Antibacterial Activity Research Articles

Eco-Friendly Production and In-Vitro Assessment of Antibacterial Iron Nanoparticles Synthesized from Achyranthes aspera Leaf Extract: A Comprehensive Characterization Study

The remarkable antibiotic properties of Achyranthes aspera leaf extracts have been harnessed in this study to produce iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) with potent antibacterial activity against various pathogens. Serving as both a reducing and capping agent, the phytochemical and protein-rich composition of A. aspera leaves facilitated the eco-friendly synthesis of FeNPs. This study delves into an innovative, environmentally conscious strategy for the production of iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) by utilizing A. aspera leaf extract as a dual-function reducing and capping agent. The resulting FeNPs, endowed with powerful antibacterial attributes, are crafted from the rich phytochemical and protein composition of A. aspera leaves. The comprehensive characterization of these nanoparticles, employing techniques such as energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-visible spectrophotometry, revealed diverse morphologies and agglomeration. The latter, confirmed by EDX analysis, was potentially stabilized by plant proteins. These agglomerated FeNPs are subjected to rigorous in-vitro antibacterial assessments against prevalent human pathogens, namely E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values are discerned, with the MIC established at 500 µg/ml for E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa, while S. aureus exhibits a MIC of 1000 µg/ml. This study underscores the ecologically sustainable production of FeNPs through a plant-mediated approach and emphasizes their potential for diverse applications in nanotechnology and biomedicine, presenting Achyranthes aspera as a valuable resource in the quest for sustainable and potent therapeutic solutions.

Antibacterial Ceramics for Dental Applications

Background: The aim of this review was to evaluate the antibacterial properties of functionalized bioceramics for dental applications. Methods: The electronic databases PubMed, Medline, ProQuest, and Google Scholar were used to search for peer-reviewed scientific publications published between 2020 and 2025 that provide insights to answer research questions related to the role of antibacterial-functionalized bioceramics in combating pathogens in dentistry without triggering immune reactions and inflammation, as well as on their efficacy against various pathogens and whether understanding the antibacterial mechanism can promote the development of glass-ceramic and bioceramic with long-term antibacterial activity. The keywords used to answer the research questions were: bioglass, bioceramic, biocompatible, antibacterial, osseointegration, implant, and bioactive materials. Results: Bacterial infections play a key role in the longevity of medical devices. A crucial problem is drug-resistant bacteria. Antibacterial ceramics have received great attention recently because of their long-term antibacterial activity, good mechanical properties, good biocompatibility, and bioactivity. This review provides a detailed examination of the complex interactions between bacteria, immune cells, and bioceramics from a clinical perspective. The focus of the researchers is on developing new-generation bioceramics with multifunctionality, in particular with antibacterial properties that are independent of conventional antibiotics. The highlight of this review is the exploration of bioceramics with dual functions such as antibacterial and bioactive properties, promoting bone regeneration and antibacterial activity, which have the potential to revolutionize implant technology. Another research focus is modifying the implant surface from hydrophilic to hydrophobic in order to increase the antibacterial activity of bioceramics. Conclusions: The aim of this review is to help researchers understand the current state-of-the-art antibacterial activities of bioceramics, which could promote the development of antibacterial ceramics and their clinical application.

I2-Catalyzed Cascade Annulation/Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling: Excellent Platform to Access 3-Sulfenyl Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines with Potent Antibacterial Activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.

The increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics has become a serious threat to existing options for treating bacterial infections. We have developed a synthetic methodology for 3-sulfenyl pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines with potent antibacterial activity. This iodine-catalyzed strategy has been developed by employing amino pyrazoles, enaminones/chalcones, and thiophenols through intermolecular cyclization and subsequent cross-dehydrogenative sulfenylation. This highly regioselective and practicable protocol has been utilized to synthesize structurally diverse 3-sulfenyl pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines with wide functionalities. This strategy is also extendable toward the synthesis of bis(pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl)sulfanes from amino pyrazole, enaminones/chalcone, and KSCN and the synthesis of 3-sulfenyl pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine from direct acetophenone. Mechanistic investigation disclosed a radical pathway for C-H sulfenylation and the involvement of 3-iodo pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine as the active intermediate. The biological investigation disclosed the potent antibacterial activity of sulfenyl pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, whereas pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine and sulfinyl pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine have no such antibacterial activity. Sulfenyl pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines mechanistically inhibited bacterial growth by the accumulation of ROS as well as induction in lipid peroxidation. Subsequently, such circumstances changed the membrane potential and facilitated the interaction with membrane-associated proteins, leading to a loss in membrane integrity and damage to bacterial cell membranes. Moreover, these derivatives potentiated the antibacterial efficacy of the commercial antibiotic ciprofloxacin against the selected bacterial strains and can be considered an alternative therapy against these bacterial infections.

Assessment of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Ethnomedicinal Vegetables in North East India

The study evaluated the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of three North East Indian ethnomedicinal vegetables viz., Oxalis corniculata, Portulaca oleraceae, and Polygonum microcephalum by cyclic voltammetry and agar well diffusion method respectively. The antioxidative effects have been evaluated by monitoring the change of the oxidation potential in the redox cycle of 1,4-diaminobenzene in presence of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the plants. 1,4-Diaminobenzene exhibits two reversible redox cycles with E1/2 at 218 mV and 535 mV in DMF with the oxidation waves due to formation of a radical cation and a diiminium dication respectively. In the presence of plant extracts, the oxidation waves were delayed and the radical cation was scavenged, and disappearance of the second oxidant waves in the cyclic voltammograms. Additionally, the methanol extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These findings suggest the potential of these vegetables as natural antioxidants and antibacterial agents.

Antibacterial Activity of Textiles Functionalized with SilverSil

Natural (cotton) and synthetic (polyester) fabrics functionalized with the SilverSil xerogel powder dispersed in water‐repellent, ecofriendly commercial textile finishings, acquire substantial antibacterial activity against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. Here demonstrated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, said activity is due to the Ag nanoparticles sol‐gel entrapped within the organically modified silica matrix. Cotton fabrics treated with SilverSil using the rod‐coating method showed a reduction in bacterial growth of 96.2% for S. aureus and 99.0% for E. coli. Ease of deposition using the rod‐coating method, low application rate, and enhanced physical and chemical stability of the ORMOSIL‐entrapped Ag nanoparticles are promising towards the production of durable antimicrobial fabrics and garments, minimizing antimicrobial resistance.

Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Trichilia dregeana Sond. (Meliaceae) Methanolic Extract Against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria.

Medicinal plants have been playing a crucial role in drug discovery and development against infectious diseases. The antibacterial activity of methanolic crude extract of traditionally used Trichilia dregeana Sond. was evaluated against common bacterial pathogens. Agar well diffusion and broth dilution assays were used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of methanolic extract. The methanolic crude extract of Trichilia dregeana Sond. showed promising antibacterial activity against all tested bacterial isolates. A significant difference (p <0.05) was observed in terms of susceptibility among Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa species isolates. A higher mean susceptibility or inhibition zone diameter to methanolic extract was observed in E. coli (19.6±5.9mm) and P. aeruginosa (18.4±5.9mm) compared to S. aureus isolates. Significant differences were also observed in the susceptibility of tested bacterial isolates at different concentrations of crude extract. A higher inhibition zone diameter was recorded in P. aeruginosa (27.2±1.5mm), followed by E. coli (25.2±1.5mm) and S. aureus (21.1±1.4mm) at a concentration of 100mg/mL. A comparable inhibition zone of crude extract was observed with that of the positive control at a 100mg/mL concentration against S. aureus and E. coli isolates. The findings indicated that bacterial growth inhibition increased as the concentration of the crude extract increased. All tested pathogenic bacterial species (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) were susceptible to plant leaf extract, even at lower levels of concentration. This showed the broad-spectrum activity of the plant extract against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The methanolic extract of plants is an effective antibacterial agent to treat bacterial infections since the extract showed significant antibacterial potency, comparable with that of the standard antibiotic disc. The findings are promising and encourage further investigation on the phytochemical, toxicological and pharmacological aspects of the crude extract to support their potential rational use in antimicrobial therapy.

Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Polycaprolactone Nanofiber Enriched with Lichenysin against Multidrug-Resistance Bacterial Infection in Wound Healing: In Vitro Studies and In Vivo Evaluation in Wistar Rats.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) infectious wounds are a major concern due to drug resistance, leading to increased patient morbidity. Lichenysin (LCN), a lipopeptide and biosurfactant obtained from certain strains of Bacillus licheniformis, has demonstrated an excellent antimicrobial property. The present study focuses on the fabrication and comprehensive evaluation of LCN-incorporated poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/polycaprolactone (PCL)-based nanofiber scaffolds using an electrospinning technique as a potential wound healing biomaterial for the treatment of MDR infectious wounds in diabetic rats. The LCN-loaded PVA-PCL nanofiber scaffolds were characterized for their physicochemical, antimicrobial, in vitro cell line on L-929, hemocompatibility, flow cytometry, in vivo infectious wound healing, and enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA). Morphological analysis via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images confirmed smooth and porous nanofibers with diameters in the range 200-300 nm. Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results demonstrated the structural integrity, chemical compatibility, and amorphous nature of developed scaffolds. The scaffolds loaded with LCN demonstrated excellent water retention, moderate biodegradability, and sustained release of LCN for up to 72 h. Mechanical characterization demonstrated a robust tensile strength conducive to wound healing applications. Antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) showed substantial antibacterial and antibiofilm activity. In vitro cell line studies showed enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, and viability, signifying the cytocompatibility of these scaffolds. In vivo studies demonstrated exceptional infectious wound healing potential in diabetic rats. These findings indicate that LCN-enriched PVA-PCL scaffolds hold significant potential as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of MDR infectious wounds in diabetic rats through a multifaceted approach.

Enhanced antibacterial activity and hydrophobicity in coatings based on polyvinylidene fluoride and carbon nanoparticles

AbstractNanocomposite coatings based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and carbon nanoparticles (nano‐carbon) were prepared via spraying. The influence of nano‐carbon loading has been examined; however, the preparation method notably affects the properties of the coatings. A diverse array of hydrophobic and antibacterial properties was successfully achieved by employing the PVDF/nano‐carbon system through either a one‐step or two‐step approach. In the one‐step approach, PVDF and nano‐carbon were mixed and applied together. In contrast, the two‐step method first entails applying a PVDF sublayer, followed by the deposition of a nano‐carbon layer. The one‐step process results in a single‐layer coating, while the two‐step process yields a dual‐layer coating system. The two‐step approach significantly improved hydrophobicity due to the notable aggregation of nano‐carbon within the surface layer. A true superhydrophobic property was achieved (WCA = 157° and SA ~ 2°) by using 20% nano‐carbon in a two‐step process at a drying temperature of 200°C. The bacterial adhesion study indicated varying antibacterial efficacy among the coatings, with the superhydrophobic coating achieving the highest rate of 99.3%. Implementing this coating strategy in healthcare and food‐contact applications can substantially reduce contamination risks.Highlights PVDF/nano‐carbon coatings with varying degrees of hydrophobicity were fabricated. High‐temperature drying was used to fabricate more stable coatings. The two‐step method led to higher hydrophobicity than the one‐step method. Superhydrophobicity was key to achieving high antibacterial rates (99.3%). The surface localization of nano‐carbon governed the coatings' performance.

MRSA Inhibitory Activity of Some New Thiazole-based Schiff Bases: One-pot Synthesis and In Vitro Screening.

