Prevalence Of Bacterial Infections Research Articles

Exploring the Efficacy of pH-Responsive Vancomycin/Ag/ZIF-8 Nanoparticles Modified with Hyaluronic Acid for Enhanced Antibacterial Therapy and Wound Healing.

This study introduces a novel type of metal-organic framework material, specifically zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), that is integrated with silver nanoparticles and further enhanced by incorporating vancomycin (Van) to create a composite named as Van/Ag/ZIF-8. This composite demonstrates a potent and smart antimicrobial effect due to its ability for releasing silver ions and Van in a controlled manner, especially in the microacidic conditions surrounding bacterial cells. Furthermore, we used hyaluronic acid to modify Van/Ag/ZIF-8, resulting in a composite denoted as Van/Ag/ZIF-8@HA. This composite exhibits a significant inhibition effect against the proliferation of both Gram-negative (Escherichia coli 100%) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus 99.9%) resistant bacterial strains while exerting no adverse effects on animal cellular growth. These findings underscore its favorable biocompatibility profile. The experimental results show a combined antibacterial action against prevalent bacterial infections, which is supported by in vivo experiments using a skin wound model. This work confirms the composite's significant role in fighting pathogenic infections and aiding in healing skin wounds. The innovative strategy not only tackles the pressing issue of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections but also marks a significant advancement in the areas of wound healing and medical research, offering a promising path for future investigations and therapeutic uses.

Pseudoalteromonas flavipulchra as a dual-functional probiotic for aquaculture: enhancing microalgae growth and antagonizing Vibrio pathogens

Vibrio disease is a prevalent bacterial infection in aquaculture, and using bacteria with antagonistic properties against Vibrio species as probiotics has emerged as a promising method for disease prevention. Additionally, low biomass productivity of microalgae feed remains a significant bottleneck in bivalve aquaculture. Therefore, it is essential to screen for bacteria that both enhance microalgae growth and inhibit Vibrio pathogens. In this study, seven bacterial strains capable of promoting microalgae growth were screened for their ability to inhibit three Vibrio pathogens, i.e., Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae, and thus serve as a dual-functional probiotic for aquaculture. The antagonistic mechanism of these bacteria was further investigated by analyzing the inhibitory effects of their extracellular products (ECP) on Vibrio species. Results indicated that Pseudoalteromonas flavipulchra exhibited antagonistic effects against all three Vibrio species tested. The ECP of P. flavipulchra displayed stable antibacterial activity, though this ability was lost after the ECP was treated with heat, alkali, or proteinase K. The proteinaceous fraction isolated from the ECP by precipitation with 90% saturated ammonium sulfate demonstrated concentration-dependent antibacterial activity. These findings suggest that P. flavipulchra could serve as a promising dual-functional probiotic for aquaculture, warranting further research to optimize its application in this field.

Metal-Responsive Fluorophore and Amikacin-Conjugated Heparin for Bacterial Cell Imaging and Antibacterial Applications.

The escalating prevalence of bacterial infections presents a formidable challenge to current global healthcare systems. Rapid identification and quantification of bacterial pathogens with anticipated sensitivity and selectivity are crucial for targeted therapeutic interventions to mitigate disease burden, drug resistance, and further transmission. Concurrently, there is a pressing need to innovate novel approaches to combat infections and counter antibiotic resistance. Herein, we demonstrated the development of heparin (HP) conjugates modified with a Zn2+-induced "turn-on" fluorophore, 2-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (PBI), that interacts with bacterial cells via specific binding with the surface-exposed heparin-binding proteins (HPBs), thereby inducing fluorescence signals for rapid and selective sensing of whole bacterial cells. Additionally, amikacin (Amk) antibiotic was integrated into the modified heparin polymer (HP-PBI-Amk) to augment its antibacterial efficacy via reactive oxygen species generation. Despite the nephrotoxicity of only amikacin, its inclusion in the biopolymer retains its antibacterial properties while providing biocompatibility. The outcome of this study demonstrates the development of HP-PBI and HP-PBI-Amk as promising strategies for bacterial detection and eradication, respectively, offering potential avenues for future research and clinical applications.

