their common anthropogenic origin and similar chemical characteristics. A strong correlation of PCA between elements and physiological parameters indicates their role in water quality deterioration. Assessing the surface water quality and heavy metal contents from this study will offer critical data to policymakers for monitoring and managing public health concerns.

Health education: A vital tool in changing environmental hygiene knowledge, attitudes and practices among food handlers in a tertiary care hospital of Delhi

BackgroundEnvironmental hygiene in food establishments is an important determinant of health. Health education package using combination of strategies is essential in preventing cross-contamination. ObjectiveTo determine change in environmental hygiene knowledge, attitudes and practices among food handlers following implementation of health education intervention. MethodsA before and after interventional study was conducted on 111 food handlers of food establishments in a tertiary care hospital of Delhi in 2021–22. Tool based on WHO & FSSAI guidelines was prepared with a scoring system to rate environmental hygiene knowledge (0–12), attitudes (0–10) and practices (0–12) including cleaning of surfaces, pest control, waste disposal & segregation, packaging of food along with utensil washing steps (0–10). Health education was given and scores on same tool were reassessed after 8 weeks of intervention. Nail bed swabs were taken as an indicator of bacteriological contamination. ResultsThe differences of mean scores of knowledge, attitudes and practices before & after intervention were statistically significant differences of 9.95 ± 0.95, 8.02 ± 0.68 and 7.91 ± 1.16 respectively (p < 0.05) while utensil washing practices before and after intervention were 2.78 ± 0.59 & 6.77 ± 0.74 with statistically significant difference of 3.99 ± 0.85. Before intervention, pathogenic organisms were isolated in nail bed swabs of 91 % of study participants while after intervention it was 12.6 %. Common species isolated were Klebsiella spp. (55.5 %), E. coli (15.9 %), Staphylococcus spp. (10.9 %) and Acinetobacter spp. (9.9). ConclusionImprovement in environmental hygiene KAP emphasizes need of ensuring implementation of existing guidelines. Thus, health education using planned combination of channels and strategies can achieve desired change.

Bacteriological Analysis of Contamination Level of Selected Vegetables Sold in Some Markets in Niamey, Niger

Vegetables are an important food source of nutrients, vitamins and dietary fiber, and therefore play a vital role in human health and well-being. Unfortunately, they are perishable products that could be vectors for the transmission of infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to analyses the level of bacteriological contamination of the samples of tomatoes (29), carrots (12), lettuces (47) and onions (12) sold in five (5) markets of community urban of Niamey. To this end, contamination indicator germs such as Total Aerobic Mesophilic Flora (TAMF), Total Coliforms (TC), Faecal Coliforms (FC), Enterobacteria (Ent), Faecal Streptococci (FS), Clostridium perfringens (CP) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) were enumerated, using methods specific to each germ. Analysis of the results showed tomatoes to be highly contaminated with FS, CP and E. coli (9.75±1.81.105; 1.33±2.30.105 and 2.25±2.48.105 CFU/g respectively), carrots with TAMF, FC, Ent (1.37±1.24.107; 4.48±0.34.106; 7.44±0.34.106 CFU/g respectively) and onions with TC (4.45±0.84.106 CFU/g). The sanitary quality of these vegetables is low. Hence the need for strict compliance with good hygiene practices in markets to ensure a healthy vegetable.

Получение и применение иодированного бактерицида для дезинфекции воды в локальных системах очистки

