Bacterial Contamination Of Blood Research Articles

Bacterial Contamination and Susceptibility Pattern Among Blood and Blood Components Using Divergent and Non-Divergent Collection Methods at Armed Forces Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

BackgroundUnderstanding the proportion of blood and blood products contamination during transfusion is important in developing infection control strategy in the health system. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine bacterial contamination and susceptibility patterns among blood and blood components at Armed Forces Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.MethodsA cross-sectional study was done on blood and blood components collected with both diverging and none-diverging methods. Simple random sampling method was applied to select blood and blood product units from the record form and 10 mL of sample was drawn from each blood and blood product. Culturing from collected blood and blood products and antimicrobial sensitivity tests were done. The collected data were entered and analyzed by SPSS statistical software version 20. Binary and multiple logistic regression analysis were done to see different factors and p-values less than 0.05 were taken as statistically significant.ResultsA total of three hundred seventy six (376) units of blood and blood product samples, 188 from non-diverging and 188 from diverging blood donor collection methods were included. Among different blood group types, O+ blood and the majority of components were stored from one to five days. The overall bacterial contamination among blood and blood components were n = 17 (4.5%). Among them, n = 14 (7.4%) and n = 3 (1.6%) were collected with a non-diverging and diverging method, respectively. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most dominant isolate. Most bacterial isolates were susceptible to different antimicrobial agents; however, Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed resistance for gentamicin. The non-diverging collection units of blood and components were significantly associated with bacterial contamination. Of all, n = 5/17 (29.4%) isolated bacteria were multidrug resistant.ConclusionThe bacterial contamination of blood and blood components collected with diverging method was lower and recommended to use this collection method from donors.

Bacterial Contamination of Blood and Blood Components: Reducing the Risks in Nigeria

Bacterial Contamination of Blood and Blood Components: Reducing the Risks in Nigeria

Bacterial contamination of platelet products in the Blood Transfusion Center of Isfahan, Iran.

Aim: Overall the risk of transfusion transmitted infections has decreased, especially viral infections like HIV and hepatitis B and C. Bacterial contamination of blood and its cellular components, however, remains a common microbiological cause of transfusion associated morbidity and mortality. Platelets pose a special risk given their preservation methods. The incidence of these episodes needs to be assessed and updated on regular basis to accurately manage the risk of transfusion transmitted bacterial infections.Method: 2,000 platelet samples from the Blood Transfusion Center of Isfahan were examined randomly during a 5-month period by bacterial culture and molecular tests. Four platelet samples were found to be contaminated with bacteria, giving a rate of contamination of 500 (0.2%) of tested platelets. Isolated bacteria included one each of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Conclusion: Our study underlines the need for additional safety procedures like bacterial screening and pathogen reduction technology to further decrease the risk of transfusion associated bacterial infections.

Bacterial Contamination of Stored Blood Ready for Transfusion at a Referral Hospital in Ethiopia

Background: After the discovery of Human Immuno -deficiency virus, screening of blood donors practically reduced viral pathogens. However, transfusion associated bacterial sepsis, which causes high mortality and morbidity remain an important public health concern, has been received very little attention in the African set up including Ethiopia. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of bacterial contamination of blood and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern at Debre Markos referal hospital, North West Ethiopia. Methods: A facility based cross-sectional study was conducted using randomly sampled 120 whole blood units. The blood samples were obtained from screened, stored whole blood. All laboratory activities were carried out as Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) protocol. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16 software. P<0.005 is statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of bacterial contamination among stored blood was 12.5%. Gram positive bacteria (S. pneumonia, S. auraus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, viridian streptococcus) and gram negative (S. typhi, E. coli and K. pneumonia) were the common isolates identified. The isolated bacterial organisms showed varying susceptibility to the antibiotics tested. All isolated gram positive organisms were resistance to Tetracycline and susceptible to Ceftriaxone. Similarly, all the gram negative organisms isolated were resistance to Cotrimoxazole and susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Cefoxicitin Conclusion: In our study, we conclude the existence of this serious clinical issue (contamination of blood, development of drug resistance) and need for further surveillance and/or study.

