Axisymmetric Structures Research Articles

Planet–Disk Interaction in Disks with Cooling: Basic Theory

Abstract Gravitational coupling between young planets and their parent disks is often explored using numerical simulations, which typically treat the disk thermodynamics in a highly simplified manner. In particular, many studies adopt the locally isothermal approximation, in which the disk temperature is a fixed function of the stellocentric distance. We explore the dynamics of planet-driven density waves in disks with more general thermodynamics, in which the temperature is relaxed toward an equilibrium profile on a finite cooling timescale t c. We use both linear perturbation theory and direct numerical simulations to examine the global structure of density waves launched by planets in such disks. A key diagnostic used in this study is the behavior of the wave angular momentum flux (AMF), which directly determines the evolution of the underlying disk. The AMF of free waves is constant for slowly cooling (adiabatic) disks but scales with the disk temperature for rapidly cooling (and locally isothermal) disks. However, cooling must be extremely fast, with β = Ωt c ≲ 10−3 for the locally isothermal approximation to provide a good description of density wave dynamics in the linear regime (relaxing to β ≲ 10−2 when nonlinear effects are important). For intermediate cooling timescales, density waves are subject to a strong linear damping. This modifies the appearance of planet-driven spiral arms and the characteristics of axisymmetric structures produced by massive planets: in disks with β ≈ 0.1–1, a near-thermal mass planet opens only a single wide gap around its orbit, in contrast to the several narrow gaps produced when cooling is either faster or slower.

Origin of Batch Hydrothermal Fluid Behavior and Its Influence on Nanomaterial Synthesis

Summary Batch hydrothermal reactor is known as a closed system, and what happens in this “black box” is mysterious. Now, by using the tendency of graphene oxide (GO) to align along the flow and the fixation effect of thermoset resin, the hydrothermal annular convection can be inferred from the axisymmetric poloidal structure and GO-assembled annular distribution. Temperature difference and geometric symmetricity of the reactor account for the annular convection, which is also found to be affected by solution viscosity and reactor parameters. Numerical simulations reproduce the annular convection and are used to investigate the parameter space beyond experiments. Plume flows occur at the bottom of the reactor due to flow instability. Irregular and intensive flow is against the synthesis of high-aspect-ratio nanomaterials and monolithic gels. It is noteworthy that large-scale batch hydrothermal synthesis may not be feasible for some nanowires, nanosheets, and particularly gels due to the non-negligible flow influence.

INVESTIGATION OF THE EVOLUTION EQUATIONS OF THE AXISYMMETRIC BODY WITH

In this article we consider mutually gravitating non-stationary two bodies: first body is «central», it is a sphere with a spherical density distribution, the second body is «satellite», which has an axisymmetric dynamic structure and form. Newtonian force interaction is characterized by an approximate expression of the force function, which takes into account the second harmonic. The differential equation of translational-rotational motion of the axisymmetric body is derived with variable mass and variable size in a relative coordinate system. The axes of the own coordinate system for nonstationary two bodies coincides with the main axes of inertia and this position remains unchanged during evolution. The mass of bodies are varied isotropically in the different rates. The problem is investigated by methods perturbation theory. The equations of secular perturbations of translational-rotational motion of satellite are deduced in the analogues osculating elements Delaunay-Andoyer. The solutions of the differential equations of the perturbed motion are obtained by the numerical method and the graphs are constructed using the Wolfram Mathematica package.

HD 117214 debris disk: scattered-light images and constraints on the presence of planets