The paper presents the results of studies on obtaining a bactericide based on iodized anion exchange resin АВ-17-8. The obtained compound bactericidal efficiency was assessed on Escherichia сoli culture suspensions at 103–109 CFU/mL. All experiments gave positive results and demonstrated the possibility of their use for natural water treatment in local water treatment systems. The obtained bactericidal filter can be used for quantitative determination of bacteriological contamination of the studied waters. Water samples contaminated with E. coli at 500, 1000, 5000 and 10000 CFU/mL were prepared to quantify the bactericidal activity of the iodine-containing compound obtained on an anion-exchange resin. Then samples were sequentially passed through a 100 cm3 bactericidal filter. By the amount of iodine released, the degree of microbial contamination can be determined. There were no microbial cells in the filtrate at zero concentrations of released iodine in the solution. The degree of microbiological contamination of water Q was 10,000 CFU/mL at 0.00391 g/L of iodine. A linear dependence between bactericidal activity and iodine release from the anion-exchange resin was established. This allows us to assume that the positive iodine radical is released “on a signal” – at the appearance of living microorganisms carrying excessive electrostatic charge. The released by the bactericide positive iodine radical (I*+) interacts only with the electrostatic charge of microorganisms, and not with the functional groups of their shells. The found quantitative dependence makes it possible to determine microbiological contamination based on the iodine concentration in the treated solution. Based on the test results, a flowchart of the technological process of surface water treatment was proposed. The presence of a bactericidal filter allows the use of a reverse osmosis filter, sensitive to biological water contaminants, as part of the installation.

Characterization of Waterfalls Based on Water Quality Index in Calaitan Falls, Bayugan City.

Many tourists from other cities visit Calaitan Falls in Bayugan City even the local people came to visit this waterfall. Therefore, it is imperative to characterize the water quality parameters if they suit human consumption and to investigate if it is safe for the tourist to visit these water falls in Bayugan City. The presence of physical and chemical elements affected the condition of the waterfalls. The result of this study could serve as the baseline data of physicochemical and bacteriological contaminants of the Calaitan waterfalls as it is the first research study of this kind in Bayugan City, Agusan Del Sur Province. The researchers examined the chemical components found in the Calaitan. The WQI can be computed by considering several significant characteristics, including pH, total hardness, alkalinity, nitrate, sulphate, chloride, iron, and dissolved oxygen. One naturally occurring resource for drinking is groundwater. The quality of drinking water should be periodically monitored and publicized, just like other natural resources. Any WQI model provides a straightforward figure that indicates the degree of water contamination. According to the findings of the study, researchers have concluded that the tested water's quality is lower than acceptable drinking levels, which is a troubling reality that our investigation has found. Because of the serious health hazards associated with toxins and pollutants, corrective action is urgently needed to improve the water's appropriateness for human use. To protect public health and guarantee access to clean drinking water, it is imperative that the issues that have been discovered be addressed and mitigate.

Evaluation of Effectiveness of Following Standard Operating Procedures in the Department of Forensic Medical Examination Based on Bacteriological Test Results

Introduction: The activities of forensic medical examiners are associated with an increased risk of contracting highly infectious diseases. Introduction of standard operating procedures into the daily practice of these health professionals can increase their biological safety. Objective: To evaluate effectiveness of implementing standard operating procedures (SOPs) in order to improve biological safety of the personnel performing autopsies in the Republican Bureau of Forensic Medicine in the city of Kazan. Materials and methods: The results of bacteriological testing of 120 indoor air samples for the total plate count, Staphylococcus aureus, yeast, and mold counts, and 320 surface wipe samples for S. aureus and total coliform counts, collected from February 3, 2021 to June 18, 2021 in the Autopsy Division before and after enforcement of standard operating procedures, were analyzed using the Student’s t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and McNemar test. Results: The analysis of 40 air samples taken after SOP enforcement and tested for the total plate count showed a significant decrease in bacteriological contamination of the premises: from 1,000.0 to 226.7 CFU/m3 (T = 5.7, p &lt; 0.01) and from 812.5 to 165.0 CFU/m3 (T = 6.287, p &lt; 0.001) in the Teaching Autopsy Room and Autopsy Room One, respectively. A statistical decrease was also observed in airborne fungal concentrations in Autopsy Room One (T = 3.727, p &lt; 0.01) and the Teaching Autopsy Room (T = 5.129, p &lt; 0.01). The post-SOP frequency of detection of coliform bacteria on various surfaces and autopsy instruments demonstrated a significant reduction as well (160 wipe samples, p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: The study results show a pronounced decrease in microbial contamination of the Autopsy Division following introduction of standard operating procedures into the activities of the Republican Bureau of Forensic Medicine in the city of Kazan. It can be argued that standard operating procedures are effective in ensuring biological safety of healthcare workers.