Bacteriological Safety of Blood Collected for Transfusion at University of Gondar Hospital Blood Bank, Northwest Ethiopia

Background. Transfusion associated bacterial infection has remained more frequent with a sever risk of morbidity and mortality. This study assessed the bacteriological safety of blood collected for transfusion. Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted at University of Gondar hospital blood bank from December 2011 to June 2012. Bacterial isolation, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done as per the standard procedure. Chi-square test and P value were used to assess associations between risk factors and the bacterial isolation rate. Results. Twenty-one (15.33%) blood units were found contaminated with bacteria, and 95.24% contamination was due to external sources. The commonly isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase negative Staphylococci, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Streptococci species, Enterobacter species, and Citrobacter species. All of the bacteria isolated were 100% sensitive to Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol, Amoxicillin, and Doxycycline. Multiple antimicrobial resistances were observed in 66.7% of the isolates. Not using glove by phlebotomist, touching disinfected phlebotomy site and double puncture at the same hand or both hands of a donor were found to be risk factors for bacterial contamination. Conclusion. Bacterial contamination of blood to be transfused is a common problem in the hospital. So attention should be given to activities performed at the blood bank for safe transfusion practices.

Bacterial Contamination of Blood and Blood Products at Mbarara Regional Blood Bank in Rural South Western Uganda

Background: Screening blood donors has practically eliminated viral and bacterial pathogens in blood used for transfusion. However, transfusion-associated bacterial sepsis remains an important health-care concern and the commonest cause of transfusion-related fatality in resource limited settings. Data on bacterial contamination of blood are scarce while the demand of blood transfusion is continuously growing. Therefore we conducted a study to determine the prevalence and type of bacterial contamination in donor blood and blood products, at the Mbarara Regional Blood Bank. Methodology: A total of 510 units of screened blood and blood products consisting of refrigerated whole blood and packed cells were randomly sampled following aseptic procedures from Mbarara Regional Blood Bank. Two samples from each unit were collected in universal containers containing Brain Heart Infusion Broth and incubated at 37℃ for up to 7 days. Subcultures were carried out on Blood agar, Chocolate agar and MacConkey agar. Isolates were identified by standard microbiologic techniques and drug susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: Of the 510 samples collected between June and October 2012, 18 (3.5%) samples showed growth. The contaminants were Staphylococcus aureus 17/18 (94.4%) and Streptococcus viridans 1/18 (5.6%). Isolates were sensitive to erythomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin and resistant to penicillin and cloxacillin. Conclusion: Blood and blood products from Mbarara Regional Blood have unacceptable levels of bacterial contamination that can affect patient safety especially in an area with high malaria endemicity. Therefore it is critical to improve hygiene precautions in order to minimize bacterial contamination and ensure patient safety.

Bacterial contamination of blood and blood components in a tertiary hospital setting in Nigeria

Active screening of blood donors has practically eliminated viral pathogens during provision of transfusion services; however, transfusion-associated bacterial sepsis remains an important health-care concern. Currently, it is the most frequently reported cause of infectious transfusion-related fatalities. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of bacterial contamination in donor blood and/or blood products, and also to identify the isolated microorganism in a semi-urban university teaching hospital setting in Nigeria. The study was carried out at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria over a five-month period (May to September 2009). A total of 162 units of screened blood and blood products consisting of 160 (98.7%) refrigerated packed cells/whole blood and two (1.3%) platelet concentrate were randomly sampled following aseptic procedure. Samples were incubated at 370C for up to 7-days in Brain Heart Infusion growth medium. The identities of the isolated organisms were determined following standard microbiologic techniques. The resistance pattern of isolates to selected antimicrobial agents was also determined by the disc diffusion method. Overall prevalence of bacterial contamination in donated blood bank refrigerated blood is 8.8%. The organisms isolated were Gram-positive, namely, Staphylococcus aureus,coagulase negative staphylococcus, Bacillus sp,and Listeria sp. Resistance of the organisms to the antibiotics ranged from 29% to 100%. Bacterial contamination of blood and blood components for transfusion is common in Nigeria and it is a potential risk for hospital acquired infection. Key Words: bacterial contaminants, hospital-acquired infection, blood/blood components.