Investigating the Prevalence of Bacterial Infections in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Hospitalized in Intensive Care Unit and Determining their Antibiotic Resistance Patterns.

COVID-19 patient hospitalization, particularly in intensive care units, exposes them to bacterial and fungi co-infections, which can have very serious consequences, including increased mortality. In addition, antibiotic resistance among pathogens is a hidden threat behind COVID-19. In the period from 2020 September to 2021 August, bacterial isolates from COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU of Sina Hospital in Hamadan, Iran, were collected and identified based on standard biochemical tests. COVID-19 cases were confirmed based on clinical symptoms, computed tomography, and polymerase chain reaction. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were conducted using disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. In total, 207 bacterial isolates were collected, with Klebsiella pneumoniae account-ing for 69 (33.33%) and Acinetobacter baumannii accounting for 59 (28.15%). The frequency and percentage of isolated bacteria were as follows: Alcaligenes species 28 (13.59%), Staphylococcus aureus 18 (8.73%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 15 (7.28%), Escherichia coli 11 (5.33%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 3 (1.45%), Enterococcus species 3 (1.45%), and Serratia species 1 (0.48%). About 95.38% resistance to ceftazidime and cefotaxime and 92.31% resistance to ciprofloxacin and cefepime were found in K. pneumoniae isolates. A. baumannii isolates were 100% resistant to cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and cefepime. About 22.22% resistance to vancomycin and 66.67% resistance to clindamycin, erythromycin, and cefoxitin were seen in S. aureus isolates. Knowledge of bacterial co-infections and their antibiotic resistance pattern in COVID-19 patients can help in choosing effective antibiotics for the treatment and prevention of antibiotic resistance.

Biofilm formation and antibiogram profile of bacteria from infected wounds in a general hospital in southern Ethiopia

Biofilm-producing bacteria associated with wound infections exhibit exceptional drug resistance, leading to an escalation in morbidity, worse clinical outcomes (including delay in the healing process), and an increase in health care cost, burdening the whole system. This study is an attempt to estimate the prevalence and the relationship between the biofilm-forming capacity and multi-drug resistance of wound bacterial isolates. The findings intended to help clinicians, healthcare providers and program planners and to formulate an evidence-based decision-making process, especially in resource-limited healthcare settings. This study was done to assess the prevalence of bacterial infections in wounds and the antibiogram and biofilm-forming capacity of those bacteria in patients with clinical signs and symptoms, attending a General Hospital in southern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was performed in Arba Minch General Hospital from June to November 2021. The study participants comprised 201 patients with clinically infected wounds. Demographic and clinical data were gathered via a structured questionnaire. Specimens from wounds were taken from each participant and inoculated onto a series of culture media, namely MacConkey agar, mannitol salt agar, and blood agar, and different species were identified using a number of biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by means of the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique following the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. A micro-titer plate method was employed to detect the extent of biofilm formation. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression models were applied to analyse the association between dependent and independent variables, and P values ≤ 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Data analyses were done with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 25. Out of the 201 clinically infected wounds, 165 were found culture-positive with an overall prevalence of 82% (95% CI: 75.9–86.9). In total, 188 bacteria were recovered; 53.1% of them were Gram-positive cocci. The often-isolated bacterial species were Staphylococcus aureus, 38.3% (n = 72), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 16.4% (n = 31). The Gram-positive isolates showed considerable resistance against penicillin, 70%, and somewhat strong resistance against tetracycline, 57.7%. Gram-negative isolates showed severe resistance to ampicillin, 80.68%. The overall multi-drug resistance (MDR) among isolates was 48.4%. Extended beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Gram-negatives and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) accounted for 49 and 41.67%, respectively; 62.2% of the isolates were biofilm formers and were correlated statistically with MDR, ESBL producers, and MRSA (P < 0.005). The extent of biofilm formation and the prevalence of MDR bacteria associated with infected wounds hint at a public health threat that needs immediate attention. Thus, a more balanced and comprehensive wound management approach and antimicrobial stewardship program are essential in the study setting.

