Bacillus Coagulans Research Articles

In this research, sesame meal protein hydrolysate (SPH) was obtained from the sesame protein after hydrolysis by Bacillus coagulans. At first, the peptide concentration test was performed at different times to confirm the protease activity of B. coagulans. The chemical composition and total amino acid contents of sesame meal were determined. Fermentation conditions were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed DPPH radical scavenging up to 70%, reducing power up to 0.779, and inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus up to 78%, Escherichia coli up to 60%, Listeria monocytogenes up to 80% and Clostridium perfringens up to 85%. The antioxidant activity of the optimal sample was investigated at concentrations ranging from 10 to 50mg/mL. The results demonstrated that 50mg/mL of the SPH had the highest antioxidant activity. Analysis of amino acids by HPLC revealed that glutamic acid and glycine had the highest concentrations, and all essential amino acids were detected. SEM analysis showed smaller heterogeneous particles of protein hydrolysate, which confirmed the hydrolysis process during fermentation. FTIR results showed that different functional groups were formed, which confirmed the hydrolysis of sesame protein. Generally, sesame protein can be a good source in the fermentation system by B. coagulans to produce hydrolysate with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.

Bacillus coagulans can utilize the hydrolyzed carbon source of agricultural waste to produce lactic acid via a homofermentative pathway. However, a significant carbon source metabolic repression effect was observed when the strain metabolized mixed sugars (glucose and xylose), reducing the productivity of lactic acid. In this study, we obtained the fermentation conditions for the simultaneous utilization of the mixed sugars by B. coagulans by changing the ratio of glucose to xylose in the medium. Through transcriptome sequencing, several key genes responsible for xylose utilization were identified. The critical role of xylose isomerase (XylA, EC 5.3.1.5) in the synchronous utilization of glucose/xylose in B. coagulans was investigated via qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction). Subsequently, the heterologous expression and characterization of the XylA-encoding gene (XylA) were conducted. It was determined that the gene encoded a protein composed of 440 amino acid residues. The secondary structure of the encoded protein was predominantly composed of α-helixes and random coils, while the higher structure of the protein was identified as a homotetramer. Then, XylA was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), and the recombinant protein Bc-XlyA was obtained with a molecular weight of approximately 50 kDa. The optimal pH and temperature of Bc-XylA were 8.0 and 60 ℃, respectively, and Mn2+, Mg2+, and Co2+ had positive effects on the activity of Bc-XlyA. The present study provides scientific data on the molecular modification of B. coagulans, offering theoretical support for the efficient utilization of xylose in the strain.

Testing the Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotic Bacillus coagulans SNZ 1969® in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Attenuation of rotenone-induced neurodegeneration by Bacillus coagulans supplementation in zebrafish.

Bacillus coagulans is a spore-producing lactic acid bacterium with strong stress resistance. It has been widely used in food preservation, food fermentation, livestock diarrhea prevention, medication-assisted treatment, pollutant removal et al. In the study, a Bacillus coagulans strain with superior inhibition on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Aeromonas hydrophila was screened. Its medium composition and culture conditions were optimized in flasks using single factor experiment, Plackett Burman experiment, minimum addition experiment and response surface analysis experiment. The optimal medium composition was determined to be 14.64 g/L molasses, 0.4848 g/L MgSO4, 0.0833 g/L MnSO4, 1.5 g/L K2HPO4, 0.5 g/L KCl, 8 g/L peptone, and 10 g/L corn syrup dry powder. The optimal culture conditions were 40 °C, initial pH 6.0, inoculation ratio 4%, loading ratio 30%, and rotational speed 140 rpm, and cultivate for 44 h. After feed strategy optimization in 10 L fermenting tank, the concentrations of live bacteria and spores reached 4.63 × 109 CFU/mL and 4.03 × 109 CFU/mL, corresponding to a 14.5-fold and 16.4-fold increase, respectively. This study reduced the production cost of Bacillus coagulans greatly and supply technical support for Bacillus coagulans production.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13568-025-01912-7.

