Back Translation Research Articles

Linguistic Validation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Canine Orthopedic Index for the German- and Spanish-speaking Population.

The Canine Orthopedic Index (COI) questionnaire was developed to assess chronic pain and functional impairment in dogs with orthopaedic conditions. This study aimed to perform a linguistic validation and cross-cultural adaptation of the COI from the original English version into Universal German and Universal Spanish.We employed the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy translation methodology, which involves two forward translations, one reconciliation of the two forward translations, a back translation into English, multiple reviews, and cognitive debriefing interviews with a representative sample of dog carers. We followed a universal approach to translation, with translators and study participants from different German- and Spanish-speaking countries.The two independent forward translations differed by four parts for the German COI and eight parts for the Spanish COI. Comparing the backward translations with the original document identified 10 items or instructions in both translations that required retranslation. Cognitive debriefing interviews with dog carers confirmed that the translated instruments effectively conveyed the same concepts as the original version, leading to no further changes in the Universal German COI and four minor revisions to the Universal Spanish COI.We provide linguistically validated and culturally adapted versions of the COI suitable for use in all German- and Spanish-speaking countries.

Exploration of the relationship between olfaction, food Neophobia and fruit and vegetable acceptance in school-aged children

Exploration of the relationship between olfaction, food Neophobia and fruit and vegetable acceptance in school-aged children

Using Deep Neural Networks Architectures to Identify Narcissistic Personality Traits

ABSTRACTPersonality is the characteristics of a person represented by thoughts, feelings and behaviours in a certain way. Knowing the personality characteristics of an individual can help improve interpersonal relationships, regardless of their type. Virtual media of social interaction is a rich source of information where online users share and post comments, and express their feelings of likes or dislikes. This information reveals traits about the personality and behaviour of users. In this sense, it is possible to identify personality traits of the dark triad through computational models. In this area, research has found correlations between personality traits and users' online behaviour. In this study, we propose a computational model that uses Neural Network Architectures and Transformer models to identify narcissistic personality traits in Spanish‐language text based on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) test. Specifically, we leverage the ability of the pre‐trained Transformers models BERT, RoBERTa and DistilBERT, to capture the semantic context and structural features of text using sentence‐level embeddings. These attributes make them suitable for multi‐class classification tasks, such as identifying personality traits from reviews. Furthermore, the model utilises the algorithms Glove, FastText, and Word2Vec to generate embedding, which are used to represent vectors of semantic and syntactic features of words in narcissistic expressions. The semantic information is then used by several neural network architectures—namely SimpleRNN, LSTM, GRU, BiLSTM, CNN + BiLSTM, and CNN + GRU—to construct a multi‐class model for automatically identifying narcissistic personality traits. The model's performance is assessed using a Twitter dataset that has been annotated by psychology experts and increased using augmentation techniques such as Back Translation, Paraphrasing, and substituting words with their synonyms. Ultimately, the results indicate that BERT and RoBERTa Transformers yield better accuracy and precision compared to Neural Network Architectures.

TOPSE for babies in Norwegian: examining the reliability of a tool to measure parenting self-efficacy.

Parents' confidence in their parenting abilities, or parenting self-efficacy (PSE), is an important factor for parenting practices. The Tool to measure Parenting Self-Efficacy (TOPSE) is a questionnaire created to evaluate parenting programmes by measuring PSE. Originally, it was designed for parents with children between the ages of 0-6 years. A modified version specifically for parents of infants aged 0-6 months (TOPSE for babies) is currently being piloted. In this study, we translated TOPSE for babies and investigated the reliability of the Norwegian version. To investigate the reliability of the Norwegian version of TOPSE for babies. The study included 123 parents of children aged 0-18 months who completed a digital version of the TOPSE questionnaire. Professional translators performed the translation from English to Norwegian and a back translation in collaboration with the author group. Mean and standard deviation were calculated for each of the questionnaire's six domains, and a reliability analysis was conducted using a Bayesian framework for the total sample (parents of children aged 0-18 months) and specifically for the parents of the youngest group of children (0-6 months). The Norwegian version of TOPSE for babies is a reliable tool for measuring parenting self-efficacy. However, some variations exist across the children's age groups and domains. The overall Bayesian alpha coefficient for the suggested domains ranged from 0.54 to 0.83 for the entire sample and from 0.63 to 0.86 for parents with children aged 0-6 months. For two of the domains, one item in each proved to largely determine the low alpha coefficients, and removing them improved the reliability, especially for parents with children aged 0-6 months.

