Background Knowledge Research Articles

Proposed Outlook based on Different Obstacle Avoidance and Pathfinding Algorithms

Abstract. Currently, a variety of papers explore various directions in automated pathfinding and obstacle avoidance, with scholars developing diverse algorithmic models to address different theoretical frameworks. These models often enhance existing optimization algorithms or combine two distinct approaches to achieve improved results. In practical applications, it is common that no single paper can fully encompass the necessary background knowledge, which highlights the urgent need for a comprehensive article that integrates and enriches this knowledge base. Such a work would effectively address most path planning and obstacle avoidance challenges. This paper employs a literature review method to study automated pathfinding algorithms and obstacle avoidance systems. Its primary aim is to analyze cutting-edge research in these areas, providing a detailed examination and explanation of each relevant paper. Additionally, the paper critiques the current literature and the field as a whole, while also offering insights and prospects for future research directions in automated pathfinding and obstacle avoidance, ultimately contributing to advancements in the discipline.

A Multidisciplinary Standardized Patient Simulation for Using Trauma-Informed Care for Pregnant Patients.

Pregnant patients with prior traumatic experiences and their providers face challenges during prenatal care, peripartum, and postpartum. To date, no structured simulations have been published focused on improving care for patients in subsequent pregnancies. This multidisciplinary simulation included trainees and providers. Standardized patients were used. The patient was multiparous with a remote history of substance use and was initiating prenatal care late due to concerns related to the prior traumatic experience of losing custody of a newborn after a Department of Children and Family Services report had been opened in a prior pregnancy. Simulation participants completed the prenatal intake and counseling regarding this prior experience. Debriefing sessions reviewed critical actions, including collecting a history, empathizing with the patient, praising efforts to maintain pregnancy health, discussing available resources, constructing a plan for care, and utilizing motivational interviewing techniques. The simulation and debriefing sessions were allotted 30 minutes total. Pre- and postsimulation surveys evaluated for increased comfort and knowledge in caring for patients with prior traumatic experiences. Simulation participants included obstetrics and gynecology students and residents, nurses, advanced practice providers, generalist attendings, and maternal fetal medicine fellows and attendings. Sixty participants completed the presimulation survey. Twenty-seven (45%) completed the postsimulation survey. Responses were paired for analysis. Scores on knowledge assessments improved postsimulation (p = .001). Responses suggested increased comfort in discussing prior traumatic experiences (p = .13). This simulation led to improved background knowledge and comfort regarding providing trauma-informed care during pregnancies impacted by a prior traumatic event.

Online level-2 perspective taking for newly learnt symbols.

Humans demonstrate spontaneous sensitivity to other people's perspectives on object identities in online tasks. Evidence shows that this not only involves representing the mere discrepancy between perspectives, but the content of such perspectives as well (level-2 perspective taking/L2PT). However, this evidence comes from studies using culturally grounded symbols which leaves open the possibility that having extensive, easily accessible background knowledge about an object is necessary for the L2PT effect. Experiment 1 tested this by comparing L2PT across two groups: one performing a verification task on Arabic numbers, and one on newly learnt symbol-label pairs. In both groups, half of the visual stimuli was symmetrical, while half was asymmetrical. In both cases, there was a joint condition: participants performed the task in parallel with a partner, observing stimuli from opposite angles, thus having conflicting interpretations for asymmetric characters. Furthermore, they also performed the verification task individually, while their partner had no visual access to the stimuli. We found an interference effect in both groups. However, while the effect was stable in the number group, it diminished over time in the symbol group. Experiments 2a and 2b demonstrated that the complexity of the recently learnt symbols has an influence on spontaneous L2PT: the same procedure with more complex symbols did not elicit any interference effect. Our results show that online L2PT is not limited to objects that participants have proficiency in identifying. Nevertheless, the L2PT effect seems to diminish when participants have to process increasingly complex novel symbols.

A Preliminary Analysis of Factors Influencing Paragraph Dictation

This study begins with a brief analysis of the impact of six barriers (vocabulary, grammatical knowledge, phonetic comprehension ability, cultural background knowledge, and short-term memory capacity) on the paragraph dictation, component of the Test for English Majors Band 4 (TEM4). The study proposes corresponding strategies to enhance dictation skills, aiming to assist teachers and students in adopting effective training methods, and to boost learning interest and confidence.