A Single-Center Retrospective Study of Bacterial Infections After Acute Ischemic Stroke: The Prevalence Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background and Objectives: The management of ischemic stroke involves care that is integrated and comprehensive, including the prevention of infection complications. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and profile of bacterial infections after acute ischemic stroke both before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study examined the medical records of hospitalized acute ischemic stroke patients who had microbiological cultures taken at the National Brain Center Hospital Prof. Dr. dr. Mahar Mardjono, Jakarta, Indonesia, from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2021. The percentage of positive bacterial growth in the microbiological cultures was used to determine the prevalence of bacterial infection after acute ischemic stroke. Results: A total of 519 patients met the study criteria, including 48 and 471 patients with infections before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The prevalence of bacterial infection after acute ischemic stroke was 17.9%. There were significant differences in the prevalence of bacterial infection after acute ischemic stroke before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (87.5% vs. 10.8%). Staphylococcus sp. and Klebsiella sp. were the most frequently observed. The risk factors that influenced bacterial infection after acute ischemic stroke were intensive care stay (OR 0.22; 95%CI 0.13-0.39, p-value < 0.001), sepsis (OR 1.99; 95%CI 1.12-3.53, p-value = 0.019), COVID-19 infection (OR 4.81; 95%CI 2.64-8.76, p-value < 0.001), the use of steroids (OR 0.31; 95%CI 0.14-0.67, p-value = 0.003), and the use of TPN (OR 0.34; 95%CI 0.13-0.86, p-value = 0.022). Conclusions: Following the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a decrease in the prevalence of bacterial infections after AIS. Patients with bacterial infections had different profiles before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

A Comprehensive Study of Bacterial Etiological Agents in Sterile Body Fluids and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns Among Hospitalized Patients at an Academic Medical Center in India.

Background Sterile body fluids are devoid of any microbial presence, including commensal bacteria. However, bacterial invasion of these fluids can result in life-threatening infections, often leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Timely detection and precise identification of pathogens, along with antimicrobial susceptibility testing, are critical for optimizing therapeuticinterventions and improving patient outcomes. Objective To study the prevalence of bacterial infections in various body fluids in hospitalized patients and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patternand the phenotypic detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) and AmpC beta-lactamase producers within bacterial isolates. Materials and methods Sterile body fluid samples, excluding blood and urine, were collected and cultured at the Department of Microbiology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Western Maharashtra, India, from November 2022 to 2023. The microorganisms isolated from these fluids were identified using standard biochemical tests. Antibiotic sensitivity was assessed through the disc diffusion assay (zone of inhibition) and phenotypic identification of beta-lactamaseenzymes was performed using the combined disc diffusion method. Results During the study period, 180 sterile fluid specimens were collectedrepresenting 48 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 53 pleural fluid, 23 peritoneal fluid, and other sterile body fluid samples. Out of these, (n=32, 17.77%) samples were culture-positive. Gram-negative bacteria were oftentimes isolated at 84% (27/32), while gram-positive were 16% (5/32). Escherichia coli was frequently isolated and (n=9, 28.12%) exhibited maximum sensitivity to gentamicin and fosfomycin (n=7, 77.78%) and maximum resistance to cefoperazone-sulbactam (n=8, 88.88%). Pseudomonas aeruginosawas isolated as the second most common organism and showed maximum susceptibility to fosfomycin (n=5, 83.34%) and maximum resistance to gentamicin, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, etc. (n=5, 83.34%). Among gram-positive isolates, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus was high in prevalence rate and (n=3, 9.37%) presented 100% sensitivity to vancomycin and maximum sensitivity to tetracycline(n=2, 66.67%) and 100% resistance to ciprofloxacin, cefoxitin, erythromycin, and other antibiotics. Among gram-negative isolates, MBLproducers were 48.15%, ESBLproducers were 40.74%, and 18.51% were AmpCbeta-lactamase producerswith a multidrug-resistant (MDR) occurrence rate of 93.75%. Conclusion Infections affecting sterile body fluids are critical due to their high mortality and morbidity rates. Timely identification of the causative organisms and their antibiotic susceptibility is essential. The prompt initiation of appropriate antibiotic therapy can decreasethe duration of hospitalization and mitigate the emergence of drug resistance. The presence of MDR organisms in sterile body fluids constitutes considerable challenges in the management of critically ill patients.