Sanitary and epidemiological assessment of household wastewater in some regions of the Republic of Tajikistan

The relevance of providing the population with high-quality drinking water is shown. The bacteriological and parasitic contamination of wastewater in three districts of the Republic of Tajikistan was assessed. A high level of pollution has been established in all the studied areas. At the same time, a significant excess in parasitological indicators was detected in samples taken in the Fayzabad district. In the future, it seems necessary to study the relationship of pollution of surface reservoirs with the morbidity of the population. Measures to provide the population of the Republic with goodquality water should include regular sanitary cleaning of the territory, communal improvement of settlements, as well as cleaning, disinfection and disinfection of household wastewater.

Bacteriological Contamination Level of Foods and Water Sold With Escherichia Coli, Salmonella spp, Staphylococcus Aureus, Coliforms and Vibrio Cholera in Food Establishments in Nairobi City Kenya

Purpose: Food borne illnesses are major health burden leading to high morbidity and mortality. It is a growing public health concerns worldwide resulting from food and water contaminated by pathogenic microorganism, toxins or chemical hazards. It is estimated that 10 to 20% of food borne illness are contracted from food establishments. The main aim was to determine bacteriological contamination levels of foods and water sold with Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, Staphylococcus aureus, coliforms and Vibrio cholerae in food establishments in Embakasi South Nairobi City County Kenya.&#x0D; Methodology: The study design was descriptive analytical design. The Samples were collected in selected food establishments (Cafeteria, Hotels, Restaurants and food Kiosks) in Embakasi South Sub county Nairobi City County. The study collected 274 samples of food and water randomly sampled and collected using sterile food bags and water bottles within selected establishments and transported to the laboratory in cool boxes packed with ice packs. The samples were analyzed within 6 hours after collection. Microbiological analysis of food and water were borrowed from WHO and bacteriological analytical manual of foods to identify and isolate coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholera, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp.&#x0D; Results: It was found that some foods and water sold and consumed in the selected food establishments was contaminated with food borne microorganisms. Escherichia coli isolated in 137 food samples were at 24.1%, Vibrio cholera at 23.4%, Staphylococcus aureus at 32.8%, and Salmonella spp at 4.4%. Total coliforms detected in 137 samples of water were at 43.8% where 32.8% of them were Escherichia coli.&#x0D; Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study concluded there was high level of bacterial contamination of foods and water consumed in selected foods establishments. Nairobi City County health officers should enhance regular sampling of foods and water for microbial quality, health education on sources of food contamination at food eateries and establishments to prevent food and water contamination which later lead to food borne illness outbreak.&#x0D;

Comparison of the microbiological quality of water from selected dug and deep wells in Nowy Sącz district

In the Nowy Sącz district (Southern Poland) the water supply network is not sufficiently developed and many farms use individual dug or deep wells. Groundwater supplying dug wells comes from atmospheric precipitation and may be contaminated with agricultural fertilizers, municipal and industrial sewage. Groundwater present in deep wells is well protected against pollution and low water temperature limits the multiplication of microorganisms. Microbiological tests of water are aimed at determining the total number of microorganisms in 1 ml of the tested sample and checking the presence of indicator bacteria, i.e. coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli in the water. The aim of this work was to perform a microbiological analysis of 100 selected samples of water intended for drinking purposes from individual dug or deep wells located in the Nowy Sącz district. In the tested water samples from individual intakes an increase in the total number of microorganisms, the presence of coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli bacteria were noted. Water from dug wells, that do not have proper insulation, is characterized by significant bacteriological contamination compared to water from deep wells. In the most cases water from deep wells meets the required microbiological standards.

