B2 Phase Research Articles

The influence of cooling rate on the structure and mechanical properties of Al4CoCrCuFeNi multicomponent alloy

The present study focused on examining the composition, structure, and mechanical properties of an Al4CoCrCuFeNi multicomponent high-entropy alloy. Two states of the alloy, namely as-cast and melt-quenched, were investigated. The composition of the alloy was determined based on established criteria found in literature, which consider factors such as entropy, enthalpy of mixing, valence electron concentration, and atomic size difference of the components. To synthesize the alloy films, a splat-quenching technique was employed, where the films were rapidly cooled from the molten state. The estimated cooling rate of the films was approximately 106 K/s, calculated based on the film thickness. X-ray diffraction analysis was conducted on both the as-cast and melt-quenched Al4CoCrCuFeNi alloy samples, revealing that they exhibited an ordered B2 phase in their structure. The microhardness measurementswere carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties of the alloy. The as-cast alloy displayed a microhardness of 6500 MPa, while the melt-quenched film exhibited a significantly higher microhardness, reaching 9400 MPa.

Study on the Microstructure and Properties of FeCoNiCrAl High-Entropy Alloy Coating Prepared by Laser Cladding-Remelting

Laser remelting technology effectively repairs defects such as pores and cracks in the coating. To investigate the impact of laser remelting on high-entropy alloy coatings, this study used Q235 steel as the substrate and employed laser cladding technology to prepare FeCoNiCrAl high-entropy alloy coatings, followed by laser remelting treatment. The phase composition and microstructure of the coatings were extensively characterized using equipment such as optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the coatings were tested using a multifunctional material surface performance tester, an electrochemical workstation, and SVET (Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique). The results indicate that following laser remelting treatment, the atomic proportion of Fe elements on the coating surface decreased from 33.21% to 26.03%, while the atomic proportion of Al elements increased from 12.56% to 20.31%. The phase composition of the coating underwent a marked transformation, shifting from a structure composed of FCC, A2, and B2 phases to a singular BCC structure characterized by the presence of A2 and B2 phases. Concurrently, the grain morphology on the coating surface transitioned from elongated plate-like grains to equiaxed grains. Laser remelting enhanced the wear resistance of the coating. Laser remelting had no significant impact on the corrosion resistance of the non-cracked regions of the coating.

Expanding the Pressure Frontier in Grüneisen Parameter Measurement: Study of Sodium Chloride.

The Grüneisen parameter (γ) is crucial for determining many thermal properties, including the anharmonic effect, thermostatistics, and equation of state of materials. However, the isentropic adiabatic compression conditions required to measure the Grüneisen parameter under high pressure are difficult to achieve. Thus, direct experimental Grüneisen parameter data in a wide range of pressures is sparse. In this work, we developed a new device that can apply pressure (up to tens of GPa) with an extremely short time of about 0.5ms, confidently achieving isentropic adiabatic compression. Then, we applied our new technique to sodium chloride and measured its Grüneisen parameter, which conforms to previous theoretical predictions. According to our obtained sodium chloride Grüneisen parameters, the calculated Hugoniot curve of the NaCl B1 phase appears up to 20GPa and 960K, which compares very well with the shock compression experimental data by Fritz etal. and other calculation works. Our results suggest that this new method can reliably measure the Grüneisen parameter of even more materials, which is significant for researching the equation of state in substances.

Unraveling solid–liquid phase transition and microstructural coarsening of semi-solid Al0.8Co0.5Cr1.5CuFeNi HEA with dual globules for thixoforming application

Multi-phase HEAs typically have potential of semi-solid processing due to wide semi-solid range. For thixoforming route of semi-solid processing (SSP), the semi-solid billet preparation by semi-solid isothermal heat treatment (SSIT) is one of the most important process steps. This work focuses on the microstructure evolution during SSIT of a semi-solid Al0.8Co0.5Cr1.5CuFeNi HEA with dual globules for thixoforming application. This semi-solid HEA contains BCC(B2), FCC globules and Cu-rich liquid film. Solidified liquid follows K-S, epitaxial orientation relationship withneighboringBCC(B2) and FCC globules. Solutionizing point for B2 phase is higher than roughly 1175 °C, and complete disordering of BCC(B2) globule occurs at 1225 °C. While, FCC globule persists stable disordered solid solution. Solid-liquid phase transition of globules provides liquid film proliferation. CALPHAD simulation on the “hypothetical” alloy system corresponding to component constitution of individual globule successfully forecasted solid–liquid phase transition. Coupling coarsening inhibition effects, including sluggish diffusion in globules, Cu-rich liquid film as inhibitory barrier, heterogeneous globule as obstacle, account for extremely sluggish microstructural coarsening (coarsening rate is only 2.44–11.25 μm3/s). Finally, through forming ofexemplar component, intriguing potential for SSP application in component manufacturing was verified.