The Nephroprotective Effect of Punica granatum Peel Extract on LPS-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Sepsis is an exaggerated immune response resulting from systemic inflammation, which can damage tissues and organs. Acute kidney injury has been detected in at least one-third of patients with sepsis. Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury increases the risk of a secondary infection. Rapid diagnosis and appropriate initiation of antibiotics can significantly reduce mortality and morbidity. However, microorganisms are known to develop resistance to antibiotics. Estimations indicate that the annual casualties caused by microbial resistance will surpass cancer fatalities by 2050. The prevalence of bacterial infections and their growing antibiotic resistance has brought immediate attention to the search for novel treatments. Plant-derived supplements contain numerous bioactive components with therapeutic potential against a variety of conditions, including infections. Punica granatum peel is rich in phenolic compounds. The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties of P. granatum peel extract (PGPE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute kidney injury. Experimental groups were Control, LPS (10 mg/kg LPS, intraperitoneally), PGPE100, and PGPE300 (100 and 300 mg/mL PGPE via oral gavage, respectively, for 7 days). According to biochemical results, serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr) and C-reactive protein (CRP), kidney tissue thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels significantly decreased in the PGPE groups compared to the LPS group. Histopathological and immunohistochemical findings revealed that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) level and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) expression increased in the LPS group compared to the Control group. In addition, the anti-Gram-negative activity showed a dose-dependent effect on Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with the agar well diffusion method and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). The MIC value was remarkable, especially on A. baumannii. We conclude that PGPE has the potential to generate desirable anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-induced acute kidney injury in rats.

Emergence of lineage ST150 and linezolid resistance in Enterococcus faecalis: a molecular epidemiology study of UTIs in Tehran, Iran.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent one of the most prevalent bacterial infections, with Enterococcus species now recognized as the second leading cause of these infections. This study focused on symptomatic UTI cases to investigate the risk factors associated with Enterococcus faecalis clinical isolates in patients from Tehran, Iran. Urine samples were collected from patients presenting with symptomatic UTIs. The identification of E. faecalis isolates was performed using standard microbiological techniques, with confirmation via polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The presence of virulence genes was determined through PCR, and biofilm formation was assessed using the microtiter plate method. Additionally, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) was utilized to genotype linezolid-resistant isolates. Out of 300 UTI cases, E. faecalis was identified as the causative agent in 160 instances. Notably, a high proportion of these isolates exhibited resistance to tetracycline (83.8%) and minocycline (82.5%). Linezolid resistance was observed in 1.3% (n = 2) of the isolates. Conversely, the highest susceptibility rates were observed for vancomycin, penicillin G, ampicillin, and nitrofurantoin, each demonstrating a 98.8% susceptibility rate. Biofilm formation was detected in 25% of the E. faecalis isolates. A significant majority (93.8%) of the isolates harbored the efbA and ace genes, with varying frequencies of esp (72.5%), asa1 (61.2%), cylA (52.5%), and gelE (88.8%) genes. MLST analysis demonstrated that both linezolid-resistant isolates, characterized by strong biofilm formation and the presence of virulence genes, were assigned to the ST150 lineage, which has not been previously documented in clinical settings. The emergence of the ST150 clonal lineage, underscores its clinical significance, particularly in relation to linezolid resistance in E. faecalis. This study adds to the growing body of evidence linking specific clonal lineages with antibiotic resistance, highlighting the critical need for ongoing surveillance and molecular characterization of resistant pathogens.