Context. Young stars with debris disks are the most promising targets for an exoplanet search because debris indicate a successful formation of planetary bodies. Debris disks can be shaped by planets into ring structures that give valuable indications on the presence and location of planets in the disk. Aims. We performed observations of the Sco-Cen F star HD 117214 to search for planetary companions and to characterize the debris disk structure. Methods. HD 117214 was observed with the SPHERE subsystems IRDIS, IFS, and ZIMPOL at optical and near-IR wavelengths using angular and polarimetric differential imaging techniques. This provided the first images of scattered light from the debris disk with the highest spatial resolution of 25 mas and an inner working angle <0.1″. With the observations with IRDIS and IFS we derived detection limits for substellar companions. The geometrical parameters of the detected disk were constrained by fitting 3D models for the scattering of an optically thin dust disk. Investigating the possible origin of the disk gap, we introduced putative planets therein and modeled the planet–disk and planet–planet dynamical interactions. The obtained planetary architectures were compared with the detection limit curves. Results. The debris disk has an axisymmetric ring structure with a radius of 0.42(±0.01)″ or ~45 au and an inclination of 71(±2.5)° and exhibits a 0.4″ (~40 au) wide inner cavity. From the polarimetric data, we derive a polarized flux contrast for the disk of (Fpol)disk/F∗ = (3.1 ± 1.2) × 10−4 in the RI band. Conclusions. The fractional scattered polarized flux of the disk is eight times lower than the fractional IR flux excess. This ratio is similar to the one obtained for the debris disk HIP 79977, indicating that dust radiation properties are similar for these two disks. Inside the disk cavity we achieve high-sensitivity limits on planetary companions with a mass down to ~4 MJ at projected radial separations between 0.2″ and 0.4″. We can exclude stellar companions at a radial separation larger than 75 mas from the star.

An Observational Study of the Symmetric Boundary Layer Structure and Tropical Cyclone Intensity

This study analyses Global Positioning System dropsondes to document the axisymmetric tropical cyclone (TC) boundary-layer structure, based on storm intensity. A total of 2608 dropsondes from 42 named TCs in the Atlantic basin from 1998 to 2017 are used in the composite analyses. The results show that the axisymmetric inflow layer depth, the height of maximum tangential wind speed, and the thermodynamic mixed layer depth are all shallower in more intense TCs. The results also show that more intense TCs tend to have a deep layer of the near-saturated air inside the radius of maximum wind speed (RMW). The magnitude of the radial gradient of equivalent potential temperature (θe) near the RMW correlates positively with storm intensity. Above the inflow layer, composite structures of TCs with different intensities all possess a ring of anomalously cool temperatures surrounding the warm-core, with the magnitude of the warm-core anomaly proportional to TC intensity. The boundary layer composites presented here provide a climatology of how axisymmetric TC boundary layer structure changes with intensity.

Impact of Tropical Cyclone Initialization on Its Convection Development and Intensity: A Case Study of Typhoon Megi (2010)

AbstractThis study investigates the impact of tropical cyclone (TC) initialization methods on TC intensity prediction under a framework coupling the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with the TC Centered-Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (WRF TCC-LETKF). While the TC environments are constrained by assimilating the same environmental observations, two different initialization strategies, assimilating real dropsonde observations (the DP experiment) and synthetic axisymmetric surface wind structure (the VT experiment), are employed to construct the TC inner-core structure. These two experiments have distinct results on predicting the rapid intensification (RI) of Typhoon Megi (2010), which can be attributed to their different convective burst (CB) development. In DP, the assimilation of the dropsondes helps establish a realistic TC structure with asymmetry information, leading to scattered CB distribution and persistent RI with abundant moisture supply. In VT, assimilating the axisymmetric surface wind structure spins up the TC efficiently. However, the initially excessive CB coverage causes a too-early high-level warm core, and the reduced moisture supply hinders RI. The forecast results imply that if the TC structure is initialized using a scheme considering only the axisymmetric vortex structure, the RI potential can possibly be underestimated due to the inability to represent the realistic asymmetric structure. Finally, assimilation of both the real and synthetic data can be complementary, giving a strong TC initially that undergoes a longer RI period.

Spectral evidence of an accretion disc in wind-fed X-ray pulsar Vela X-1 during an unusual spin-up period