Risk factors for spotted fever group rickettsioses in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania

Abstract Background Knowledge gaps exist on risk factors for spotted fever group rickettsioses (SFGR) in sub-Saharan Africa. We sought to identify SFGR risk factors in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. Methods We recruited febrile patients presenting at two hospitals in Moshi from February 2012 through May 2014. Standardised clinical and risk factor questionnaires were administered. SFGR exposure was defined as a Rickettsia africae immunofluorescence antibody reciprocal titer ≥64, and acute SFGR as a ≥four-fold rise between paired sera. Logistitic regression was used to identify associations. Results Of 1,190 participants providing ≥1 serum sample, median (range) age was 21.8 (0.3, 100.2) years, 545 (54.3%) were female, and 650 (54.6%) had SFGR exposure. Of 731 participants with paired sera, 67 (9.2%) had acute SFGR. On multivariable analysis, odds of acute SFGR were higher in age group 0-2 years (adjusted odds ratios [aOR] for older age groups <0.36, p<0.011), rural residence (aOR 4.1, p=0.007), and areas with maximum daily temperature <26°C (aORs for higher temperature groups <0.42, p-values<0.035). Odds of SFGR exposure were higher in those working in the garden (aOR 1.8, p=0.010), and seeing a dog (aOR 1.5, p=0.010). Odds of SFGR exposure were lower in age group 0-2 years (aORs for older age groups >1.5, p<0.026), female sex (aOR 0.62, p<0.001), and being from Chaga tribe (aOR 0.68, p=0.003). Conclusion Those aged <2 years, rural residents, and persons residing in areas with cooler temperatures had increased odds of SFGR. Our results identify groups for further research on tick exposure and for targeted prevention interventions.

A technocognitive approach to detecting fallacies in climate misinformation

Misinformation about climate change is a complex societal issue that requires holistic, interdisciplinary solutions at the intersection between technology and psychology. One proposed solution is a “technocognitive” approach, involving the synthesis of psychological and computer science research. Psychological research has identified that interventions that counter misinformation require both fact-based (e.g., factual explanations) and technique-based (e.g., explanations of misleading techniques and logical fallacies) content. However, little progress has been made on documenting and detecting fallacies in climate misinformation. In this study, we apply a previously developed critical thinking methodology for deconstructing climate misinformation in order to develop a dataset mapping examples of climate misinformation to reasoning fallacies. This dataset is used to train a model to detect fallacies in climate misinformation. We evaluate the model’s performance using the F1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ ext {F}_\ ext {1}$$\\end{document} score, which measures how well the model detects relevant cases while avoiding irrelevant ones. Our study shows F1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ ext {F}_\ ext {1}$$\\end{document} scores that are 2.5–3.5 times better than previous works. The fallacies that are easiest to detect include fake experts and anecdotal arguments, while fallacies that require background knowledge, such as oversimplification, misrepresentation, and slothful induction, are relatively more difficult to detect. This research lays the groundwork for development of solutions where automatically detected climate misinformation can be countered with generative technique-based corrections.

DISP-17. OUTCOMES, CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF HISPANIC PATIENTS WITH IDH WILDTYPE GLIOBLASTOMA

Abstract BACKGROUND Knowledge about outcomes in Hispanic patients with gliomas is scant and mainly derived from tumor registries. IDH wild-type glioblastomas (GBM) are the most common and aggressive malignant primary brain tumor. Hispanics account for 19% of US population, reaching 29% in Florida and 65% in Miami-Dade County. As a reference center for GBM serving the community of South Florida we provide care for many Hispanic patients. Herein, we aim to describe the clinical and molecular features, including RNA seq analysis of Hispanic vs non-Hispanic patients with IDH wild-type GBM. METHODS Retrospective study of adult patients with diagnosis of IDH Wild-type Glioblastoma, who had NGS testing, treated at University of Miami. RESULTS 179 patients were included, 63 (35%) were Hispanic. 41 (65%) of Hispanic patients were males as compared to 65 (56%) of the non-Hispanics. Median age at diagnosis was 54 years (45-67) for the Hispanic vs 62 (54-72) years for non-Hispanic, p=.002. With a median follow up of 17 months (CI 95% 14-19), median overall survival for Hispanic patients was 22 months (18-25) and 23 months (18-28) for non-Hispanics, p=.99. 42 (23%) patients were enrolled in clinical trials, of whom 21 (50%) were Hispanic, meaning 33% of Hispanic patients enrolled. The molecular characteristics from these patients by next-generation sequencing, including RNA seq, are being analyzed. CONCLUSIONS In our series of IDH wild-type Glioblastomas, Hispanic patients were significantly younger at diagnosis compared to non-Hispanic patients, but there were no differences in overall survival. 33% of Hispanic patients were enrolled in clinical trials. As the latest growing ethnic group in the USA, major efforts have to be made to better understand the disease characteristics and outcomes of this particular population. To our knowledge this will be the first report of the molecular characteristics by NGS from Hispanic patients with GBM.