Bacterial Etiology and Antibiotic Susceptibility in Isolates from Conjunctivitis Patients in Tripoli, Libya

Acute conjunctivitis is described as inflammation of the conjunctiva that lasts less than 3 to 4 weeks, showing cellular infiltration and exudation. Conjunctivitis can cause significant and lasting harm to the eye, resulting in severe inflammation in the corneal lid. This study seeks to isolate and identify the particular bacterial pathogens responsible for conjunctivitis in patients at Tripoli Eye Hospital. Collection of bacterial samples from patients with conjunctivitis was conducted at the ophthalmic consultative clinic within Tripoli Eye Hospital, Libya between September 2021 and January 2022. Tests were done to separate bacterial pathogens causing conjunctivitis and to test their resistance to antibiotics. Among 140 samples, bacterial infection was detected in 86% of cases while 14% yielded negative results. Males had a higher prevalence of bacterial infections at 63% in comparison to females. Both male and female individuals aged 60-79 years had the highest percentage of bacterial conjunctivitis cases at 51%. Segregation tests showed that the majority (82%) were Gram-positive, while a minority (18%) were Gram-negative, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most prevalent bacteria (35%), closely followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis (32%). Streptococcal pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp had rates of 2% which were lower. The majority of organisms showed sensitivity to levofloxacin (43%), while there was only a small amount of resistance to polymyxin B (4%). Professional attention and microbiological research are crucial for verifying clinical diagnoses and carrying out suitable and efficient treatments.

A-260 Mapping pediatric urinary tract infections: trends, prevalence and sensitivity to antimicrobials

Abstract Background Urinary tract infections (UTIs) rank among the most prevalent bacterial infections in pediatric populations, with neonates being particularly susceptible. Moreover, UTIs have a propensity for recurrence, posing ongoing health challenges. Prompt diagnosis of pediatric UTIs is crucial for timely and effective treatment, averting potential long-term complications. While clinical signs often suggest UTI diagnosis, additional tests like urinalysis and urine culture are vital to identify the causative pathogen and its antibiotic sensitivity. This study aims to quantify microorganism prevalence in positive pediatric urine tests and assess their antimicrobial resistance profiles. The purpose is, therefore, to offer scientific basis so that there is greater agility in establishing the diagnosis of UTIs in children and indicating the best antibiotic to be used empirically to prevent late consequences. Methods Between January and December 2019, a cross-sectional study was carried out with urine samples from children and adolescents collected in the database of the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of Cuiabá - MT in 2019. Only records of samples collected in the study were included in the study. laboratory of patients of both sexes, age range 1 month to 15 years. Bacterial analyzes were classified according to Gram positive, Gram negative (glucose fermenters or non-fermenters) and the sensitivity profile was standardized according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2019). The data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis. Results Of the 532 positive urine samples from pediatric patients, enterobacteria were responsible for 435 (81.76%) with E. coli (64.1%) and Proteus mirabilis (15.8%) being the most isolated bacteria, in relation to Gram-positive bacteria 64 (12.03%) main bacteria was Enterococcus faecalis (81.2%) and non-glucose fermenters for 33 (6.2%) corresponding to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. E. coli, with 279 cases, was the most frequently isolated microorganism, representing (64.1%) of the cases. Females were the most affected, in 83.5% there was growth of Enterobacteria, in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa group, 51.5% of cases were female. and in Gram+ girls represented 56.2%. In those tested only for E. coli, the highest sensitivity was observed in fosfomycin (97.82%). Enterobacteriaceae showed high susceptibility to meropenem (99.8%), ertapenem (99.8%), ceftriaxone (93.8%), and ceftazidime (93.6%), but exhibited considerable resistance to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (35.5%), amoxicillin (33.4%) and ampicillin (29.2%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa and gram positive bacteria were sensitive to all antibiotics tested. Conclusions The data indicate that E. coli continues to be the predominant agent in pediatric UTIs, particularly affecting females and the very young age group &amp;lt; 3 years. Regarding sensitivity profiles, bacteria were more sensitive to carbapenems and aminoglycosides. Early diagnosis is crucial to preventing long-term complications associated with UTIs in children. Consequently, this research provides a scientific basis for faster UTI diagnosis and empirical antibiotic selection in pediatrics, which may prevent late adverse outcomes.