Increase in the rate of generation of household waste (i.e Municipal Solid waste, MSW) in Nigeria necessitated the growing demand for a safe way to dispose MSW. When MSW comes in contact with water, it generates leachates, a poisonous fluid, that are harmful to humans. The use of landfill system for disposal of MSW has been a good approach for waste disposal. This study evaluated the effect of some hydraulic conductivity (H) parameters (i.e void ratio, degree of saturation and microbial suspension) and permeating fluids on the interaction of lateritic soil subjected to varying steps of treatments with Bacillus coagulans (B. coagulans) and subject to leachate environment for landfill application. Soil was mixed with 0 to 2.4 × 109 cells/ml of B. coagulans. After mixing and compaction, Calcium solution was introduced by gravity on the compacted soil samples and were permeated to percolate to a point of partial saturation. After application of Calcium solution, compacted samples were saturated in water for 24 to 48 hours up until fully saturated, thereafter subjected to H test using water as well as leachate as permeating fluids for a period of 91 days. Results show that void ratio values varied in the ranges 0.550-0.471 and 0.481- 0.485 for specimens where water and leachate were used as permeation fluids. Degree of saturation varied meaningfully with permeation fluids. H values varied in the ranges 1.51 x 10-9 -1.71 x 10-9 m/s and 6.84 x 10-10 - 8.27 x 10-10 m/s for specimens where water and leachates were used as permeation fluids. Soil-leachate interaction study and micro structural investigations revealed that the modified soil is well-matched with leachate and met the regulatory H value of 1.0 × 10-9 m/s for used in landfill applications.

Oral mucositis (OM) is a debilitating complication of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, characterized by painful ulcerations and inflammation of the oral mucosa. Current treatments provide limited efficacy and often lack regenerative properties. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of topically administered probiotics in a rat model of OM. OM was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats using 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and acetic acid. Rats were randomized into groups receiving topical formulations of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus reuteri, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus coagulans, Lactobacillus plantarum, sucralfate, triamcinolone, and control. Treatments were applied for 5 consecutive days. OM severity was assessed using macroscopic and histopathological scoring, fibrosis grading, and inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-10, PGE2). L. acidophilus and L. reuteri significantly reduced macroscopic and histopathological OM scores compared to controls. L. acidophilus also demonstrated a notable reduction in fibrosis and PGE2 levels (p < 0.05), suggesting anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic activity. B. clausii and B. coagulans showed moderate efficacy, while sucralfate and triamcinolone reduced mucosal inflammation but were less effective in tissue regeneration. No significant changes in IL-10 were observed across groups. Topically applied probiotics, particularly L. acidophilus, exhibit significant therapeutic potential in attenuating chemotherapy-induced OM by modulating inflammation and promoting mucosal healing. These findings support further exploration of localized probiotic therapies as a novel, non-systemic approach to manage OM in clinical settings.

Bacillus coagulans is a preferred producer for lactic acid, still facing the challenge of poor carbon metabolic flow ability. Here, an engineered B. coagulans strain P14 with improved carbon metabolic flow ability was developed for the first time through heavy ion mutagenesis combined with an enrichment strategy of acetic acid and sodium acetate, showing increased titer, productivity and yield of L-lactic acid compared to the parental strain. Notably, the activities of four enzymes involved in the glycolytic pathway of B. coagulans P14 were also higher. For batch fermentations, the engineered B. coagulans P14 strain showed improved production economy than the parental strain, which can produce 124.6g/L L-lactic acid with a productivity of 7.1g/L/h and a yield of 93% in a 5-L bioreactor under unsterile conditions, showing an increase of 6.0%, 24.3%, and 8.1% compared to the parental strain, respectively. This work showcases a method for rapidly breeding a robust lactic acid-producing strain through heavy ion mutagenesis combined with an enrichment strategy.

Synthetic microbial communities: A new strategy to enhance texture, taste, and flavor attributes of slightly fermented dried bonito.

Heterologous expression of L-lactate dehydrogenase in Chlorella pyrenoidosa: A beginning for poly(L-lactic acid) biosynthesis from CO2 by eukaryotic microalgae.