Bridging the gap: translating and simplifying CFIR 2.0 for French practitioners in implementation science

BackgroundThe Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) 2.0 is widely used in implementation projects but can be difficult for non-researchers to apply due to its complexity. While a French version of the original CFIR exists, CFIR 2.0 had not yet been translated. This study aimed to translate and simplify CFIR 2.0 for healthcare practitioners in French-speaking Switzerland to improve its accessibility and utility.MethodUsing the Principles of Good Practice for Translation and Cultural Adaptation, the process included: (1) four independent forward translations, (2) reconciliation of simplified definitions, (3) online survey with 16 clinical nurse specialists to assess the content validity of the simplified definitions, (4) back translation, and (5) harmonization to finalize the French version. The content validity of each construct was assessed using the Content Validity Index (CVI), with further revisions based on feedback.ResultsMost participants found the simplified definitions understandable, with an average score of 1.46 (where 1 is "very easy to understand" and 2 is “easy to understand”). Thirteen items with lower I-CVI scores (≤ 0.78) were revised. The overall S-CVI was 0.87, indicating high content validity. Minor discrepancies in the back translation were resolved.ConclusionsThis study produced a French translation of CFIR 2.0 with simplified definitions tailored for healthcare practitioners. The high content validity and feedback underscore the need for contextually relevant adaptations to enhance the practical use of the CFIR framework. Further testing in diverse French-speaking contexts is necessary to refine the tool and broaden its applicability in real-world settings.

Cross-cultural adaptation of the CRS-PRO questionnaire into Spanish.

Cross-cultural adaptation of the CRS-PRO questionnaire into Spanish.

Translation and validation of the Swedish version of the early-onset scoliosis 24-item questionnaire.

This study aimed to translate and validate the Early-Onset Scoliosis 24-Item Questionnaire (EOSQ-24) into Swedish. Following international guidelines, the EOSQ-24 was double forward translated by independent translators, reviewed by experts, and distributed to caregivers. A single back translation was performed, and the Swedish version was finalized. The Swedish EOSQ-24 was made available online for clinically active spinal surgeons to use during outpatient visits, where it was distributed to caregivers of early-onset scoliosis (EOS) patients aged 0-15years. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, item-total correlation, and analysis of floor and ceiling effects. Convergent validity was examined using the EuroQol-5D 3 level (EQ-5D) and the Scoliosis Research Society 22-Item Questionnaire revised (SRS-22r). Responses from 140 caregivers were collected. Ceiling effects ranged from 21 to 74%, with no floor effects > 15%. Internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach's alpha = 0.9), except for two domains: "General Health" (0.6) and "Pulmonary Function" (0.4). The item-total correlation was poor for "Pulmonary Function". EOSQ-24 domains showed significant convergent validity with SRS-22r (Spearman's rho 0.5 to 0.8) and the EQ-5D (Spearman's rho -0.6 to -0.8). Stepwise regression showed lower scores for patients with neuromuscular scoliosis, indicating sensitivity for scoliosis etiology. The Swedish EOSQ-24 is a valid, disease-specific questionnaire with excellent internal consistency suitable for use in a clinical setting. Minor inconsistencies are not unique for the Swedish translation. II.

Adaptation of the Treatment Satisfaction with Medicines Questionnaire (SATMED-Q) to Indonesian for Chronic Diseases Patients