ABSTRACT In classical supergiant X-ray binaries (SgXBs), the Bondi–Hoyle–Lyttleton wind accretion was usually assumed, and the angular momentum transport to the accretors is inefficient. The observed spin-up/spin-down behaviour of the neutron star in SgXBs is not well understood. In this paper, we report an extended low state of Vela X-1 (at orbital phases 0.16–0.2), lasting for at least 30 ks, observed with Chandra during the onset of an unusual spin-up period. During this low state, the continuum fluxes dropped by a factor of 10 compared to the preceding flare period, and the continuum pulsation almost disappeared. Meanwhile, the Fe K α fluxes of the low state were similar to the preceding flare period, leading to an Fe K α equivalent width (EW) of 0.6 keV, as high as the Fe K α EW during the eclipse phase of Vela X-1. Both the pulsation cessation and the high Fe K α EW indicate an axisymmetric structure with a column density larger than 1024 cm−2 on a spatial scale of the accretion radius of Vela X-1. These phenomena are consistent with the existence of an accretion disc that leads to the following spin-up of Vela X-1. It indicates that disc accretion, although not always, does occur in classical wind-fed SgXBs.

Natural element method for axisymmetric elastoplasticproblems

Based on the meshless natural element method and incremental theory of plasticity, a new algorithm for elastoplastic analysis of a symmetric structure is put forward. The meshless method is a recently developed numerical method, which only requires the nodal information and can effectively overcome the difficulties brought about by the meshes. As widely known, conventional meshfree methods suffer from the numerical difficulties in dealing with the essential boundary conditions. Differing from most of meshfree methods, the natural element method (NEM) is a Galerkin-based meshless method that is built upon the notion of the natural neighbor interpolation. It is noteworthy that, there are two natural neighbor interpolants: Natural neighbor-based Sibson interpolation and Laplace interpolation (non-Sibsonian interpolation). The interpolation relies on the concepts of Delaunay triangulations and Dirichlet tessellations of a set of nodes to build the shape function. Compared with the moving least squares approximation widely used in many meshless methods, the natural neighbor interpolation does not involve complex matrix inversion, needs no artificial parameter but can improve the computational efficiency. Because the constructed shape functions from the natural neighbor interpolation possess the Kronecker delta function property, the essential boundary conditions can be imposed accurately without any special techniques. Meanwhile, the NEM does not require extra efforts to generate the background because it utilizes a set of Delaunay triangles, which are automatically identified in process of the basis function definition, as its background cell. Therefore, the NEM is a most promising numerical method which can be widely applied to nonlinear analysis of materials, three-dimensional calculation and large deformation problems. Generally, plasticity would make many projects more reasonable, and would fully utilize intensity potentially of structures. The NEM has been successfully used to solve elastoplastic problems of plane structures. In the present work, the NEM is applied to elastoplastic analysis of axisymmetric structures. Firstly, a brief description of the rudiments of Voronoi diagrams and Delaunay triangles in the context of natural neighbor interpolation is delineated. The basic principle of Sibson natural neighbor interpolation approach is also presented. A three-dimensional axisymmetric structure is created by the rotation of the cross section around the axis of symmetry and a set of properly scattered nodes within the cross section are employed. In the analysis of elastoplastic problems, the increments of stress and strain for axisymmetric problems are utilized to characterize the elastoplastic constitutive relationship. Owing to the nonlinear nature of plastic deformation, the computation at each load step employs an iterative solution method, either the Newton-Raphson method or the modified Newton-Raphson method. In order to reduce the expensive operations of stiffness matrix evaluation and factorization, the modified Newton-Raphson method with initial elastic stiffness matrix is adopted in the paper. The tangent predictor-radial return algorithm is applied to integrate the constitutive equations. The elastoplastic analyses of two classical axisymmetric structures have been successfully carried out and the fact that the present results show a good agreement with the analytical solutions demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method for axisymmetric elastoplastic analyses.

Pitch Effect of Helical Coils of Electromagnetic Forming

At present, solenoid (helical) coils are widely used in various researches, especially electromagnetic forming (EMF), due to their advantages of simple manufacture and high magnetic field strength. However, in the study of EMF, there are still some defects in the high precision calculation of solenoid coils in the magnetic field the main reason is that the solenoid coil is of non-axisymmetric structure, which is generally equivalent to the 2-D or 3-D axisymmetric structure in practical research. Not only can it ignore the effect of the pitch effect of the solenoid coil, but also causes a certain deviation in the calculation of the magnetic field. Hence, this paper establishes 5 helical coils and 3-D axisymmetric finite element coils models with different layers for comparative analysis. The simulation results show that the magnetic flux density distribution deviation of helical coil and the 3-D axisymmetric coil is small and can be ignored when the coil layers are 1 or 2 layers. However, the number of linear circles increasing, the deviation between the two increases obviously. Therefore, in the study of EMF, the effect of solenoid coil pitch effect on magnetic field calculation can be ignored when the layers, radius and pitch of helical coils are used less whereas the effect of solenoid coil pitch effect on magnetic field calculation must be considered when the layers, radius and pitch of helical coils are used more.