Navigating the BCC-B2 refractory alloy space: Stability and thermal processing with Ru-B2 precipitates

Refractory multi-principal element alloys (RMPEAs) could provide next-generation high temperature alloys, but their ductility and high temperature strength need significant improvement. Emulating superalloy γ-γ’ microstructures, RMPEAs combining a ductile BCC matrix with embedded B2 precipitates for strengthening could meet this goal. Two-phase BCC-B2 RMPEAs have recently been demonstrated, but the B2 phase typically exhibits insufficient thermodynamic stability for operating temperatures ≥1300 °C.Using high-throughput CALPHAD predictions, we screen across 3,500 potential BCC-B2 systems. Promising compositions are predicted for alloys combining Ru-based B2s with refractory BCC elements. A total of 20 such compositions were arc-melted to characterize their as-cast and heat-treated microstructures. In these alloys, the RuHf B2 exhibits exceptional stability beyond 1900 °C but cannot be solutionized. By contrast, RuTi does solutionize and reprecipitate between 1300 and 1900 °C, providing a robust thermal processing pathway. RuAl can be solutionized but also tends to form competing intermetallic phases. Altogether, Ru-B2 RMPEAs offer great design flexibility and surpass the stability and thermal processability of previously studied BCC-B2 refractory alloys.

Electrical discharge machinable B4C–(Zr, Ti)B2 composites with enhanced mechanical properties

B4C30 vol% (ZrxTi1-x)B2 (x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8) composites were fabricated via in-situ reaction by spark plasma sintering using B4C, ZrC, TiC and B powders as raw materials at 2000 °C. The effects of the Zr/Ti ratio in the (ZrxTi1-x)B2 phase on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated. The electrical discharge machining performance of the composites was evaluated. The formation of (Zr, Ti)B2 solid solutions was beneficial to fully dense composites with refined grains. The grain size of the (Zr, Ti)B2 phase first gradually decreased from 1.26 µm to 0.89 µm and then increased to 1.23 µm with the decreasing ZrC/TiC molar ratio. The material removal rate was slightly decreased from 6.56 mm3/min to 5.17 mm3/min with the decreasing ZrC/TiC molar ratio. The combined solid-solution and fine-grain strengthening has made the B4C30 vol% (Zr0.2Ti0.8)B2 composite enhanced Vickers hardness, flexural strength, and fracture toughness of 28.31 GPa, 772 MPa, and 6.56 MPa·m1/2, respectively, with a relative density of 99.73%.

Effect of microstructure and temperature on the bulk and small-scale deformation behavior of 2nd and 3rd generation advanced intermetallic TiAl alloys

Advanced intermetallic TiAl alloys have attracted considerable attention as a high-temperature structural material in aerospace and automobile sectors owing to their low density, elevated temperature strength, superior creep, and oxidation resistance. The present study is focused on assessing the effect of alloy composition, heat treatment and microstructural variation on the bulk and small-scale deformation behavior of commercial grade 2nd generation and newly developed 3rd generation TiAl alloys at 25 °C (298 K), 300 °C (573 K), and 500 °C (773 K). Twinning is noted to be the dominant deformation mechanism irrespective of the temperature. The highest yield strength and hardness are noted for the as-cast 3rd generation TiAl alloy owing to the finer microstructure and compositional variation. Heat treatment however modifies the TiAl microstructure significantly resulting to unique bilamellar-biglobular (BLBG) microstructure, devoid of the brittle β0 phase. Consequently, nano twins- and micro twins-induced enhanced deformability is noted for such microstructure, as compared to the as-cast counterparts. Interestingly, an anomalous increase in strength with an increase in temperature is observed for the studied alloys owing to the presence of high-density twins and Kear-Wilsdorf locks. Most importantly, a temperature dependant hardness anomaly is noted in the TiAl alloys that opens new avenues for further research in nanoscale deformation. This piece of research potentially strengthens the understanding of the role of constituent phases and temperature in the deformation behavior of complex TiAl alloys. Twin-induced deformation mechanism noted for the novel BLBG microstructure, can also be valid for different generations of TiAl alloys to achieve enhanced deformability that paves the way for the development of next-generation material.