Antimicrobial resistance profile and associated factors of hospital-acquired gram-negative bacterial pathogens among hospitalized patients in northeast Ethiopia

BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance is a major global public health issue. Infections caused by resistant species are associated with higher mortality rates, longer hospital stays, medication failure, and rising medical costs. The World Health Organisation has declared multidrug resistance-associated infections as an epidemic of public health concern.ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance profile and associated factors of hospital-acquired Gram-negative bacterial pathogens among hospitalized patients in Northeast Ethiopia.Materials and methodsA health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among hospitalized patients from March 2021 to February 2022. About 810 clinical specimens were collected, transported, and processed from admitted patients following the standard bacteriological procedures. The clinical samples were inoculated onto blood agar, MacConkey agar, and chocolate agar. Furthermore, the species identification was done using gram reactions, colony morphology, and color and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, and carbapenemase production were performed as per the clinical laboratory standard institute guidelines. For analysis, the information was entered into Epi-data and exported to SPSS. A P value of < 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval was considered as a statistically significant association.ResultsOut of 810 clinical specimens, 285/810 (35.2%) developed bacterial infections. From the isolated bacteria, E. coli was the predominant bacteria accounting for 78/285 (27.4%) followed by K. pneumoniae, 69/285(24.42%), whereas P. vulgaris accounted for the least, 7/285 (2.5%). Overall, 132/285 (46.3%) and 99/285 (34.7%) of culture-positive patients were infected by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing bacteria. The overall multidrug resistance rate of the isolated bacteria was 89.4%. The highest antibiotic resistance rates were detected for doxycycline (92.9%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (83.9%), and ampicillin (93%). The least antibiotic resistance rate was observed for meropenem at 41.1% and amikacin at 1.7%, respectively.Conclusions and recommendationsIn the study area, significant health concerns include a range of hospital-acquired bacterial infections associated with elevated rates of multidrug resistance, Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), and carbapenemase-producing bacterial pathogens. Consequently, it is recommended to conduct drug-susceptibility testing of isolates and molecular detection at a national level to optimize antibiotic usage for treating prevalent bacterial infections in this area.

Bacterial infections and outcomes of inpatients with COVID-19 in the intensive care unit during the delta-dominant phase: the worst wave of pandemic in Iran.

Epidemiological data regarding the prevalence of bacterial multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative infections in patients with COVID-19 in Iran are still ambiguous. Thus, in this study we have investigated the epidemiology, risk factors for death, and clinical outcomes of bacterial infections among patients with COVID-19 in the intensive care unit (ICU). This retrospective cohort study included patients with COVID-19 hospitalized in the ICU of a university hospital in Iran between June 2021 and December 2021. We evaluated the epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological features, outcomes and risk factors associated with death among all COVID-19 patients. Data and outcomes of these patients with or without bacterial infections were compared. Kaplan-Meier plot was used for survival analyses. In total, 505 COVID-19 patients were included. The mean age of the patients was 52.7 ± 17.6 years and 289 (57.2%) were female. The prevalence of bacterial infections among hospitalized patients was 14.9%, most of them being hospital-acquired superinfections (13.3%). MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus were the most common pathogens causing respiratory infections. Urinary tract infections were most frequently caused by MDR Escherichia coli and K. pneumoniae. The overall in-hospital mortality rate of COVID-19 patients was 46.9% (237/505), while 78.7% (59/75) of patients with bacterial infections died. Infection was significantly associated with death (OR 6.01, 95% CI = 3.03-11.92, p-value <0.0001) and a longer hospital stay (p < 0.0001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that Age (OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.03-1.06, p-value <0.0001), Sex male (OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.08-2.70, p-value <0.0001), Spo2 (OR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.18-3.38, p-value = 0.010) and Ferritin (OR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.37-3.97, p-value = 0.002) were independent risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality. Furthermore, 95.3% (221/232) of patients who were intubated died. Our findings demonstrate that bacterial infection due to MDR Gram-negative bacteria associated with COVID-19 has an expressive impact on increasing the case mortality rate, reinforcing the importance of the need for surveillance and strict infection control rules to limit the expansion of almost untreatable microorganisms.