Background: National data indicate an increase in chronic disease prevalence. Therapeutic outcomes need to be assessed based on the aspects of the patient’s psychology, including treatment satisfaction. In Indonesia, no native or cross-culturally adapted treatment satisfaction tool is available and validated for chronic disease patients.Objectives: The study is intended to conduct cross-cultural translation and adaptation of the Treatment Satisfaction with Medicines Questionnaire (SATMED-Q) into Indonesian and to evaluate the questionnaire’s reliability and validity in the Indonesian context.Methods: SATMED-Q translation and adaptation were conducted following a systematic procedure: forward translation, synthesis, backward translation, expert committee review, and pre-testing. The samples were hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at the primary health care center. The internal consistency and known-group validity were analyzed statistically.Results: A total of 45 participants were involved in the research to assess the reliability and validity of the translated questionnaire. Some grammatical changes were made on the forward translation, the back translation, and the expert committee review stage. The major changes were the definition of the Likert-type scale on each domain. The reliability test showed good consistency (Cronbach’s alpha=0.842). Certain factors (gender and working status) showed known group validity, but not the number of antihypertensive or antidiabetic medications. Compared to individuals who took two medications, people who took one medicine indicated less satisfaction with their treatment.Conclusion: The translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the SATMED-Q to Indonesian was satisfactory. The Indonesian version of SATMED-Q was a reliable and valid instrument to assess treatment satisfaction.

The Translation and Cultural Adaptation of LYMPH-Q Upper Extremity Module to the Indonesian Language.

The LYMPH-Q Upper Extremity module is a patient-reported outcome measurement tool developed by the Q-Portfolio team at McMaster University, Canada, and is widely used to determine the health-related quality of life of patients with upper extremity lymphedema. However, the translation of these patient-reported outcome measurement tools to the Indonesian language has not been attempted by any institution. The Indonesian translation of the LYMPH-Q Upper Extremity module was performed according to the International Society of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research guidelines. The steps included forward translation and reconciliation, back translation and review, and cognitive debriefing with cultural adaptation. The respondents in this study were recruited from Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital and the Indonesian LYMPH-Q project community. A total of 2.94% of the forward-translated items were discordant at the reconciliation meeting. During the back translation review, 4 of 102 items were discordant between the original items and the back translation result. This study also emphasized Indonesian respondents' understanding of the translated items, which were influenced by sociodemographics and religious beliefs tailored specifically to Indonesian characteristics. The Indonesian translation of the LYMPH-Q Upper Extremity module has already been conducted according to the International Society of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research guidelines, and future validation studies are necessary.

Initial linguistic and cultural validation of the satisfaction survey for inflatable penile implant (SSIPI) in Spanish.

Initial linguistic and cultural validation of the satisfaction survey for inflatable penile implant (SSIPI) in Spanish.

The Cross-Cultural Validity and Reliability of the Vietnamese Version of the Paediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory.

To translate and investigate the validity and test-retest reliability of the Vietnamese Paediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (vPEDI). The PEDI was translated and adapted following established guidelines, including forward translation, reconciliation and back translation. Content validity was assessed by expert panels, and the Iitem-Content Validity Index (I-CVI), universal Agreement among experts Scale-Content Validity Index (S-CVI/UA) and the Average CVI (S-CVI/Ave) were calculated. The kappa statistics tested the level of agreement among content experts. The face validity was assessed by determining the percentage of each level of the rating of easiness to understand as rated by 32 caregivers. A total of 446 Vietnamese children ages 6-90 months were recruited to assess the normal raw scores by administering the Vietnamese PEDI. From this total, 50 children were evaluated twice within 2 weeks to examine the test-retest reliability of the vPEDI using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland-Altman analysis. The vPEDI required minor modifications to be responsive to the culture and typical daily activities in Vietnam. The I-CVI for all domains was above 0.8. The S-CVI/UA and S-CVI/Ave for clarity and relevance were from 0.78 to 0.98. Face validity ratings indicated high understandability. The test-retest reliability of all domains was excellent with ICCs above 0.93. The vPEDI is a valid and reliable tool for assessing functional abilities in Vietnamese children. Healthcare providers can use the vPEDI to set individual goals and guide intervention strategies for contexts and environments relevant to Vietnam.