The Late Bronze Age Somló Hill and a new bronze hoard

In January 2023, the National Institute of Archaeology of the Hungarian National Museum launched a new research programme, the aim of which is to explore Somló Hill (Veszprém County), which has been neglected by systematic field research focusing on the Late Bronze Age (LBA) and Early Iron Age (EIA) inhabitation of the site. In the current phase of the research programme, new, preliminary results have been provided on the settlement history of the site, primarily through a systematic metal detector survey. Based on the discovered metal objects, the south-eastern plateau of Somló Hill was inhabited primarily between the Rei Br C and Ha B2 phases, and life on the settlement was probably continuous during the Hallstatt Culture in EIA. In addition to briefly introducing our preliminary results, one of the four hoards, Hoard II from Somló Hill, is introduced. This assemblage was found by Győző Csaba Budai, a volunteer, on the once-inhabited part of the south-eastern plateau. Owing to his discovery, the in situ hoard was documented in excavation. The hoard consists of a handful of objects belonging to a few people, such as a gouge, six Lovasberény-type bracelets, three bracelets with rolled ends, two lumps, and a pseudo-winged axe. The arrangement and grouping of the objects within the assemblage reflect deliberate selection and deposition. The typo-chronological analysis of the objects from the second hoard of Somló Hill suggests that the assemblage was deposited around the younger LBA phase of the settlement in the Ha B1–Ha B2 phases.

Influence of anelastic recovery on the cyclic creep behavior of AlCoCrFeNi2.1 eutectic high-entropy alloy

The AlCoCrFeNi2.1 eutectic high-entropy alloy (EHEA) is regarded as a promising candidate for structural materials in high-temperature equipment, which may experience the cyclic creep and anelastic recovery caused by low-frequency peak-shaving loading. To investigate the influence of anelastic recovery on the microstructure and cyclic creep behavior of AlCoCrFeNi2.1 EHEA, the stress-varying (SV) tests at 800 °C are conducted to introduce the anelastic strain for comparison with the stress-constant (SC) test. The results show that the steady-state creep rate (SSCR) is accelerated with the increase in the cyclic-creep cycle and valley stress in SV tests. The anelastic recovery happened during the valley-stress holding (VSH) stage significantly alters the microstructure in the B2 phase of EHEA under SV conditions. This anelastic-recovery-related microstructural evolution is subsequently elucidated on the basis of back stress theory. Finally, the influence of microstructural evolution on the cyclic creep behaviour is revealed. The findings obtained will enhance the comprehension of high-temperature deformation mechanism of dual-phase EHEAs.

Microstructure dependence of electrochemical corrosion resistance for rapidly solidified Ti50Al48Mo2 alloy

The rapid solidification of undercooled liquid Ti50Al48Mo2 alloy was achieved by the electromagnetic levitation (EML) technique. At small and medium undercoolings, primary (βTi) dendrite reacted with surrounding liquid to drive a peritectic transformation into the (αTi) phase. The solutal Mo and Al segregations were located within the dendrite center and the grain boundary during peritectic transformation, consequently B2 phase in the dendrite center and γ phase at the grain boundary formed. Once undercooling exceeded 253 K, the peritectic transformation was completely inhibited, and the formation of the B2 phase and γ phase was completely suppressed. The ultrafine eutectoid structure was formed and a complete solute trapping effect was realized. Homogeneous solute distribution facilitated the formation of thicker passivation film with lower defect density and higher film resistance on the alloy surface. Moreover, this weakened micro-galvanic effect reduced the susceptibility to pitting corrosion, and consequently the corrosion resistance of the alloy was improved.