Twelve thiazole-based Schiff bases derived from salicylaldehyde derivatives are efficiently prepared in the current study. A typical Hantzsch thiazole reaction was used to prepare the targeted molecules in 80-92%. Therefore, a one-pot protocol was developed involving the reaction of salicylaldehydes, thiosemicarbazide, and the appropriate hydrazonyl chlorides in dioxane at reflux for 5-6 h in the presence of one equivalent of triethylamine. The new products were tested against six different ATCC bacterial strains with the reference ciprofloxacin. In general, integrating an aryldiazenyl unit into the structure of the tested 4-methylthiazole-based Schiff bases at thiazole-C5 is resulted in improved antibacterial activity. Moreover, Schiff bases linked to 5-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)methyl units outperformed their analogues linked to 5-(phenyl)thio)methyl units by twofold. Thiazole-based Schiff base linked to 5-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)methyl and 5-((4-methoxyphenyl)diazenyl) units showed the highest activity against all strains tested, particularly S. aureus and E. faecalis. It had MIC/MBC up to 7.4/14.9 µM. Moreover, it demonstrated comparable MRSA inhibitory activity to linezolid against two MRSA strains with MIC/MBC up to 7.4/29.8 µM.

Flavonoid Analysis of Moringa Leaf Extract and Its Utilization in Antibacterial Transparent Soap Formulation

Staphylococcus aureus bacteria are normal flora on the skin, but if the number exceeds the normal limit, these bacteria can cause infection. One effort to prevent infection is to maintain skin cleanliness by bathing using soap containing antibacterial ingredients such as flavonoid compounds found in Moringa leaves. This study aims to analyse flavonoid compounds in Moringa leaves and formulate them into transparent solid soap preparations. Soap formulations were carried out with variations in the concentration of Moringa leaves ethanol extract, namely 2.5%, 3.5%, and 4.5%. Flavonoid analysis was carried out qualitatively using Mg reagent and quantitatively using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method with AlCl3 reagent. The physical properties of the soap preparations tested included organoleptic, pH, foam height, foam stability and transparency. Antibacterial activity testing was carried out using the well diffusion method. Moringa leaves ethanol extract has a total flavonoid content of 19.5479 + 0.0657 (% w/w EQ). The higher the concentration of Moringa leaves ethanol extract in the formula, the stronger the antibacterial activity produced. The 4.5% Moringa ethanol extract formulation showed the highest antibacterial activity while maintaining acceptable physical properties for transparent soap. These findings suggest its potential use in natural antibacterial soap products. The 4.5% Moringa ethanol extract formulation showed the highest antibacterial activity while maintaining acceptable physical properties for transparent soap. These findings suggest its potential use in natural antibacterial soap products.

Effectiveness of Herbal Treatment on Otitis Media: A Literature Review

Introduction: Otitis media is inflammation of part or all of the middle ear mucosa, Eustachian tube, mastoid antrum, and mastoid cells. Treatment that can be given to otitis media is by using antibiotics. However, herbal medicine can also be used. Method: This research is secondary research using the literature review method. Results: The use of herbal ingredients such as ginger, tebel-tebel (Hoya carnosa), and ethanol extract of kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) turned out to be effective and has strong antifungal and/or antibacterial properties. However, binahong (Anredera cordifolia) leaf extract was not effective against bacteria, the antibacterial activity showed a weak inhibitory response, with an average inhibitory area diameter (DDH) of 0.00 mm. Conclusion: Overall, several herbal medicines showed great potential as alternatives to antibiotics, except for binahong leaf extract which was less effective. Further studies are needed to strengthen the results and clinical applications.

Biocontrol potential of indigenous pepper seed Bacillus strains against Xanthomonas euvesicatoria.

Bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas spp. is considered an economically important disease affecting pepper. Considering that antibiotics-based treatments in disease control are forbidden in European countries, biological control has emerged as a promising approach. In this study, we demonstrated high biological efficacy of three indigenous pepper seed-associated Bacillus spp. - Bacillus velezensis (P64), Bacillus safensis (P114), and Bacillus halotolerans (P122) - in the control of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. Two independent trials based on the pepper growth in pots and in the field resulted in similar performances in terms of disease spread reduction (as calculated by disease incidence and disease severity index) over time compared to the untreated controls. In both trials, treatments included initial preventive or curative applications of these biocontrol bacteria once the secondary apical lateral shoot became visible (BBCH 29), followed by additional application at the beginning of flowering (BBCH 52-55). Ratings conducted at 7-day intervals after the first treatment indicated very high biological efficacy, typically exceeding 80%. All three strains remained active throughout the assessment period, whereby their efficacy started to increase 21 days after the first treatment, reaching 99.59% after 49 days. Although bacterium B. velezensis is already known for its beneficial role in the control of plant bacterial diseases, this is among the first study demonstrating the bactericidal activity of B. safensis and B. halotolerans. The current research outlines a promising novel approach for X. euvesicatoria control in pepper based on the type of microbial agents as well as the timing of their application. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

In Vitro Evaluation of the Antibacterial Effect and Influence on the Bacterial Biofilm Formation of Glutamic Acid and Some Structural Analogues

Background/Objectives: Glutamic acid (GLA) is an essential amino acid with a key role in human metabolism. A potential involvement in anticancer therapy and possible antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects were also observed. Glutamine (GLN) and monosodium glutamate (MSG) are GLA structural derivatives for which the last two effects were evaluated, with contradictory results. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the antibacterial activity and the influence on the biofilm formation of GLA, GLN, MSG, and glutamic acid diethyl ester (GLADE) on clinically relevant bacteria. Methods: Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial reference strains were used to test the antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of GLA, GLN, MSG, and GLADE. The antibacterial properties were assessed by detecting the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The influence on biofilm formation was assessed by the crystal violet method, reading the optical densities (ODs) by spectrophotometry. Results: GLN did not demonstrate an inhibitory capacity at the maximum tested concentration (2.86 mg/mL); GLA showed inhibitory activity at 1.76 mg/mL and 0.88 mg/mL; MSG inhibited the growth of all bacterial strains at 112 mg/mL; GLADE had the most promising results on all bacterial strains (MICs of 12.75 mg/mL and 25.5 mg/mL). GLADE showed satisfactory MBC values on all bacterial strains (at 51 mg/mL and 25.5 mg/mL). Conclusions: GLA and some structural analogues are attractive options for possible antibacterial activity; optimizing GLADE to increase its antibacterial activity could be a new approach.

Biofilms and Methods of Their Reproduction in the Experiment

Isolated bacteria, their morphological, biochemical, and genetic properties are, to this day, the main object of research since the isolation of a pure culture of the pathogen by R. Koch and his formulation of the postulates reflecting the role of the microorganism in the development of infectious diseases. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of compounds with potential antibacterial activity are also studied in relation to planktonic, free cells. In recent years, as knowledge accumulates and new infections and conditions involving specially organized microbial communities — biofilms — are discovered, the approach to the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, especially those with a chronic course, is changing. In this regard, the improvement and development of new representative models of microbial consortia both in vitro and in vivo are extremely relevant. Along with modern research methods, this will allow us to deepen our knowledge of the patterns of formation, construction, and functioning of the microbial world in a specific ecological niche, to develop innovative approaches to the treatment of biofilm infections, and to discover new target points for the action of antimicrobial drugs, directed at a multifaceted microbial consortium instead of individual bacteria. The review presents the main approaches to reproducing biofilm infections in vitro and in vivo experiments, highlighting their advantages, disadvantages, and possible prospects for increasing the relevance and validity of the models.

Bioprospecting of Marine Organisms: Exploring Antibacterial Activities in Aqueous and Organic Extracts

This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of aqueous and organic extracts from 78 marine organisms, including seaweeds and sponges, collected along the coast of Ceará, Brazil. Extracts were obtained by maceration using distilled water and 50% acetonitrile and tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis (Gram-positive), and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) using the disk diffusion method, and inhibition zone diameters were measured. Antibacterial activity was observed in 30.7% of the extracts, with organic extracts showing higher efficacy. Several sponge species, particularly those from the genus Aplysina, as well as Amphimedon compressa, Amphimedon viridis, Mycale sp., and Pseudosuberites sp., demonstrated notable inhibitory effects. While seaweed aqueous extracts showed no activity, some organic extracts—especially from Amansia multifida—were effective against Gram-positive strains. In general, Gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible than Gram-negative bacteria. These findings underscore the biotechnological potential of marine organisms from the Brazilian coast as promising sources of antibacterial compounds and support future efforts focused on the isolation, characterization, and toxicological evaluation of active metabolites for pharmaceutical and industrial applications.