Prevalence of Bacterial Infections among Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients

Prevalence of Bacterial Infections among Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients

Prevalence of knowledge and awareness about Helicobacter pylori infection among urban population of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

IntroductionThis cross-sectional study investigates the prevalence of knowledge and awareness of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection among the urban population of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The study is motivated by the need to understand the specific demographic segments within the urban setting and their awareness levels of this prevalent bacterial infection affecting the digestive system. MethodologyThe cross-sectional study, employing a purposive sampling method and involving 840 participants from major cities in the KSA, utilized a structured survey questionnaire to gather data on demographic factors, awareness levels, attitudes, and experiences related to H. pylori infection, with subsequent statistical analysis and adherence to ethical guidelines for participant confidentiality and privacy protection. ResultThe study involved 840 participants from major cities, revealing that 59.16 ​% were aware of H. pylori. Demographic variations included higher participation from Jeddah and Riyadh, with the majority being females aged 18–25, Saudi nationals, and individuals with undergraduate education. About 57.02 ​% reported experiencing suspected H. pylori symptoms, and 49.16 ​% had prior infections, with varying severity. Hesitancy toward screening (42.61 ​%), but 72.97 ​% believed in preventability. Limited awareness of treatments (15.35 ​%) and identification of factors like water and food were noted. Participants perceived the seriousness of H. pylori in the mid-range (5–7). ConclusionThe findings shed light on variations in awareness, knowledge gaps, and attitudes, emphasizing the need for targeted public health interventions, educational campaigns, and policy measures to address the challenges associated with H. pylori infections in urban areas.

Innovative Biosensor Technologies in the Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infections: A Comprehensive Literature Review.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are prevalent bacterial infections globally, posing significant challenges due to their frequency, recurrence, and antibiotic resistance. This review delves into the advancements in UTI diagnostics over the past decade, particularly focusing on the development of biosensor technologies. The emergence of biosensors, including microfluidic, optical, electrochemical, immunosensors, and nanotechnology-based sensors, offers enhanced diagnostic accuracy, reduced healthcare costs. Despite these advancements, challenges such as technical limitations, the need for cross-population validation, and economic barriers for widespread implementation persist. The integration of artificial intelligence and smart devices in UTI diagnostics, highlighting the innovative approaches and their implications for patient care. The article envisions a future where multidisciplinary research and innovation overcome current obstacles, fully leveraging the potential of biosensor technologies to transform biosensor-based UTIs diagnosis. The ultimate goal is to achieve rapid, accurate, and non-invasive diagnostics, making healthcare more accessible and effective.

Linking severe traumatic brain injury to pulmonary Infections: Translocation of intestinal bacteria mediated by nociceptor neurons

The prevalence of bacterial infections significantly increases among patients with severe traumatic brain injury (STBI), leading to a notable rise in mortality rates. While immune dysfunctions are linked to the incidence of pneumonia, our observations indicate that endogenous pathogens manifest in the lungs post-STBI due to the migration of gut commensal bacteria. This translocation involves gut-innervating nociceptor sensory neurons, which are crucial for host defense. Following STBI, the expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons significantly decreases, despite an initial brief increase. The timing of TRPV1 defects coincides with the occurrence of pulmonary infections post-STBI. This alteration in TRPV1+ neurons diminishes their ability to signal bacterial injuries, weakens defense mechanisms against intestinal bacteria, and increases susceptibility to pulmonary infections via bacterial translocation. Experimental evidence demonstrates that pulmonary infections can be successfully replicated through the chemical ablation and gene interference of TRPV1+ nociceptors, and that these infections can be mitigated by TRPV1 activation, thereby confirming the crucial role of nociceptor neurons in controlling intestinal bacterial migration. Furthermore, TRPV1+ nociceptors regulate the immune response of microfold cells by releasing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), thereby influencing the translocation of gut bacteria to the lungs. Our study elucidates how changes in nociceptive neurons post-STBI impact intestinal pathogen defense. This new understanding of endogenous risk factors within STBI pathology offers novel insights for preventing and treating pulmonary infections.