High strength and ductility eutectic high entropy alloy with unique core-shell structure

The as-printed AlCoCrFeNi2.1 eutectic high entropy alloys (EHEAs) alloys were manufactured from pre-alloy powders by selective laser melting (SLM) technology. The microstructure, mechanical properties and unique FCC-B2 core-shell structures of as-printed alloys were examined in detail. There are no obvious cracks, pores or defects found in as-printed alloys, and the highest relative density is more than 99.5%, showing an excellent metallurgical combination between contiguous melted layers. The as-printed alloys are consisted of FCC and B2 phases, presenting typical fish scale structures, which contain ultra-fine cellular and columnar structures, and exhibiting preferred orientation. Meanwhile, the ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the as-printed alloy manufactured by the optimum parameters are 1159.4 MPa and 29.0%, respectively. It is believed that the ultra-fine grains and unique FCC-B2 core-shell structures formed during the SLM should be responsible for such outstanding mechanical properties. In addition, the edge dislocations at the interface formed due to thermal stress are observed, while the dislocation motion has been hindered by the unique FCC-B2 core-shell structures, thereby achieving a positive combination between ductility and strength. A certain theoretical analysis value and experimental references have been provided in this work for the further application of EHEAs in additive manufacturing.

Electronic structure, optical and elastic properties of Si doped Strontium Selenide: A theoretical investigation

The structural, electronic, optical, and elastic properties of Silicon doped Strontium Selenide binary and ternary semiconductor alloys with the general form of Sr(1-x)SixSe, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 in B1 and B3 phases have been figured adopting augmented plane wave plus local orbital methods within density functional theory, Structural properties summarize the crystal structure, relevant atomic positions, lattice constant, bulk modulus minimum energy E0 and minimum volume V0. Elastic constants conform to the structure stability of the B1 and B3 phases. Band gap is found to shift from indirect to direct and in some materials with initial direct band gap, the gap width increased which increased the range of applicability of these binary and ternary semiconductor compounds. Whereas optical properties which include the study of zero frequency limit of static dielectric constant ε0(ω) with its real and imaginary parts, static refractive index n(0), optical reflectivity (R), optical absorption coefficient (α), and loss function (L) studied comprehensively to get real electrical and optical properties of these materials and give semiconductor market best alternative candidate which shows its effectiveness in the visible, ultraviolet and infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The obtained results were compared together and with the available experimental along with theoretical work on these binary and ternary Silicon doped Alkaline earth chalcogenides.

Lightweight Al3Ti-based medium-entropy alloys with well-balanced strength and ductility

The lightweight Al3Ti intermetallic compound shows superior properties at elevated temperatures but its room-temperature brittleness largely limits its usefulness. We propose Al3Ti-based lightweight medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) with selected alloying elements, which change Al3Ti from a tetragonal D022 structure to a ductile cubic L12 one with embedded hard B2 and D8a phases. A combination of improved ductility and strength can be achieved. Four lightweight AlTiCrMnFeCu MEAs (ρ=3.65∼4.27 g/cm3) with tunable balance between hardness and ductility were fabricated. Ti and Fe promoted the formation of hard B2 phase, while Cr and Mn favored the formation of D8a phase which strengthened the alloy at the minor expense of ductility. The compressive yield and peak strengths of the MEAs e.g., Al55Ti20Cr5Mn10Fe5Cu5, can reach as high as 650 MPa and 1366 MPa, respectively, with its fracture strain around 17 %. This study provides useful information for designing Al3Ti-based lightweight MEAs with desirable properties.

Elastocaloric Effect and Magnetic Properties of Cu–Al–Mn Shape Memory Alloy

Herein, the magnetic properties and elastocaloric effects of Cu70Al19 + 0.5xMn11−0.5x (x = 0, 1, 2, 3) alloys are investigated. The resistance versus temperature curves indicate that the phase transition temperature increases as the Mn content decreases. In particular, the Cu70Al20.5Mn9.5 alloy exhibits a phase transition temperature close to room temperature. Therefore, the elastocaloric effects of this alloy are examined under stresses ranging from 200 to 500 MPa. The results show that the adiabatic temperature change of the alloy under a stress of 500 MPa reaches 9.8 K. Furthermore, the magnetization curves at 300 K reveal that the magnetic properties of the alloy significantly improve after undergoing low‐temperature aging treatment. The X‐ray diffraction patterns show that this improvement can be attributed to the transformation of the β1 phase to the ferromagnetic phase β3. Overall, the Cu70Al20.5Mn9.5 alloy demonstrates elastocaloric and magnetic properties comparable to those observed in certain Ni–Mn‐based alloys.