This study evaluated the effects of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) waste silage (AS) supplemented with or without probiotics (PB; Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Bacillus coagulans) on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and greenhouse gas emissions using two ruminal inocula derived from White Fulani bulls and Red Sokoto bucks. Four White Fulani bulls (400 ± 20kg) and four Red Sokoto bucks (25 ± 5kg) served as rumen inoculum donors. Experimental diets were formulated with varying levels of AS inclusion (0%, 8%, 14%, and 20%), with or without probiotics (0.2 mL/g of diet). The diet was mixed with rumen inoculum to undergo fermentation. Total gas emissions were measured at 2, 4, 6, 24, 26, 28, 30, and 48h of fermentation using a manometer for total gas production and a portable gas detector for methane (CH₄), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). The pH levels were assessed using a potentiometer, while fermentation characteristics were determined using standard formulae. The inclusion of AS and PB significantly (P < 0.01) increased gas production rates and short-chain fatty acid production. AS alone increased pH, while PB inclusion tended to reduce pH in bulls, likely due to enhanced fermentation acidification. Asymptotic CH₄ production decreased (P < 0.0001) with increasing AS levels and probiotic supplementation. While probiotic inclusion reduced CO emissions, AS had no effect. Higher AS levels significantly (P < 0.0001) reduced H₂S production, with probiotics yielding the lowest H₂S values in both inocula. Probiotic supplementation also enhanced (P < 0.0001) dry matter digestibility and metabolizable energy, with the highest values observed at 20% AS inclusion. In conclusion, the inclusion of African catfish waste silage and probiotics (L. plantarum and B. coagulans) in ruminant diets reduced greenhouse gas emissions while improving rumen fermentation characteristics.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and mechanistic underpinnings of live Bacillus coagulans tablets in accelerating recovery of intestinal function after gynecologic laparoscopic surgery.MethodsA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial included 115 patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopy, assigned to placebo control (PC, n = 39), conventional dose (CD, n = 38), and high dose (HD, n = 38) groups. Clinical recovery was assessed by timing of first postoperative bowel movement and gastrointestinal adverse reactions. Plasma levels of motilin (MTL) and serotonin (5-HT) were measured using ELISA. Plasma metabolite profiles were analyzed via metabolomics to elucidate treatment-related metabolic pathways.ResultsTreatment groups (CD and HD) exhibited significantly reduced time to first postoperative defecation and fewer gastrointestinal adverse reactions compared to PC (P < 0.05), without significant differences between CD and HD groups. Plasma MTL and 5-HT levels significantly increased postoperatively in the treatment groups compared with PC (P < 0.05), without dose-dependent differences. Metabolomics identified 50 and 73 differential metabolites in CD and HD groups post-treatment, respectively, enriched mainly in pathways involving tryptophan, tyrosine, histidine, kynurenine, primary bile acids, and short-chain fatty acids.ConclusionLive Bacillus coagulans tablets effectively promoted postoperative intestinal recovery in patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopy. The mechanisms likely involve enhanced secretion of MTL and 5-HT, coupled with regulation of key metabolic pathways including tryptophan, tyrosine, kynurenine, histidine metabolism, primary bile acid synthesis, and SCFA metabolism. This study provides insights into probiotics’ potential to improve postoperative gastrointestinal outcomes.Clinical trial registrationhttps://www.chictr.org.cn/, identifier ChiCTR2400079659.

This study investigated the impact of various storage temperatures on the viability of four commercial probiotic strains: Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA-1) vegetative cells, Bacillus subtilis 1 spores, ProSilience Bacillus subtilis HU58 (HU58) spores, and Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 (BC30) spores. These probiotics were incorporated into cookies and crackers, which were then stored at 25°C, 4°C, and −18°C for 12 months. Evaluations were conducted at eight different time points throughout the storage period. Among the probiotics tested, the B. subtilis spores exhibited the greatest stability, showing < 2 log reductions under all conditions over the 12 months. In contrast, LA-1 cells were the least stable, falling below the minimum therapeutic level for probiotic microorganisms in a food product (106 CFU/g) after just 2 months in crackers and 4 months in cookies. BC30 spores were more sensitive to temperature changes than the other Bacillus strains (B. subtilis 1 and HU58), with > 4 log reductions. This study also revealed that different probiotics have distinct optimal storage conditions. However, storage temperature had no significant effect on the viability of B. subtilis 1 spores, BC30 spores, and LA-1 vegetative cells. In contrast, HU58 spores were notably affected by temperature during the final months of storage. Specifically, samples held at 25°C showed significantly higher log reductions compared to those stored at cooler temperatures, highlighting HU58’s sensitivity to temperature, particularly with longer storage periods. Throughout the storage period, both BC30 spores and LA-1 cells experienced substantial increases in log reductions. Overall, this study highlights the importance of selecting appropriate storage conditions for different probiotic strains to maintain their viability in food products over extended periods.