Precision medicine in practice: unravelling the prevalence and antibiograms of urine cultures for informed decision making in federal tertiary care- a guide to empirical antibiotics therapy.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs), one of the most prevalent bacterial infections, are facing limited treatment options due to escalating concern of antibiotic resistance. Urine cultures significantly help in identification of etiological agents responsible for these infections. Assessment of antibiotic susceptibility patterns of these bacteria aids in tackling the emerging concern of antibiotic resistance and establishment of empirical therapy guidelines. Our aim was to determine various agents responsible for urinary tract infections and to assess their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. This cross-sectional study was performed over a period of six months from January 2023 to July 2023 in Department of Microbiology of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS). Out of 2957 positive samples, Gram negative bacteria were the most prevalent in 1939 (65.6%) samples followed by Gram positive bacteria in 418 (14.1%) and Candida spp. in 269 (9.1%) samples. In gram negative bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli) was the most prevalent bacteria isolated from 1070 samples (55.2%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae in 397 samples (20.5%). In Gram positive bacteria, Enterococcus spp. was the most common bacteria in 213 samples (51%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus in 120 samples (28.7%). Amikacin was the most sensitive drug (91%) for Gram negative bacteria. Gram positive bacteria were most susceptible to linezolid (97%-100%). The generation of a hospital tailored antibiogram is essential for the effective management of infections and countering antibiotic resistance. By adopting antimicrobial stewardship strategies by deeper understanding of sensitivity patterns, we can effectively combat antibiotic resistance.

Comparing the Efficacy of Acetic Acid vs Gentian Violet in Chronic Discharging Ears.

Chronic suppurative otitis media is a prolonged and chronic condition. It is a prevalent bacterial infection in the field of otolaryngology that has substantial consequences. Prior to surgical intervention, it is crucial to implement medical treatment to make the ears dry in cases of chronic suppurative otitis media. The goal is to determine the most suitable agent for aural toileting in individuals with chronic suppurative otitis media by evaluating the outcomes of irrigation of acetic acid and gentian violet and determining the most suitable treatment. A randomized controlled study was done on 100 patients in a tertiary care center with a tubotympanic type of CSOM in the active phase. Patients were divided into 2 groups and toileting and irrigation were done with acetic acid in one group and with gentian violet in the other for 3 weeks. The comparison of treatment outcomes between the groups revealed a statistically significant difference, with acetic acid demonstrating superior treatment results compared to gentian violet. This was further confirmed by a statistically significant difference between the two groups in otologic scores at different time points, as a result of a considerably greater fall in scores in the acetic acid group. Regular antiseptic auditory cleaning and irrigation can help manage chronic suppurative otitis media. The process of healing is facilitated by modifying the pH of the ear canal, reducing inflammation, destroying biofilms, and removing exudates. Acetic acid appears to be more effective than gentian violet in treating the condition. Therefore, acetic acid alone or in conjunction with antibiotic ear drops, can be used for the treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media.

A Dynamic Interplay of Innate Immune Responses During Urinary Tract Infection.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent one of the most prevalent bacterial infections globally, manifesting in diverse clinical phenotypes with varying degrees of severity and complications. The mechanisms underlying UTIs are gradually being elucidated, leading to an enhanced understanding of the immune responses involved. Innate immune cells play a crucial defensive role against uropathogenic bacteria through various mechanisms. Despite their significant contributions to host defense, these cells often fail to achieve complete clearance of uropathogens, necessitating the frequent prescription of antibiotics for UTI patients. However, the persistence of infections and related pathological symptoms in the absence of innate immune cells in animal models underscore the importance of innate immunity in UTIs. Therefore, the host protective functions of innate immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, NK cells, innate lymphoid cells, and γδ T cells, are delicately coordinated and timely regulated by a variety of cytokines to ensure successful pathogen clearance.