Phase equilibria, thermodynamic assessment, and the mechanical property of B2 phase of the Al-Ga-Ni ternary system

Ni-based alloys, known for their exceptional mechanical properties and high corrosion resistance in harsh environments, are extensively utilized in gas-turbine engines for propulsion and energy generation. Of particular interests are the L12-Ni3Al and B2-NiAl phases in Al-Ni alloy, which can be the strengthening phases for superalloy and high temperature structural materials, respectively. After Ga addition in the Al-Ni system, these promising intermetallic compounds form a continuous compositional range encompassing the L12-Ni3(Al, Ga) and B2-Ni(Al, Ga) phases. They exhibited distinct mechanical properties contingent on the ratio of Al to Ga. Additionally, Ni and Al are the commonly used substrates in the electronic package and Ga has been used as a filler material for interconnection. Hence, the Al-Ga-Ni phase equilibria are of practical importance for designing L12-Ni3(Al, Ga) and/or B2-Ni(Al, Ga) phase-dispersed Ni-based alloys as well as for evaluating interfacial reactions in the Al/Ga/Ni contacts. However, the Al-Ga-Ni ternary system remains relatively unexplored. In this study, Al-Ga-Ni isothermal sections at 600 (Ni-lean), 900, and 1000 (Ni-rich) °C were experimentally constructed based on equilibrated alloys. Additionally, a CALPHAD-type thermodynamic assessment for the Al-Ga-Ni ternary system was comprehensively performed based on all available experimental information. Furthermore, the Young's modulus and hardness of four B2-Al(Ga, Ni) compounds were determined, revealing that the addition of Ga to B2-NiAl phase would lead to a significant decrease in Young's modulus but a notable enhancement in hardness.

Study of subsurface damage during nano-grinding of B3-GaN using molecular dynamics simulations

The mechanism of subsurface damage formation during zinc blende gallium nitride (B3-GaN) nano-grinding was investigated using molecular dynamics (MD). The effects of grinding depth and abrasive radius on the grinding force, temperature, potential energy, phase transition, dislocations, the average coefficient of friction (COF), material removal rate (MRR) and subsurface damage were systematically investigated. The results show that dislocations, amorphization and wurtzite (B4) phase transitions are the primary defects present in the subsurface damage layer. Dislocation nucleation and proliferation are the main mechanisms aggravating the subsurface damage, and the 1/2<110> perfect dislocation along the <110> slip direction predominates in the dislocation. Grinding forces, temperature, potential energy, amorphous atoms, B4 phase atoms and dislocations increase with increasing grinding depth, exacerbating the subsurface damage of B3-GaN. As the abrasive radius increases, the amorphous atoms increase and then decrease, with the B4 phase atoms gradually reducing. The rest of the above parameters increase gradually, exacerbating the subsurface damage of B3-GaN. Furthermore, a smaller grinding depth and abrasive radius result in better machining accuracy, but decrease MRR. A technical reference for the ultra-precise and low-damage processing of B3-GaN can be provided by this study.

Investigation of the influence of process parameters on crack formation and mechanisms in Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy via laser directed energy deposition

The Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy was fabricated using laser directed energy deposition(LDED), and the impact of various process parameters on the macroscopic crack morphology was analyzed. The mechanism of crack formation was investigated through the analysis of crack microstructure, phase composition, crystal orientation, and elemental composition. The process parameters were optimized by response surface methodology(RSM) and the laser remelting method was used to suppress the crack formation. The results showed that the cracks were mainly caused by lack of fusion, residual stress during LDED and stress between different phases of TiAl alloy. The mismatch of process parameters results in insufficient energy for powder melting, ultimately leading to lack of fusion occurrence. To minimize crack formation, the response surface method was employed to optimize process parameters and reduce crack generation. The higher temperature gradient led to the existence of residual stress in the sample, and the higher stress between α 2 phase and B2 phase formed in the deposition process due to the difference of thermal expansion coefficients. The region where the two phases converge was the region with the highest crack sensitivity, and cracks occured in the region where α 2 phase and B2 phase converge in the form of excellent transgranular fracture. The samples prepared by using the optimized parameters can effectively restrain the cracks caused by lack of fusion, but can not restrain the cracks caused by the stress between phases. Laser remelting after LDED can not only reduce the temperature gradient and residual stress, but also remelt the unmelted powder on the surface of the as-deposited samples, effectively inhibiting the generation of cracks, and preparing crack-free samples.