Heyndrickxia coagulans is the dominant strain in L-lactic acid fermentation. To promote the development of green and low-cost L-lactic acid fermentation processes, it is crucial to understand their solid-state fermentation (SSF) performance in lignocellulose raw materials. This study presents the first whole genome analysis of H. coagulans L-2 (single chromosome, 3.58 Mb, 46.28% GC content) to evaluate its SSF potential using sweet sorghum stalk. COG and KEGG annotations revealed that H. coagulans L-2 metabolizes diverse hexoses and pentoses for L-lactic acid production, and the key enzymatic sequences in carbohydrate metabolism exhibited high similarity with other Heyndrickxia strains. Comparative genomics with ATCC7050 demonstrated 70% genome similarity (2148 collinear CDSs), while L-2 has a more comprehensive carbohydrate metabolism network, especially in pentose metabolism pathways, such as arabinose, mannose, and rhamnose. Through the result of batch solid fermentation, H. coagulans L-2 could promote the re-fermentation of L-lactic acid in silage and reduce heterotypic lactic acid fermentation (lactic acid/ethanol ratio increased from 3.890 to 8.103), which indicated that the strain L-2 played a key role in the SSF of sweet sorghum silage and promoted the production of bio-based materials precursors of sweet sorghum. This study provides a new strategy for the high-value utilization of lignocellulosic biomass.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains as one of the leading causes of human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Dysbiosis in the structure of the gut microbiota resulting in increased abundance of harmful bacteria and decreased beneficial bacteria has been frequently associated with CRC development. Recently, probiotics and their derivatives have received great attention as anticancer agents for prevention and treatment of various cancers. This study aimed to assess the potential effects of probiotic Bacillus coagulans Hammer and its derivatives on induction of apoptosis in human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines in vitro. Cell viability of HT-29 and Caco-2 cells was examined by MTT assay after exposure to varying concentrations of pasteurized and UV-killed B. coagulans Hammer, its extracellular vesicles (EVs), and cell-free supernatant (CFS). The apoptotic effects of different B. coagulans Hammer derivatives on HT-29 and Caco-2 cells were determined by analyzing the expression level of apoptosis-related genes (Bad, Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, Caspase-9) using RT-qPCR assay. Annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometry was performed to assess apoptosis. Protein expression of Bax and Bcl-2 was measured by Western blotting. High concentrations of B. coagulans Hammer derivatives significantly (P < 0.05) reduced viability of HT-29 and Caco-2 cells compared to untreated control. The results of RT-qPCR assay showed significant decrease in the expression level of antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2, and notable increase in the expression level of proapoptotic genes Bax, Bad, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9 in HT-29 and Caco-2 cells by B. coagulans Hammer derivatives. Flow cytometry demonstrated a high percentage of apoptotic HT-29 cells compared to untreated cells after exposure to B. coagulans Hammer derivatives. Western blotting analysis confirmed that treatment with EVs, UV-killed cells, and CFS significantly decreased Bcl-2 expression, and increased Bax expression in HT-29 cells. Our findings suggest that derivatives of probiotic B. coagulans Hammer can exert anticancer activity by induction of apoptosis in colon cancer HT-29 and Caco-2 cells. Further investigations are required to validate the safety and efficacy of B. coagulans Hammer derivatives in CRC prevention and treatment.

High-concentration Mg2+ stress improves L-lactic acid biosynthesis of Bacillus coagulans revealed by combined analysis of transcriptome and metabolome.

To investigate the impacts of dietary Bacillus-based probiotics and yeast-derived prebiotics on the hepatic transcriptome profile, 500 Hisex White laying hens were randomly allotted into five dietary treatments from 37 to 52 weeks of age: control; control + Bacillus subtilis; control + Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis; control + Bacillus coagulans; and control + Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cell wall. Transcriptome analysis revealed a substantial number of differentially expressed genes exclusively between the control and prebiotic groups, identifying 2221 genes (FDR ≤ 0.05), with 980 genes upregulated (log2 fold change 0.69 to 24.62) and 1241 downregulated (log2 fold change -0.74 to -26.46). The top 10 upregulated KEGG pathways included protein export, glycerophospholipid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, cofactor biosynthesis, propanoate metabolism, ABC transporters, 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism, and protein processing within the endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, the most prominently downregulated pathways encompassed fructose and mannose metabolism, hedgehog signaling, PPAR signaling, Notch signaling, GnRH signaling, cell adhesion molecules, cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, apelin signaling, glycosaminoglycan degradation, and RIG-I-like receptor signaling. These findings advance understanding of the hepatic transcriptomic response to yeast-derived prebiotics and identify key molecular pathways that could be targeted to enhance metabolic function in laying hens.