Assessment of Bacteriological Contamination of Hand-Dug Wells in Rural and Urban Areas in Ondo State, Nigeria

The study analysed the total bacteria, total coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) concentrations of ten randomly selected hand-dug groundwater wells: five each from Alagbaka (Urban area) and another five from Ijare communities (Rural area) in Ondo State. Collins and Lyne’s pour plate method was used for the laboratory analysis. The laboratory results showed that 30%, 90% and 0% of the groundwater samples were above the WHO drinking water standards for total bacteria, total coliform and E. coli, respectively. Furthermore, the groundwater samples collected in the urban study area had total bacterial and total coliform mean levels of 24 and 15 cfu/100mL respectively compared to those of the rural study area with mean concentrations of 15 and 5 cfu/100mL, respectively. There was however no E. coli in the groundwater of both areas studies indicating the absence of faecal contamination in groundwater. It can therefore be concluded that there is a higher risk of microbial contamination of groundwater in urban land use than in rural land use and that groundwater in the study areas is unsafe for consumption unless it is first treated with appropriate treatment methods. For future research, the contamination level of other micro-organisms such as fungi, viruses, protozoa etc. should be assessed in study areas, as well the sources of microbial contamination in groundwater.

Assessment of Risk Factors of Bacteriological Contamination of Vegetables Sold on the Markets of Niamey, Niger

Assessment of Risk Factors of Bacteriological Contamination of Vegetables Sold on the Markets of Niamey, Niger

Assessment of the Vulnerability of Groundwater to Biological Contamination in the Khartoum State, Sudan

This study aims to determine how vulnerable groundwater in Khartoum is to contamination. For this purpose, the DRASTIC Index idea was used. A descriptive cross-sectional analytical analysis is designed in this study. A total of 279 boreholes were sampled from a total of 1015 boreholes (27.5 percent). The following criteria were utilized to define the DRASTIC Index: depth, net recharge, aquifer media, soil texture, terrain, video media, and soil conductivity. Standard bacteriological test methodologies were used for groundwater. The biological data from the 279 boreholes revealed that total coliform, thermo-tolerant coliform, and E. coli were found in 34.4 percent, 18.6 percent, and 0.36 percent of the boreholes, respectively. Bacteriological contamination is common in Sharge Elnile, although only a few cases have been reported in Khartoum. According to the study, the bulk of boreholes in Khartoum State were built without any criteria. Many sources of contamination were discovered within a radius of less than 120 meters, which was deemed to violate Khartoum State’s Environmental Health Law of 2002. For this reason, bacteriological contamination is common in Sharge Elnile, although only a few cases have been reported in Khartoum.

Human health risk assessment of selected heavy metals in tanker water: A study from Kudlu, Bengaluru

The current study aims to assess the risk in humans due to six heavy metals, namely zinc, iron, copper, cadmium, arsenic, and lead, present in the tanker water supplied in the rural area of Bangalore called Kudlu village. Water samples were analyzed for a total period of 18 months between September 2021 to February 2023. Physicochemical and microbiological parameters were assessed for the collected water samples that included 04 tanker water and 01 purified water. Chlorine, pH, alkalinity, cyanuric acid, total hardness, conductivity, temperature, sodium, potassium, total dissolved solids, calcium, and magnesium was taken into consideration. Further bacteriological contamination by E.coli was also tested. Water Quality Indices were calculated based on these parameters. Water quality indices of the tanker water samples indicated that the quality of water was not suitable for drinking. The indices like exposure frequency, Hazard coefficient, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were calculated for both adults and infants for these heavy metals. The results indicated that the heavy metal concentration observed during the studied time period poses no risk to human health.

Evaluation of Bacteriological Contamination Pattern of Open Fractures of Extremities- A Study from Tertiary Centre at Western India