Translation and validation of the Turkish version of the Subjective Index of Physical and Social Outcome (SIPSO)

Background & Objectives: Stroke is a disease that causes disability and death all over the world. Evaluation of physical and social outcomes after stroke is important in improving quality of life and well-being. The objective of this study is translating the Subjective Index of Physical and Social Outcome (SIPSO) into Turkish and examining its validity and reliability. Methods: This study used translation and back translation for the scale’s language equivalence and expert opinion for the content validity. An expert panel and 8 individuals with SIPSO evaluated the scale for validity. The scale’s reliability was assessed by internal consistency. Pearson correlation, and test-retest reliability were performed in 111 stroke patients. The scale’s construct validity was tested with confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory factor analysis. Results: The Cronbach’s alpha value was 0.972, and the scale was found to have a high degree of internal consistency. In confirmatory factor analysis, it was confirmed that the scale two factors: “physical and social outcomes”. In the factor analysis, two factors emerged from the scale, and after the confirmatory factor analysis and scale modification, the fit indices of the model were found to provide a good level of validity. The scale is capable of distinguishing between introductory features and the physical and social consequences of stroke. Conclusion: SIPSO Turkish version is a valid and reliable scale that can be used in studies evaluating the physical and social effects of stroke.

Biomechanical evaluation of posterolateral corner reconstruction with suture augmentation in a posterolateral corner and posterior cruciate ligament deficient knee model.

Biomechanical evaluation of posterolateral corner reconstruction with suture augmentation in a posterolateral corner and posterior cruciate ligament deficient knee model.

Adaptation and Implementation of the Global Scales for Early Development (GSED) Tool in Ethiopia.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recently developed the Global Scales for Early Development (GSED) tool to address the lack of a population-level metric for early childhood development globally. This paper describes learning from the first experience with the translation, adaptation, and implementation of the GSED tool in Ethiopia. WHO guidelines were followed to translate and adapt the GSED tool to Amharic. Two Ethiopian child health experts were trained as GSED Master Trainers. The tool was forward translated by two independent translators with previous experience in child development assessment, consensus was obtained, and the back translation was reviewed/approved by the WHO. The GSED app was programmed in Amharic and piloted for 40 children aged 6-36 months, followed by its implementation by trained study nurses in a child development study in Bahir Dar. Minor adaptations were made to terminologies and certain items were rephrased in the short and long forms. Modifications were made to physical objects used in the long form to make the items culturally appropriate and familiar. Local examples were used where necessary. The tool was administered to 364 children aged 6-36 months with an average administration time of 50-60 min. Quality control assessments by master trainers showed high agreement with assessments by trained study nurses throughout the study (average agreement: 91%). This study demonstrated the high acceptability and feasibility of the GSED tools. Local adaptations were required to contextualize the GSED tool for the Ethiopian setting. The preliminary experience with the GSED tool in Ethiopia is positive, with high-competency trained staff and ease of administration.

Urdu Word Sense Disambiguation: Leveraging Contextual Stacked Embedding, Siamese Transformer Encoder 1DCNN-BiLSTM, and Gloss Data Augmentation

Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) in Natural Language Processing (NLP) is crucial for discerning the correct meaning of words with multiple senses in various contexts. Recent advancements in this field, particularly Deep Learning (DL) and sophisticated language models like BERT and GPT, have significantly improved WSD performance. However, challenges persist, especially with languages like Urdu, which are known for their linguistic complexity and limited digital resources compared to English. This study addresses the challenge of advancing WSD in Urdu by developing and applying tailored Data Augmentation (DA) techniques. We introduce an innovative approach, Prompt Engineering with Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG), leveraging GPT-3.5-turbo to generate context-sensitive Gloss Definitions (GD). Additionally, we employ sentence-level and word-level DA techniques, including Back Translation (BT) and Masked Word Prediction (MWP). To enhance sentence understanding, we combine three BERT embedding models: mBERT, mDistilBERT, and Roberta_Urdu, facilitating a more nuanced comprehension of sentences and improving word disambiguation in complex linguistic contexts. Furthermore, we propose a novel network architecture merging Transformer Encoder (TE)-CNN and TE-BiLSTM models with Multi-Head Self-Attention (MHSA), One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (1DCNN), and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM). This architecture is tailored to address polysemy and capture short and long-range dependencies critical for effective WSD in Urdu. Empirical evaluations on Lexical Sample (LS) and All Word (AW) tasks demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, achieving an 88.9% F1 Score on the LS and a 79.2% F1 Score on AW tasks. These results underscore the importance of language-specific approaches and the potential of DA and advanced modeling techniques in overcoming challenges associated with WSD in languages with limited resources.

Reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Nurses Professional Values Scale-3 for nursing students: a methodological study.

This study aimed to adapt the Nurses Professional Values Scale-3 (NPVS-3) for Korean nursing students and assess its reliability and validity. The NPVS-3 was translated into Korean using forward and back translation with expert review. Data from 206 nursing students at four universities were analyzed to assess content, construct, discriminant, and criterion validity, as well as internal consistency. The Korean version (NPVS-3K) consisted of 21 items in three subscales: caring (eight items), activism (eight items), and professionalism (five items), explaining 60.9% of the total variance. For convergent validity, standardized coefficients for the items ranged from .56 to .81, construct reliability ranged from .89 to .95, and the average variance extracted ranged from .61 to .72. The model was validated by confirmatory factor analysis (χ2=526.00 [p<.001], χ2/degrees of freedom=2.83, standardized root mean residual=.03, goodness of fit index=.81, comparative fit index=.87, Turker Lewis index=.85). Discriminant validity was confirmed using a multi-trait and multi-item matrix. Criterion validity showed positive correlations between the three NPVS-3K factors and professional identity (factor 1: r=.40, p<.001; factor 2: r=.55, p<.001; factor 3: r=.43, p<.001). Internal consistency, as measured by Cronbach's α, was .94 overall, with subscale values of .90 for caring, .92 for activism, and .78 for professionalism. The NPVS-3K demonstrated satisfactory validity and reliability, establishing it as a valuable tool for assessing the professional values of Korean nursing students. Additionally, it can aid in developing educational strategies to strengthen these values, although further research is required to confirm its broader applicability.

Development and Validation of the Delaying Gratification Inventory in Japanese (DGI‐J)

AbstractWe often face situations requiring us to exert self‐control, wherein we set goals and invest plenty of effort in achieving them, but are also disturbed by urges to give in to temptations. Since self‐control is associated with outcomes across various domains, it is important to assess individual domain‐specific differences in self‐control to further understand how it develops and contributes to successful outcomes. The present study aimed to develop and validate the Japanese version of the Delaying Gratification Inventory, a well‐developed measure for assessing one's ability to delay gratification in five domains: food, physical pleasures, social interactions, money, and achievement. We created the Delaying Gratification Inventory in Japanese (DGI‐J) using back translation. We conducted surveys to test its validity using two discrete samples: crowd‐workers and university students. Our results showed that the DGI‐J is a valid measure for assessing self‐control in the abovementioned domains, except for the internal consistency for the Physical subscale. We also created a 10‐item short form of the DGI‐J from an item‐response theory perspective and tested its validity. We discuss how the DGI‐J can contribute to the literature on self‐control.

Feasibility and acceptability of implementing the Global Scales for Early Development (GSED) package for children 0–3 years across three countries

