Bacteria Of Clinical Importance Research Articles

Antibiotic susceptibility testing of bacteria in drinking water sources in Akungba‐Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria

In present investigation, the bacteriological analysis and antibiotic sensitivitypattern of drinking water samples collected from different sources ofAkungba ‐Akoko, Nigeria was done. The antibiotics mainly considered in ourstudy for determining the sensitivity were amongst the commonly used inthis area for treatment of infectious diseases. As a result, the bacteriologicalindex, especially coliform count was observed notably high with 72 x10 1 cfu/ml for stream sample and 26.4 x 10 1 cfu/ml for borehole sample. The majorbacterial isolates identified in the water samples were Staphylococcus sp,E.coli ‐negative bacteria wereobserved showing 75% and 65% resistant to Septrin and Amoxicillin respectively.Also, multiple drug resistance was observed for many antibiotics.Therefore, the presence of high amount antibiotic resistant bacteria of clinicalimportance is reported in these water sources which are usually consumedby students and members of the University community. Hence, thisstudy necessitates the need for water treatment so that epidemics of waterbornebacterial disease can be averted in this region., Klebsiella sp, Pseudomonas sp., Enterococcus sp., Bacillus cereus andothers. With regards to the antibiotic sensitivity test, all isolates showed100% resistance to Ampicillin and Cloxacillin and 85.7% resistance to Zinnacef[a cephalosporin product]. However, the gram

In-vitro antimicrobial activities of extracts of Launaea procumbens roxb. (Labiateae), Vitis vinifera l. (Vitaceae) and Cyperus rotundus l. (Cyperaceae

The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Launaea procumbens Roxb.(Labiateae), Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae) and Cyperus rotundus L.(Cyperaceae) were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against clinicallyimportant bacteria viz. Alcaligenes faecalis ATCC8750, Bacillus cereusATCC11778, Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633, Enterobacter aerogenesATCC13048, Escherichia coli ATCC25922, Klebsiella pneumoniaeNCIM2719, Proteus mirabilis NCIM224, Proteus vulgaris NCTC8313,Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenesATCC17440, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC23564, Staphylococcusaureus ATCC25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC12228,Staphylococcus subfava NCIM2704 and Candida tropicalis ATCC4563.The in vitro antimicrobial activity was performed by agar disc diffusionand agar well diffusion method. The ethanolic extracts of all the plantswere active against all the investigated bacterial strains while all theaqueous extracts were inactive except for Vitis vinifera L. S. typhimuriumwas the most resistant bacterial strain against all the extracts (Afr. J.Biomed. Res. 9:89 – 93, May 2006)Keywords: antimicrobial activity, aqueous extract, ethanolic extract, Launaea procumbens Roxb., Vitis vinifera L. and Cyperus rotundus L.

Quercus infectoria. Oliv.

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is enhanced by unrestricted use of such drugs. In addition, stimulating effects of certain antibiotics on the production of verocytotoxin by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. have been reported. The aim of this communication was to report a medicinal plant species that is effective against a broad range of bacteria of clinical importance including Acinetobacter baumannii., Bacillus cereus., Enterobacter faecalis., Escherichia coli., Helicobacter pylori., Klebsiella pneumoniae., Listeria monocytogenes., Pseudomonas aeruginosa., Salmonella. spp., Shigella flexneri., Staphylococcus aureus., Streptococcus mutans., and Streptococcus pyogenes.. Ethanol extracts of Quercus infectoria. Oliv. (Fagaceae) demonstrate a broad spectrum of activity against all bacterial species tested. Detailed studies were carried out on clinical isolates of pathogens commonly presenting problems with the use of antibiotics, including enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. (EHEC), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. (MRSA), multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae., multidrug-resistant Helicobacter pylori., and Salmonella.spp. The extracts of Quercus infectoria. displayed remarkable activity against MRSA with MICs ranging from 0.02 to 0.4 mg/mL, and MBCs ranging from 0.4 to 1.6 mg/mL. More importantly, this plant species could exhibit strong antibacterial activity against all Gram-Negative organisms. Its significant activity was shown with EHEC, with MICs of 0.05 to 0.1 mg/mL and MBCs of 0.8 to 1.6 mg/mL. The results from this study indicate that Quercus infectoria. is potentially a good source of antibacterial substances with broad spectrum of activities against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

2-Piperidin-4-yl-benzimidazoles with Broad Spectrum Antibacterial Activities.

A series of 2-piperidin-4-yl-benzimidazoles were synthesized and evaluated for antibacterial activities. Certain compounds inhibit bacterial growth with low micromolar minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). These benzimidazoles are effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria of clinical importance, particularly entercococci, and represent a new class of potential antibacterial agents.

Rifampin: spectrum of antibacterial activity.

Rifampin was studied for determination of its spectrum of activity against many bacteria of clinical importance. Most of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by agar dilution but some were determined by broth microdilution. Staphylococci were the most susceptible, with mode MICs of 0.015 microgram/ml, but most streptococcal strains, except Streptococcus faecalis, had mode MICs less than or equal to 1 microgram/ml. Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Listeria monocytogenes were susceptible and had mode MICs of 1, 0.25, 0.03, and less than or equal to 0.12 microgram/ml, respectively. Legionella species had geometric mean MICs ranging from 0.027 to 0.25 microgram/ml. The rapidly growing mycobacteria, Mycobacterium chelonei and Mycobacterium fortuitum, were resistant, with mode of greater than 64 micrograms/ml. Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter species, and Pseudomonas species had mode MICs ranging from 4 to 64 micrograms/ml. Thus, the authors conclude that, on the basis of these in vitro data and an MIC breakpoint of less than or equal to 2 micrograms/ml, gram-positive cocci (except for some enterococci), H. influenzae, N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, Legionella, and L. monocytogenes may be clinically susceptible to rifampin.

Beta-Lactamase stability of cefotaxime.

Although a large number of β-lactamases have now been detected in various bacteria of clinical importance, broadly speaking all fall within three main classes. These are (1) enzymes which have a predominant activity against cephalosporins; (2) enzymes which are active against a wide range of penicillins and cephalosporins but which are inhibited by cloxacillin; and (3) those with a broad specificity including cloxacillin. Against these enzyme classes, cefotaxime joins cefuroxime and cefoxitin in being effectively resistant to destruction by all of them. The ability of various cephalosporins to penetrate to their targets is a crucial aspect of their properties. While not as effective in this respect as some cephalo-sporins, cefotaxime nevertheless penetrates well enough to give excellent MIC values in practice; and the resistance of the compound to β-lactamase destruction ensures that these excellent properties are maintained even with ampicillin resistant organisms.