Drug use and acute kidney injury: a Drug-Wide Association study (DWAS) in Denmark and Sweden

Abstract Background Knowledge of which medications may lead to acute kidney injury (AKI) is limited, relying mostly on spontaneous reporting in pharmacovigilance systems. We here conducted an exploratory drug-wide association study (DWAS) to screen for associations between dispensed drugs and AKI risk. Methods Using two large Danish and Swedish data linkages, we identified AKI hospitalizations occurring between April 1997 to December 2021 in Denmark and between March 2007 to December 2021 in Sweden. We used a case-time control design comparing drug dispensing in the three months prior to the AKI with earlier periods for the same patient. Odds Ratios (ORs) for the association between each drug and AKI were estimated using conditional logistic regression and adjusting for the presence of comorbidities. We sought replication of signals in both health systems and explored the plausibility of findings through pharmacovigilance system analysis in the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database, appearance in the RESCUE list of medications that report AKI as a side effect, PUBMED evidence review and causality assessment through direct acyclic graphs. Results We included 20 622 adults in Denmark and 13 852 in Sweden hospitalized for AKI. In total, 16 unique medications were identified in both cohorts as associated to increased AKI occurrence. Of these, 10 medications had higher reporting odd ratios in the FAERS database, and 9 were listed by RESCUE or appeared in PUBMED. This analysis identified some medications with known AKI risks (i.e. likely true positives such as furosemide, penicillin, spironolactone, and omeprazole), medications that may have initiated in response to conditions that lead to AKI (i.e. false positives like metoclopramide provided to treat nausea/vomiting) and other candidates (e.g. opioids) that warrant further evaluation in subsequent studies. Conclusions This hypothesis-generating study identifies medications with potential involvement in AKI that require confirmation and validation.

Large-Scale Knowledge Graphs as a Tool for Enhanced Robotic Perception

Autonomous robotic systems depend on their perception and understanding of their environment for informed decision-making. One of the goals of the Semantic Web is to make knowledge on the Web machine-readable, which can significantly aid robots by providing background knowledge, and thereby support their understanding. In this paper, we present a reasoning system that uses the Ontology for Robotic Knowledge Acquisition (ORKA) to integrate the sensory data and perception algorithms of the robot, thereby enhancing its autonomous capabilities. This reasoning system is subsequently employed to retrieve and integrate information from the Semantic Web, thereby improving the robot's comprehension of its environment. To achieve this, the system employs a Perceived-Entity Linking (PEL) pipeline that associates regions in the sensory data of the robotic agent with concepts in a target knowledge graph. As a use-case for the linking process, the Perceived-Entity Typing task is used to determine the more fine-grained subclass of the perceived entities. Specifically, we provide an analysis of the performance of different knowledge graph embedding methods on the task using a annotated observations and WikiData as a target knowledge graph. The experiments indicate that relying on pre-trained embedding methods results in an increased performance when using TransE as the embedding method for the observations of the robot. This contribution advances the field by demonstrating the potential of integrating Semantic Web technologies with robotic perception, thereby enabling more nuanced and context-aware decision-making in autonomous systems.