Phase-Specific Damage Tolerance of a Eutectic High Entropy Alloy.

Phase-specific damage tolerance was investigated for the AlCoCrFeNi2.1 high entropy alloy with a lamellar microstructure of L12 and B2 phases. A microcantilever bending technique was utilized with notches milled in each of the two phases as well as at the phase boundary. The L12 phase exhibited superior bending strength, strain hardening, and plastic deformation, while the B2 phase showed limited damage tolerance during bending due to micro-crack formation. The dimensionalized stiffness (DS) of the L12 phase cantilevers were relatively constant, indicating strain hardening followed by increase in stiffness at the later stages and, therefore, indicating plastic failure. In contrast, the B2 phase cantilevers showed a continuous drop in stiffness, indicating crack propagation. Distinct differences in micro-scale deformation mechanisms were reflected in post-compression fractography, with L12-phase cantilevers showing typical characteristics of ductile failure, including the activation of multiple slip planes, shear lips at the notch edge, and tearing inside the notch versus quasi-cleavage fracture with cleavage facets and a river pattern on the fracture surface for the B2-phase cantilevers.

Assessing wear and corrosion in oxide reinforced AlCrFeNi high entropy alloy fabricated via field assisted sintering technique

AlCrFeNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) reinforced with 4%wt TiO2 was fabricated through mechanical alloying (MA) followed by Field Assisted Sintering Technique (FAST) at 1100 °C temperature, 50 MPa pressure and 10 mins holding time, with subsequent investigation into FAST-induced powder deformation, microstructure, wear, and corrosion properties. TiO2 slowed down powder deformation during FAST of the AlCrFeNi, reducing density by 0.8%. The microstructure consisted of (Fe, Cr)-enriched BCC and (Al, Ni)-rich B2 phases, with the even distribution of a dark TiO2 phase in the AlCrFeNi HEA. The composite exhibited enhanced properties, including a high indentation resistance of 679 HV. The resistance to corrosion of the AlCrFeNi-TiO2 composite exhibited a substantial enhancement, as evidenced by a significant reduction in the corrosion current density (Icorr). Additionally, the wear tests unveiled improved tribological behavior in the composite, characterized by reduced friction coefficients (CoF) and wear rates. The wear mechanism was abrasive in the alloy and adhesive in the composite.

Unexpected spinodal decomposition in as-cast eutectic high entropy alloy Al30Co10Cr30Fe15Ni15

By integrating calculation of phase diagram (CALPHAD) simulations, ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) and experimental validation, we shed light on the unexpected spinodal decomposition in as-cast Al30Co10Cr30Fe15Ni15 alloy, as opposed to the eutectic BCC/B2 microstructure predicted by CALPHAD. We showed that the eutectic high entropy alloy (EHEA) and spinodal decomposition (SD) may be correlated with each other. A shift from as-cast EHEA to SD can be triggered by the strong short-range ordering in the EHEA liquid phase and high configuration entropy of the metastable phase. CALPHAD showed that the low eutectic temperature of Al30Co10Cr30Fe15Ni15 alloy is stabilized by the short-range and topological ordering (SRO), rendering a small undercooling ΔT for partitionless solidification of the metastable B2 phase. AIMD calculations showed that the particular metastable-like liquid preordering might reduce interface energy between the eutectic liquid and saturated B2, facilitating metastable saturated phase formation even with a small undercooling and suppressing the eutectic reaction. The single B2 phase might have solidified in the spinodal region of the phase diagram resulting in a shift from as-cast EHEA to SD. The interplay between SD and EHEAs presents an alternative route to explore spinodal HEAs by simple as-casted samples without lengthy heat treatments for homogenization.