Bacterial contamination of blood and blood components in a tertiary hospital setting in Nigeria

Bacterial contamination of blood and blood components in a tertiary hospital setting in Nigeria

Establishment of PCR sequence-based typing for identifying bacteria based on 16S rDNA in the contaminate blood products

Objective To establish a PCR sequence-based typing(PCR-SBT)method for identifying the bacteria accurately and rapidly.Methods The full-length of 16S rDNA was amplified with a set of universal primers.The PCR products were purified and sequenced directly.The related sequences were obtained from the GenBank database using BLAST search software and the species of the bacteria were identified according to the multiple sequence alignment and homology comparison of the 16S rDNA sequences by CLUSTAL X software.Results The results showed that it has been established a PCR-SBT method for analysis 16S rDNA nucleotide sequences by multi-primer pairs and 13 standard bacteria strains were obtained about 1400 bp of the 16S rDNA sequences.The sequences of these bacteria were 100%concordance with the known standard nucleotide sequences,which confirmed the accuracy of the method.The difierent unknown strains that isolated from platelet and cord blood in the laboratory were successfully identified using the 16S rDNA PCR-SBT methed.Estimation of the minimal levels of the genomic DNA detection Was 0.2 ng in the PCR reaction.Conclusion It suggested that the PCR-SBT based on 16S rDNA was reliable and could identify the bacteria rapidly and accuracy.It can detect the bacterial contamination of blood products as early as possible and has a potential application value in the direct treatment of transfusion related bacterial contamination. Key words: Bacterial contamination of blood; 16S rDNA; PCR sequence-based typing

Problem of bacterial contamination in platelet concentrates

Bacterial contamination of blood is being recognized more frequently now and is one of the serious complications of transfusion. Use of integrally attached collection systems and strict standards for skin preparation, collection and storage of blood and components have reduced but not eliminated the risk of bacterial contamination. As bacteraemia may be part of acute or sub acute infections, strict donor selection is warranted. The longer the storage time, the greater is the number of organisms and amount of endotoxin present in the unit and associated with transfusion reactions. Importance of haemovigilance system and awareness among clinicians on the potential complications will go a long way in reducing patient morbidity. New approaches for detection of bacterial contamination, pathogen reduction and developments in the field of platelet biology will increase blood safety.

Novel Antimicrobial Peptide-Based Blood Safety Strategies for Bacterial Reduction

Bacterial contamination of blood and blood components is a major safety concern in transfusion medicine. In order to facilitate safer transfusion products to the end users, there is a critical need for novel proof-of-concept ideas for pathogen reduction, which are different from the current ones that outweigh the associated toxicity and/or contamination risk. Present study involves use of nine novel synthetic antimicrobial peptides (four originated from thrombin-induced human platelet derived antimicrobial proteins named PP1-PP4 and five having 1–5 repeats of arginine and tryptophan residues, named DP1-DP5. These peptides were tested on plasma samples spiked with 10-fold dilutions of 5 different bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Bacillus cereus) that are important to the field of transfusion medicine and analyzed whether these spiked plasma samples could be cured of the pathogens. Each spiked sample was incubated with a peptide (PP1-PP4 and DP1-DP5) for 2 hours at 37°C. Following incubation, a fixed volume of the inoculum was plated on nutrient agar plates and incubated overnight at 37°C for colony count. Spiked sample without any peptide was included as control. Results revealed that out of nine peptides tested, while DP3 and DP4 were active against all 5 organisms tested resulting in 50–100 % of inhibition of specific organisms, peptide PP4 was only active against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus resulting in a 30–100% reduction in the CFU/ml compared to the controls.Table 1OrganismColony count expressed in %ControlPP1PP2PP3PP4DP1DP2DP3DP4DP5S. aureus1009010026100100201056100E. coli10095100100711009341885P. aeruginosa10010010010001000013100K. pneumoniae1001001001001007430025B. cereus100100100100501001002577100Based on these results, it appears that peptides used in this study provide a new antibacterial strategy against a range of bacteria and with further studies and refinement, these peptides could prove useful towards bacterial reduction in blood and blood products.The findings and conclusions in this abstract have not been formally disseminated by the Food and Drug Administration and should not be construed to represent any Agency determination or policy.