Alcohol abuse and alcoholic liver diseases (ALD) are globally prevalent, with alcohol-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis playing a key role in ALD pathogenesis. Synbiotic (combinations of probiotics and prebiotics) are recognized as effective in reducing inflammation in ALD. Bacillus coagulans, a probiotic with favorable industrial and functional traits (e.g., sporulation, lactic acid production), shows potential in treating intestinal diseases. Here, we investigated the effects of B. coagulans, alone or combined with pectin, on ethanol-induced ALD in mice. Synbiotic supplementation (B. coagulans + pectin) more significantly alleviated ethanol-induced ALD severity than B. coagulans or pectin alone. Relative to the ethanol group, synbiotic treatment significantly reduced hepatic inflammatory injury and lipid accumulation, downregulated proinflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, myeloperoxidase [MPO]), and upregulated tight junction proteins and mucins—enhancing intestinal barrier function. Moreover, these supplements modulated gut microbiota composition and enhanced short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production by increasing the abundance of beneficial SCFA-producing bacteria (Muribaculaceae, Akkermansia). In summary, changes in tight junction proteins, cytokines and hepatic injury markers indicate that the synbiotic alleviated overall inflammation in the experimental ALD model and exerted a greater therapeutic effect than B. coagulans or pectin alone.

AI-enabled microscopy is emerging for rapid bacterial classification, yet its utility remains limited in dynamic or resource-limited settings due to imaging variability. This study aims to enhance the generalizability of AI microscopy using domain adaptation techniques. Six bacterial species, including three Gram-positive (Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Listeria innocua) and three Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium), were grown into microcolonies on soft tryptic soy agar plates at 37°C for 3–5 h. Images were acquired under varying microscopy modalities and magnifications. Domain-adversarial neural networks (DANNs) addressed single-target domain variations and multi-DANNs (MDANNs) handled multiple domains simultaneously. EfficientNetV2 backbone provided fine-grained feature extraction suitable for small targets, with few-shot learning enhancing scalability in data-limited domains. The source domain contained 105 images per species (n = 630) collected under optimal conditions (phase contrast, 60 × magnification, 3-h incubation). Target domains introduced variations in modality (brightfield, BF), lower magnification (20 × ), and extended incubation (20x-5h), each with < 5 labeled training images per species (n ≤ 30) and test datasets of 60–90 images. DANNs improved target domain classification accuracy by up to 54.5% for 20 × (34.4% to 88.9%), 43.3% for 20x-5h (40.0% to 83.3%), and 31.7% for BF (43.4% to 73.3%), with minimal accuracy loss in the source domain. MDANNs further improved accuracy in the BF domain from 73.3% to 76.7%. Feature visualizations by Grad-CAM and t-SNE validated the model's ability to learn domain-invariant features across conditions. This study presents a scalable and adaptable framework for bacterial classification, extending the utility of microscopy to decentralized and resource-limited settings where imaging variability often challenges performance.

Background: Oral health significantly impacts overall well-being, particularly among females during hormonal shifts such as adolescence and pregnancy. Functional foods like nutraceutical Gummies / Candy offer a novel adjunctive approach to managing oral health conditions. This study investigates the efficacy of specially formulated Pink smart Gummies / Candy (HETAFU), rich in probiotics, prebiotics, essential oils, and natural sweeteners, in improving specific oral health parameters in females aged 14 years and above. Objective: To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of condition-specific dosing of HETAFU Pink smart Gummies / Candy across eight oral health clusters, including xerostomia, enamel erosion, halitosis, gingivitis, periodontitis, dental caries, pregnancy tumors, and preventive maintenance during pregnancy. Methods: A cluster-randomized interventional study design was employed across eight oral health conditions. A total of 180 female participants aged ≥14 years were enrolled and divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received condition-specific doses of Gummies / Candy over 5–10 days depending on the clinical indication. Each gummy contained: Isomalt, Sugar alcohols (Xylitol, Maltitol, Sorbitol) Prebiotic (FOS), Probiotics (Bacillus coagulans, L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum), Iodized Salt, Acidity Regulators, Essential Oils and natural &amp; nature-identical colors and flavors. Outcomes were assessed using validated indices such as Salivary Flow Rate, Schiff Cold Air Sensitivity Scale, Organoleptic Score, Halimeter readings, Gingival Index, Bleeding Index, Plaque Index, Periodontal Index, Clinical Attachment Level, Caries Activity Test, and OHI-S/CPI. Results: Significant improvements (p &lt; 0.05) were observed across all intervention clusters compared to controls. Participants showed enhanced salivary flow, reduced enamel sensitivity, decreased volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs), reduced gingival inflammation, improved periodontal attachment levels, decreased caries activity, and better oral hygiene status. Pregnancy-specific clusters also demonstrated reduced gingival overgrowth and improved maintenance. Conclusion: HETAFU Pink smart Gummies / Candy offer a promising, non-invasive adjunctive strategy for managing various oral health conditions in females. The use of targeted, cluster-based interventions with nutraceutical Gummies / Candy can enhance standard dental treatments and promote self-care compliance, especially in hormonal or high-risk groups.