The Role of Using P-BT (Process-based Technique) on Teaching Reading Skill in Iraqi Primary Schools

This study intends to explore the role of process-based techniques in teaching reading to the 5th grade primary school learners. This technique aims to teach pupils the appropriate strategies for identifying different kinds of texts depending on the interaction between the information presented in the text and pupils’ background knowledge. To achieve the aims of the present study, the hypothesis proposes that there is no statistically significant difference in the performance of pupils who are taught by the Process-based Technique and those who are taught by the traditional teaching technique. To fulfill the aim of the study, an experiment was designed where two groups, each of 135 pupils, were randomly chosen from the 5th grade primary school. One group was assigned as the control group, while the other functioned as the experimental group, with both groups matched in age, parental education level, and prior achievement in English based on previous exam results. The scores obtained in the experiment were tested statistically, and it was seen that the experimental group achieved higher than the control group. A T-test formula was conducted for the independent samples. The obtained “t” value displayed the significant difference between the two groups, and more especially, the experimental group, instructed using the Process-Based Technique, outperformed the control group, which followed the conventional method. Consequently, the null hypothesis was rejected.

Continuous-Time Dynamic Graph Networks Integrated with Knowledge Propagation for Social Media Rumor Detection

The proliferation of the Internet and mobile devices has made it increasingly easy to propagate rumors on social media. Widespread rumors can incite public panic and have detrimental effects on individuals. In recent years, researchers have found that both the spatial structure of rumor diffusion and the temporal features of propagation can be effective in identifying rumors. However, existing methods tend to focus on either spatial structure or temporal information in isolation, and few models can effectively capture both types of information. Additionally, most existing methods treat continuously changing temporal information as static snapshots, neglecting the precise timing of propagation. Moreover, as users repost and comment, background knowledge associated with the posts also evolves dynamically, which is often ignored. To address these limitations, we propose CGNKP (Continuous-time Dynamic Graph Networks integrated with Knowledge Propagation), a model that jointly captures the spatial structure and continuous-time features of post propagation to fully understand the dynamics of background knowledge. Specifically, we introduce a novel method for encoding continuous-time dynamic graphs, modeling the propagation process through two dynamic graphs: a temporal propagation graph (for posts diffusion) and a temporal knowledge graph (for knowledge diffusion). Extensive experiments on real-world datasets demonstrate that CGNKP significantly outperforms multiple strong baselines, achieving accuracies of 0.861 on the Twitter15 dataset and 0.903 on the Twitter16 dataset.

A Study on the Visual Perception of Cultural Value Characteristics of Traditional Southern Fujian Architecture Based on Eye Tracking

The traditional Southern Fujian architecture serves as a reflection of the region’s deeply rooted cultural values. However, research on the architectural and cultural heritage of Southern Fujian remains scarce. Accordingly, this study employs eye-tracking technology to experiment with 20 individuals with local cultural backgrounds and 20 without it to investigate the differences in the perception of the architectural heritage of Southern Fujian by individuals with disparate cultural backgrounds. The findings indicate that distinct groups evince disparate visual perceptions of the architectural and cultural heritage of Southern Fujian. The participants’ attention was divided into two categories: patterns and shapes and calligraphy and text. Non-locals were primarily drawn to patterns and shapes, whereas locals demonstrated a greater interest in the calligraphy and text category. The extraction of cultural information from calligraphic characters requires greater understanding and more time spent within the culture. Knowledge of local cultural backgrounds is helpful to better understand such information. This highlights the potential impact of Southern Fujian architecture on the local population. These findings provide a compelling rationale for the incorporation of multicultural elements in contemporary architectural design while also advocating for the preservation and advancement of Southern Fujian architectural heritage.

Sleep Management: The Use of Continuous Physiological Monitoring to Support Patient Self-Care

Circadian misalignment (CM) is a sleep disruption where an individual’s circadian rhythm and actual sleep-wake cycle are unsynchronized. CM is frequently misdiagnosed and difficult to treat but can adversely impact short-term and long-term health outcomes. CM often interacts bidirectionally with chronic conditions affecting cognitive and physical functionality. Continuous physiological monitoring (CPM) of the hormone melatonin would support real-time, patient-driven interventions to address CM. However, patient-driven self-care tasks involve complex information processing and decision-making. Effective CPM use requires situation awareness regarding current circadian health and projected future status, sufficient background knowledge to identify circadian intervention alternatives, and selection of appropriate alternatives given their current state. Melatonin data has characteristics distinct from biomarkers previously subject to CPM, introducing further challenges around data presentation. Task analysis efforts can identify the cognitive processes involved in five different tasks associated with a continuous melatonin monitor to identify necessary informational elements to include in interface design.