Bacterial contamination of random‐donor platelets in a university hospital in the midwestern region of Brazil

Bacterial blood contamination was probably the first recognized transfusion-transmitted disease. Although the transfusion-associated bacterial sepsis has been known for a long time, it remains an important health problem. At present it is the most frequently reported cause of infectious transfusion-related fatalities. The aims of the study were to determine the prevalence of microbiologic contamination in random-donor platelets (RDPs) and to identify the isolated microorganism obtained from a Brazilian university hemotherapy service. A total of 2000 RDPs were analyzed from November 2004 to June 2005. The time of storage of the platelet (PLT) concentrates studied ranged from the day of donation (Day 0) to the fifth day of storage (Day 5). The RDP cultures were initially performed in pools with bottles containing brain heart infusion (BHI) growth medium, and cultures were incubated aerobically at 37 degrees C for up to 7 days and subcultured onto chocolate agar at 37 degrees C for 48 hours under conditions of microaerophilia. In the cases of positivity of one pool, the culture was individually performed for all the samples of that pool. Eight units (0.4%; 95% confidence interval, 0.31-0.49) were found to be contaminated. Isolated microorganisms were three Acinetobacter lwoffii, one Enterobacter intermedium, one Serratia phymuthica, one Staphylococcus haemolyticus, one Staphylococcus hominis, and one Bacillus sp. PLT concentrates were contaminated with bacteria in 0.4 percent of tested units, which represents a potential risk to patients and a public health problem. Regarding the contaminant microorganisms, a predominance of Gram-negative agents was observed (62.5%).

Extracellular accumulation of bioactive substances; Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in stored blood units and relation to bacterial contamination

Bacterial contamination of blood and its cellular components remains an unresolved problem in transfusion medicine and is considered to be the most common microbiological cause of transfusion associated morbidity and mortality.The present work was designed to explore the levels of two bioactive compounds interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in stored blood units and their relation to bacterial contamination of these units.This study was conducted on 112 blood units obtained from blood bank of Mansoura University Children Hospital. Sequential blood samples were obtained both immediately at donation and after 10 days for measurement of IL-1 β and PAI-1 and for bacterial culture by BACTEC 9050 system.There was statistically significant increase in both IL-1 β and PAI-1 (P = 0.0001) after 10 days of blood units storage. Bacteriological culture revealed no growth in 68% and positive growth in 32% of blood units. The commonest isolated organism was Staphylococcus aureus (15%) followed by Staphylococcus epidermedis (13%) then Yersinia sp. and Enterobacter sp. (2%) for each.From the present study we could conclude that stored blood units contain platelets and WBCs derived bioactive substances PAI-1 and IL-1 β which increase with the duration of blood storage. Furthermore, the extended duration of storage carries the danger of blood contamination by bacteria. Automated blood culture system seems to be helpful in identification of bacterial contamination of blood units. We recommend fresh blood transfusion as early as possible and the practice of Leucofiltration to avoid blood transfusion complications.

Bacterial contamination in blood components and preventative strategies: an overview

Bacterial contamination of blood and its cellular components remains an unresolved problem in transfusion medicine and is considered to be the most common microbiological cause of transfusion associated morbidity and mortality. This is because contaminated units may contain large numbers of virulent bacteria as well as endotoxins that are considered to be fatal to the recipient. Accordingly, measures have been proposed to prevent or at least control the potential risk of transfusion associated bacteria infections. Broadly, these approaches include: bacterial avoidance; bacterial growth inhibition and bacterial load reduction by leucofiltration/viral inactivation. Unfortunately, none of the current approaches alone or in combination have received overall acceptance in terms of operational practice and safety/efficacy. Considerable effort has also been directed towards improving bacterial detection in order to provide a scientific basis for the lengthening of the shelf life of liquid stored platelets, without affecting, to a large extent their safety/efficacy. These issues have been highlighted in this overview on the current status and future trends.

Bacterial contamination of blood: lessons from the past and road map for the future.

Progress, far from consisting in change, depends on retentiveness. Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.

Transfusion Reactions Due to Bacterial Contamination of Blood and Blood Products

Bacterial infections transmitted by blood or blood products, although rare, remain a serious threat to the recipient of a transfusion. We report on five cases of adverse reactions due to bacterial contamination of blood products, and we review 76 similar cases reported in the English-language literature. Most cases (70%) have been reported from the United States. Various sources of contamination have been suggested, including infection in the donor and invasion of the blood product during the process of collection, preparation, and storage. Frequent clinical manifestations are fever (80%), chills (53%), hypotension (37%), and nausea or vomiting (26%). The overall mortality is 35% (28 of 81 patients). In 38 patients (47%) the adverse reactions have appeared during transfusion; in the others the interval between completion of the transfusion and appearance of symptoms has ranged from 15 minutes to 17 days. A wide spectrum of bacteria have been implicated as causes of adverse reactions, with Pseudomonas species involved in 28% of episodes. Many such reactions are probably misdiagnosed or overlooked, the result being underestimation of the extent of the problem.