Background and Aim: In underdeveloped countries, open fractures are fairly prevalent. Open fractures can be caused by a variety of factors, including a car accident, a fall from a great height, a gunshot, an attack, machine injuries, and others. Infection is a typical side effect of open fractures. The goal of our study was to describe the pattern of bacterial contamination, antibiotic susceptibility, and possible antibiotic resistance in open fractures that arrived at our institute within 6 hours after injury. Material and Methods: A one-year prospective study was undertaken on 200 patients with open fractures of the extremities admitted to the accident and emergency department of Tertiary Care Teaching Institute of India. The first swab is obtained at the primary wound assessment, followed by the second culture swab shortly after debridement, the third culture swab on the day of the first aseptic dressing, and the fourth culture swab if the infection persists or the asepsis score is greater than 20 for a period of four days. Reports on culture and sensitivity were collected in order to analyse the pattern of bacterial isolates and their sensitivity. Results: The majority of the patients in this study were men (83%). We discovered 144 (72%) open fractures in the lower limb, with the tibia being the most often fractured bone, with 76 (38%) occurrences with right sided predominance (58%). Out of 200 patients, 78 (39%) had Gustilo II open fractures, followed by type IIIA (33%). Pre-debridement swabs were collected from all 200 patients with open fractures of the extremities upon admission. 26 (13%) of the patients were determined to be culture positive. Conclusion: In the therapy of patients with open fractures of the extremities, cultures acquired during the first aseptic dressing are considerably more predictive than pre- and post-debridement cultures, and are important in developing an antibiotic policy. It is thus recommended that cultures acquired during the first aseptic dressing provide direction in the selection of antimicrobial therapy, which, when paired with complete wound debridement, will allow for early wound closure and fewer problems.

Physicochemical and bacteriological quality and safety of packaged drinking water in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Abstract Urban packaged water samples of Ouagadougou were studied in order to assess their bacteriological and chemical characteristics and suitability for potable purposes. The study also investigated the sanitation of the companies producing packaged water. Packaged water from 17 different brands was purchased and analyzed for physicochemical (turbidity, pH, EC, total hardness, NH4+, NO3-, HCO3-, SO42-, and Cl−) and bacteriological (total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus, and sulphite-reducing anaerobic bacteria) parameters. The production sites investigation included: (1) distance between latrines and water sources superior to 15 m, (2) hygiene of handling personnel, (3) training of handling personnel on good hygiene practice and manufacturing, (4) hygiene of premises, and (5) hygiene of toilets. All the samples met the national guidelines for the physicochemical parameters investigated. Enterococcus, sulphite-reducing anaerobic bacteria spores, and E. coli were not found. Total coliforms were found in 8 (47.1%) in February, 9 (52.9%) in March, 2 (11.7%) in April, and 5 (29.4%) in May, while 7 (41.2%) brands were always in compliance with the guidelines. Some packaged waters were contaminated with total coliforms or P. aeruginosa above acceptable limits for human consumption. Regarding bacteriological contamination, it is necessary to reinforce water treatment systems in certain packaged water companies.

Bacteriological Assessment of Beef and Surfaces of Equipment and Apparel Worn in the Kotokuraba Slaughterhouse

This study was conducted to determine the bacteriological quality of beef and contact surfaces of equipment and apparel worn in the Kotokuraba slaughterhouse in the Cape Coast Metropolis. Because of the high demand for the product among residents of the Cape Coast Metropolis, as well as economic crises in developing countries, including Ghana, beef producers enter the industry with little knowledge of hygienic and sanitation practices, resulting in bacteriological contamination from cow slaughter to beef handling and storage. Some of these pollutants have the potential to harm humans by creating diseases. This study, therefore, aids in the isolation and identification of harmful bacteria found in beef as well as other surfaces of equipment and apparel that come into contact with beef. Results revealed that, Staphylococcus spp. recorded the highest means in all the samples and the number of bacteria identified expressed in percentages had Staphylococcus spp. being the highest identified species in the samples taken. Bacillus subtilis had the least number with a percentage of about 21.05 %. The percentage occurrences of the various bacteria species were 31.58 %, 21.05 %, 23.68 %, and 23.68 % for Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Micrococcus spp., and Escherichia spp. respectively. This shows that Staphylococcus spp. was the most frequently occurring species with Bacillus spp. being the least. That is, the dominant species isolated was Staphylococcus spp. followed closely by Micrococcus spp. and Escherichia spp. The presence of these bacteria in the beef and other contact surfaces is a clear indication of contamination of the beef and regular consumption of the beef is harmful to the health of the consumers.

Monitoring the Bacteriological Contamination and Histamine Formation in Canned Tuna

Monitoring the Bacteriological Contamination and Histamine Formation in Canned Tuna