Characterization of Azido-Incorporated Bombyx mori Silk Fibroin as a Drug Carrier Material.

Silk fibroin, a natural polymer derived from the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori, exhibits remarkable tensile toughness, broad biocompatibility, and biodegradability. We previously developed azido-incorporated silk fibroin (AzidoSilk) using genetic code expansion. AzidoSilk contains synthetic azido groups that can be selectively attached to any functional molecule in a bioorthogonal manner through click chemistry. Click chemistry provides high yields and minimal byproducts. In this study, AzidoSilk was characterized as a drug carrier material for on-demand drug delivery systems (DDS) because effective drug loading and controllable release by external stimuli can be achieved with AzidoSilk via click chemistry modifications. Fluorescent drug models were immobilized on AzidoSilk film and woven fabric via a UV-sensitive bifunctional linker using click chemistry. Azido-selective immobilization of the drug models was confirmed, and upon irradiation with 365 nm UV light, the drug models were gradually released from the AzidoSilk materials in a time-dependent manner. In another model, kanamycin was immobilized on AzidoSilk fabric via the same UV-sensitive linker, and its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was tested. PBS extracts from kanamycin-immobilized AzidoSilk fabrics after UV irradiation showed significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus. These results demonstrate that AzidoSilk can be used as a drug carrier material for on-demand DDS. In this system, changes in linker design can expand the range of external stimuli usable for drug release, depending on the application. AzidoSilk has broadened the scope of chemical modification of silk fibroin to achieve simpler and more reliable drug delivery.

Isolation and Identification of Clinical Bacterial Isolates and Their Resistance to Antibiotics and a Medicinal Plant Mixture (Turmeric, Ginger, and Indian Costus)

BackgroundThe rise of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) has intensified the search for natural antibacterial alternatives. This study evaluates the antibacterial efficacy of ethanolic (EE) and aqueous (AE) extracts from turmeric (Curcuma longa), ginger (Zingiber officinale), and Indian costus (Saussurea costus) against clinical isolates of S. aureus and E. coli. MethodA six-month laboratory-based study (April–September 2024) analyzed bacterial isolates from patient samples in Aden Governorate, Yemen. Isolates were identified using selective media Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) for S. aureus, Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMB) for E. coli) and confirmed through biochemical tests. Antibacterial activity was assessed via agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. Phytochemical and physiochemical analyses identified active compounds in the extracts. ResultsOf 57 clinical samples, S. aureus was isolated from 52.63% and E. coli from 21.05%, while 26.32% were excluded due to contamination. The EE exhibited dose-dependent antibacterial activity against E. coli, with inhibition zones of 13–19 mm, but no activity against S. aureus. The AE showed no antibacterial effects. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed S. aureus was highly susceptible to Linezolid (96%) and Roxithromycin (96%) but resistant to Cloxacillin (0%). E. coli showed high resistance to Ampicillin/Sulbactam (57.14%) and Cefotaxime (55%) but susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin (90%) and Amikacin (95%). ConclusionThe EE shows promise as a natural alternative for treating E. coli infections, particularly amid rising antibiotic resistance. However, its inefficacy against S. aureus highlights the need for further research to optimize extraction methods and enhance activity against Gram-positive bacteria. This study supports the potential of plant-based antimicrobials as alternatives to synthetic antibiotics.

Evaluation of immune responses and protection in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer Bloch, 1790) against Vibrio vulnificus using immersion and oral nanoemulsion vaccines.

Evaluation of immune responses and protection in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer Bloch, 1790) against Vibrio vulnificus using immersion and oral nanoemulsion vaccines.