Evaluating the Teaching of Physical Science Practical Work at a Selected Resource-Constrained Secondary School in Rundu Circuit, Kavango East Region

This study evaluated the teaching of Physical Science practical work at a resource-constrained secondary school in the Rundu Circuit, Kavango East region in Namibia. The research objectives were to assess the impact of practical work on learners’ academic performance in a resource-constrained community, identify the challenges faced by both teachers and learners in conducting practical activities, and propose strategies to address these challenges and improve the overall quality of science education. A qualitative research design was employed, with data collected through semi-structured interviews involving four Physical Science teachers. The interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis, with themes aligned to the research objectives. The findings revealed that the state of science practical work was poor due to a lack of sufficient laboratory equipment and resources. Other significant challenges identified included limited laboratory space, inadequate time allocation, overcrowded classrooms, a lack of motivation among learners, and insufficient background knowledge on practical work for learners. These challenges collectively impeded effective teaching and learning of science practical work. To overcome these issues, the study recommended providing adequate laboratory materials and constructing an additional laboratory to alleviate overcrowding. The study also further recommended the employment of laboratory technicians to assist teachers in organizing, planning and conducting practical activities more efficiently. Furthermore, the study suggested forming partnerships between schools to share laboratory facilities, as per Key Area 7 of the National Standard and Performance Indicators for Schools in Namibia, which emphasizes the importance of collaborative linkages within educational communities. By implementing these strategies, it was concluded that the quality of Physical Science practical work in resource-constrained schools could be significantly enhanced, leading to improved learner outcomes.

A Cognitive Analysis of American and Kurdish National Anthems in the light of Text World Theory

The present study is an attempt to find out the extent to which text world theory can be applied to the analysis of American and Kurdish national anthems. It also seeks to find out the way the receivers of national anthems relate the text world into the real world, and how the interaction between them can help readers manipulate their background knowledge and real experience to process and interpret these texts. To this end, text world theory is adopted for the analysis of the selected national anthems. The results of the analysis have shown that the text world theory can provide a systematic and scientific interpretation which can enhance the reader’s comprehension of national anthems. The analysis results have also shown some similarities between English and Kurdish national anthems in terms of applying the parameters of the selected model.

A Study Comparing the Advertising Language Ability of ChatGPT-4o and Kimi in the Translation Beauty Industry

This paper explores the ability of ChatGPT-4o and Kimi to translate advertising slogans for different beauty brands. Both AI tools are translated with the ICIO framework and the same background knowledge supplement. Through the comparison of the results of translation, research find out the similarities and differences between the two types of AI translation. Translation can be judged in terms of coherence, the communication of its emotion, and whether it reflects the deep. And the combination of the advantages of human translation and machine translation will provide more accurate and insightful translations in the future. By setting up questionnaires and interviews, the research can explore the similarities and differences between the two AI tools to translate specific text with more “humanized” characteristics in the future and improve the translation level of text translation. At the same time, this study still has some limitations in the selection and classification of advertising languages, and future studies can further explore the methods of translating domain-specific texts and promote the improvement of translation quality.

CON-FOLD Explainable Machine Learning with Confidence

Abstract FOLD-RM is an explainable machine learning classification algorithm that uses training data to create a set of classification rules. In this paper, we introduce CON-FOLD which extends FOLD-RM in several ways. CON-FOLD assigns probability-based confidence scores to rules learned for a classification task. This allows users to know how confident they should be in a prediction made by the model. We present a confidence-based pruning algorithm that uses the unique structure of FOLD-RM rules to efficiently prune rules and prevent overfitting. Furthermore, CON-FOLD enables the user to provide preexisting knowledge in the form of logic program rules that are either (fixed) background knowledge or (modifiable) initial rule candidates. The paper describes our method in detail and reports on practical experiments. We demonstrate the performance of the algorithm on benchmark datasets from the UCI Machine Learning Repository. For that, we introduce a new metric, Inverse Brier Score, to evaluate the accuracy of the produced confidence scores. Finally, we apply this extension to a real-world example that requires explainability: marking of student responses to a short answer question from the Australian Physics Olympiad.