BackgroundTo assess the neurodevelopment of children under three years, a multinational team of subject matter experts (SMEs) led by the World Health Organization (WHO) developed the Global Scales for Early Development (GSED). The measures include (1) a caregiver-reported short form (SF), (2) a directly administered long form (LF), and (3) a caregiver-reported psychosocial form (PF). The feasibility objectives of this study in Bangladesh, Pakistan, and the United Republic of Tanzania were to assess (1) the study implementation processes, including translation, training, reliability testing, and scheduling of visits and (2) the comprehensibility, cultural relevance, and acceptability of the GSED measures and the related GSED tablet-based application (app) for data collection for caregivers, children, and assessors.MethodsIn preparation for a large-scale validation study, we implemented several procedures to ensure that study processes were feasible during the main data collection and that the GSED was culturally appropriate, including translation and back translation of the GSED measures and country-specific training packages on study measures and procedures. Data were collected from at least 32 child-caregiver dyads, stratified by age and sex, in each country. Two methods of collecting inter-rater reliability data were tested: live in-person versus video-based assessment. Each country planned two participant visits: the first to gain consent, assess eligibility, and begin administration of the caregiver-reported GSED SF, PF, and other study measures and the second to administer the GSED LF directly to the child. Feedback on the implementation processes was evaluated by in-country assessors through focus group discussions (FGDs). Feedback on the comprehensibility, relevance, and acceptability of the GSED measures from caregivers was obtained through exit interviews in addition to the FGD of assessors. Additional cognitive interviews were conducted during administration to ensure comprehension and cultural relevance for several GSED PF items.ResultsThe translation-back translation process identified items with words and phrases that were either mistranslated or did not have a literal matching translation in the local languages, requiring rewording or rephrasing. Implementation challenges reiterated the need to develop a more comprehensive training module covering GSED administration and other topics, including the consent process, rapport building, techniques for maintaining privacy and preventing distraction, and using didactic and interactive learning modes. Additionally, it suggested some modifications in the order of administration of measures. Assessor/supervisor concurrent scoring of assessments proved to be the most cost-effective and straightforward method for evaluating inter-rater reliability. Administration of measures using the app was considered culturally acceptable and easy to understand by most caregivers and assessors. Some mothers felt anxious about a few GSED LF items assessing motor skills. Additionally, some objects from the GSED LF kit (a set of props to test specific skills and behaviors) were unfamiliar to the children, and hence, it took extra time for them to familiarize themselves with the materials and understand the task.ConclusionThis study generated invaluable information regarding the implementation of the GSED, including where improvements should be made and where the administered measures’ comprehensibility, relevance, and acceptability needed revisions. These results have implications both for the main GSED validation study and the broader assessment of children’s development in global settings, providing insights into the opportunities and challenges of assessing young children in diverse cultural settings.

Translation and Cultural Adaptation of the ISTH-Bleeding Assessment Tool to European Portuguese.

A distinctive bleeding history is the first diagnostic stage of congenital hemorrhagic diseases. Furthermore, since it is in fact an assessment of the patient's phenotype, it is not a (mere) complementary diagnostic method or test - it is an integral and intrinsic step to establish the patient's clinical history, which is a medical act. The International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis-Bleeding Assessment Tool (ISTH-BAT) is a standardized bleeding assessment tool used during the diagnostic workup of suspected bleeding disorders. This study aimed to translate and culturally adapt the ISTH-BAT questionnaire to the European Portuguese language. The translation and cultural adaptation were based on the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research Guidelines and initiated after obtaining permission from the authors. The process involved three English to European Portuguese independent forward translations and a back translation. Discrepancies were gradually resolved. A harmonized version was presented to hemophilia patients and hemophilia carriers for cognitive debriefing. The forward and back translations did not produce important discrepancies. However, some issues were identified in the cognitive debriefing, which led to the cultural adaptation of medical terms for better understanding. A formal translation and cultural adaptation process ensures that the new version maintains the same concepts as the original. After translation, several changes were necessary to ensure that the questionnaire was understandable by non-medical patients. We propose a European Portuguese version of the ISTH-BAT, which will require validation in further studies.

Validation of the Japanese version of the Clinical Frailty Scale.

Among the many screening tools developed to detect frailty and disability in older adults, the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) is a valid, reliable, and easy-to-use tool and has been translated into several languages. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the validity of the Japanese version of the CFS (CFS-J). The necessary permissions were obtained from Rockwood and colleagues. The Japanese version was prepared by translation (English to Japanese) and verified by back translation (Japanese to English). Concurrent criterion validity was assessed by evaluating the extent to which CFS relates to the Frailty Index (FI), the Frailty Index based on a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (FI-CGA), and Performance Status (PS), using Kendall's tau. In total, 223 patients admitted to the geriatric ward of an acute hospital between June 2021 and March 2023 were analyzed in the validation study. Mean age was 84.9 ± 5.9 years (range, 67-101 years), 128 (57.4%) were women, and the mean body mass index was 20.9 ± 4.0 kg/m2. In a correlation analysis, significantly positive associations were found between the CFS-J and the FI (r = 0.713, P < 0.001), the FI-CGA (r = 0.691, P < 0.001), and PS (r = 0.669, P < 0.001) for numerical variables. Significant positive associations were also found between the CFS-J and the FI (r = 0.567, P < 0.001) and the FI-CGA (r = 0.591, P < 0.001) for categorical valuables. The CFS-J was found to be a valid instrument for identifying frailty in Japanese inpatients. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2025; 25: 411-417.