Fabrication and evaluation of polylactic acid-curcumin containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) wound dressing using electrospinning method with experimental and computational approaches

The development of advanced wound dressings has seen a significant leap with the integration of biodegradable nanofibers. This study introduces an innovative approach by designing polylactic acid (PLA)-curcumin nanofiber wound dressings enhanced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Using the electrospinning method, various formulations were crafted, incorporating diverse weight percentages of curcumin and CNTs. Comprehensive analyses, including FT-IR and SEM, confirmed the structural and physical integrity of the nanofibers, while tensile testing revealed a notable enhancement in mechanical strength with the addition of CNTs. Drug release evaluations highlighted a controlled and predictable release pattern of curcumin across all samples. Water absorption tests demonstrated the ability of PLA nanofibers to absorb up to 364%, with PLA-Cur-0.03%CNT samples absorbing 163%, showcasing their adaptability to wound exudates. Importantly, cytotoxicity assessments confirmed the biocompatibility of all samples, with high cell viability observed after 3 and 7 days. Antibacterial tests underscored the efficacy of CNT-incorporated samples, with PLA-Cur-0.05%CNT achieving the highest antibacterial activity at 78.95%. Additionally, using Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, the transition state, HOMO-LUMO energy, and equilibrium constant were explored, revealing higher equilibrium constants for keto-enol transformations compared to enol-keto in various solvents. Tautomeric conversion is easier in polar solvents due to the stability of charged species. HOMO-LUMO energy analysis revealed the stability and chemical activity of curcumin in solvents. This comprehensive research not only highlighted the mechanical, antibacterial, and drug delivery capabilities of the wound dressing but also provided an innovative approach for designing and optimizing pharmaceutical compounds under challenging chemical environments through advanced modeling and computational techniques.

Phytochemical analysis of leaf extract of Piper nigrum and investigation of its biological activities.

This study investigates the phytoconstituents of the less explored leaf of Piper nigrum, a common ethnomedicinal plant as an alternate source for multiple bioactivities. Hydro-ethanolic (1:4) extract of Piper nigrum leaves (PNLE) prepared and profiled using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometryfor identification ofphytomolecules. Anti-oxidant activity, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression, phagocytosis activity, and cytokine expression were estimated using cell-free and cell-based assays. Anti-cancer activity was determined with cancer cell viability, migration inhibition and colony-formation assay. Apoptosis and membrane depolarizationassay were done using fluorescent microscopic staining methodswhile network pharmacology, and molecular docking analysis were done using open source and online tools. Major phytomolecules identified in PNLE were pentanamide N,N-didecyl, piperettine, curcumin, myristicin, pipernonaline, sesamin, and lupenone. PNLE exhibited anti-bacterial activity with higher activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus. PNLE also showed anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity through neutralization of free radicals; inhibition of intracellular ROS generation; inhibition of phagocytosis and reduction of cytokine (IL-6 and TNF-α) levels. PNLE showed anti-proliferative activity against human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231), rat mammary tumor cells (LA7), and mouse melanoma cells (B16-F10) with highest activity against MDA-MB-231 cells. The extract did not inhibit human kidney cells (HEK-293). Further, PNLE treatment significantly inhibited cell migration and colony formation of MDA-MB-231 cells. Fluorescent staining techniques confirmed induction of apoptosis in cancer cells by PNLE. Further, network pharmacology and molecular docking studiesrevealed that the identifiedPNLE phytomolecules share 97 targets of out of potentialbreast cancer and inflammation-related targetgenes with four bestcommon targetproteinsamong thetop hub genes and sesamin showed the highest binding affinity with theseimportant cellular targets. Overall, the phytochemical profile of PNLE showed clear presence ofimportant phytomolecules and their association with critical human cellular mechanistic pathways responsible for exhibited bioactivities. This study further establishes the leaf of P. nigrum as an additional anatomical plant part with potentmedicinal propertiesand as apotential renewable source for bioactive phyomolecules.