The relationship between mental health and employment: a systematic review of cohort studies

Abstract Background Knowledge on the bi-directional association between employment status and mental health is important, as it affects multiple dimensions of our daily lives, both at the individual and societal level. Given that the mental health status and employment situation of individuals are likely to change over time, there is an important need for longitudinal data to better understand causality patterns in this association and the underlying mechanisms. Methods A systematic review was carried out based on the PRISMA guidelines in 3 electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, and PsycInfo. Studies eligible for inclusion were cohort studies, involving the general population, and assessing the relationship between employment status and mental health longitudinally. Results In total, 3,733 studies were identified and 36 met the inclusion criteria. The eleven studies focusing on the social causation hypothesis highlighted the negative long-term impact of unemployment and unstable employment on mental health. Four studies observed mental health improvements upon re-entering employment, although limited and in more specific contexts. The fourteen studies focusing on the health selection hypothesis found a lower probability for individuals with mental health problems in finding and maintaining employment. Finally, the eleven studies assessing the two hypothesis simultaneously found that mental health problems were both a consequence of and risk factor for poor employment status, although some important moderating factors, such as gender differences, influence the direction and strength of the association. Conclusions This review underscores the bi-directional association between the employment status and mental health of individuals, highlighting the need to develop targeted prevention (e.g. mental health support in the workplace) and interventions strategies (e.g. supported employment programs) in both the mental health and labor market systems. Key messages • The bidirectional link between employment and mental health highlights the need for concurrent responses to break the vicious cycle between poor mental health and social exclusion. • To reduce the clinical and social burden of mental health problems, gender differences must be taken into account in mental health and employment support practices and policies.

Teaching the Professional Dimension of Translation in Academic Translation Programmes

Reform policies in higher education have brought about changes in attitudes regarding the education of translators. One of the latest challenges concerns the concept of professionalization of translation and the need for a type of training that would provide students with the specific skills required for the translator’s profession. Indeed, most translation programmes today aim at educating highly qualified translators on a competence-based training. Μore particularly, the emphasis is on metacognitive competence acquisition and the reflexive capacity development taking into account students’ motivation and expectations, their general background knowledge as well as individual learning styles. The present paper proposes a didactic approach on a professionally-oriented basis that would help students enter most effectively the translation industry by realizing at the same time the importance of acquiring a strong theoretical background on translation. Among the main issues to be addressed are the contribution of translation theory to the practice of translation, the role of the translator as cultural mediator, his social responsibilities as well as the translator’s psychological traits and their effect on translation quality. Finally, it proposes a variety of learning activities that are closely related to the act of translating together with a number of student assessment methods bearing a strong professional orientation.

ProtAct-Us from serious injuries with long-term consequences

Abstract Battling serious injuries and long-term consequences in road traffic remains one important issue in the overall goal of resilient future road transport and its Vision Zero. Challenges of increasing personal transport in urban areas coupled with autonomous vehicles and shuttles, new mobility devices and the overall need to ensure the safety of vulnerable road users as well as all types of vehicle occupants’ require solid medical background knowledge paired with innovative engineering approaches. EU Horizon Europe is currently funding the ProtAct-Us consortium (2024-2027) that aims at protecting all Road User Groups from serious injury and long-term physical, cognitive and mental health consequences related to road crashes through innovatively interlinked research action between medical and engineering methods and approaches. ProtAct-Us works on the following goals and challenges: i) Medical data correlation, standardisation and classification of long-term consequences of road crashes; ii) Robust and reliable medical, epidemiological and engineering tools like agreed methods to collect information on long-term consequences, upgraded Human Body Models and virtual assessment methods for the extremities, head, neck and face allowing for effective countermeasure development for all road users; iii) Reduction of long-term consequences and related socio-economic cost of road crash related injuries for all road users. The ProtAct-Us solutions will influence new standards in respect of extending current injury codification system with relevant long-term aspects, allowing new physical as well as virtual safety assessment procedures and adaption of rules and regulations to be implemented. Finally, scientifically well-founded suggestion for future implementation into policy, regulatory, and standardization guidelines for an inclusive safety improvement approach for in- as well as post-crash will be provided.