Development of an Algorithm to Suppress Frequency Splitting of an Axisymmetric Resonator of a Wave Solid-State Gyroscope with Optical Detection

This paper describes a mode of functioning of a wave solid-state gyroscope with a quartz resonator used as a sensing element. The components of the gyroscope errors are considered, associated with mass distribution inhomogeneity in the resonator with an axisymmetric structure, vibrations of the gyroscope base, defects in resonator excitation systems, and inaccuracies in the installation of electrodes to receive information about the resonator micromotion. Sources of these errors cause the splitting of the natural frequency of the resonator. The greatest influence on the gyroscope accuracy is exerted by an error due to inhomogeneity of the mass distribution in the resonator. To reduce this error, we propose to use compensatory impact on the gyroscope, produced in the electronic balancing unit and based on the analysis of the gyroscope output signals. An algorithm to operate this unit has been developed and studied, which enables us to increase the accuracy of gyroscope measurements.

Honeycomb-Like Disk Resonator Gyroscope

In this paper, we report a novel honeycomb-like disk resonator gyroscope (HDRG) and its comprehensive test results. HDRG inherits many advantages from traditional nested-ring disk resonator such as axisymmetric structure and huge capacitive area. In addition, HDRG owns unique characteristics and potentials due to its topology structure, namely, higher immunity to fabrication errors, better resonant mode consistency and better inner electrode arrangement. This new design of HDRG is based on a tradeoff between performance parameters including quality factor, decaying time constant, effective mass, effective capacitive area, transducer sensitivity and mechanical noise. The characteristics and potentials of HDRG are investigated firstly. Afterwards, the parameter optimization and frame structure optimization of HDRG are investigated. Based on the investigation, a novel HDRG is proposed. A prototype of this design is fabricated and its overall performance is tested. Results show that the quality factor of HDRG increases from 81.1k to 171.6k and the decaying time constant increases from 1.507 s to 6.973 s. The bias instability of the gyroscope reaches 0.11 °/h at room temperature without any compensation, more than eighty times smaller than the former design, exhibiting significant performance improvement. Moreover, ranging from −40 °C to 60 °C, the temperature coefficient of scale factor is 0.188%/ °C, and the maximum variations of zero offset and bias instability over temperature are 40 °/h and 0.12 °/h respectively, showing good robustness to environment disturbance. This new gyroscope has the potential to operate steadily under variable temperature conditions, offering as a new type of MEMS gyroscope with high performance and good robustness.

A Study of Secular Perturbations of Translational-Rotational Motion in a Nonstationary Two-Body Problem Using Computer Algebra

A nonstationary two-body problem is considered such that one of the bodies has a spherically symmetric density distribution and is central, while the other one is a satellite with axisymmetric dynamical structure, shape, and variable oblateness. Newton’s interaction force is characterized by an approximate expression of the force function up to the second harmonic. The body masses vary isotropically at different rates. Equations of motion of the satellite in a relative system of coordinates are derived. The problem is studied by the methods of perturbation theory. Equations of secular perturbations of the translational-rotational motion of the satellite in analogues of Delaunay–Andoyer osculating elements are deduced. All necessary symbolic computations are performed using the Wolfram Mathematica computer algebra system.

Tapered elasticæ as a route for axisymmetric morphing structures

Transforming flat two-dimensional (2D) sheets into three-dimensional (3D) structures by combining carefully made cuts with applied edge-loads has emerged as an exciting manufacturing paradigm in a range of applications from mechanical metamaterials to flexible electronics. In Kirigami, patterns of cuts are introduced that allow solid faces to rotate about each other, deforming in three dimensions whilst remaining planar. In other scenarios, however, the solid elements bend in one direction. In this paper, we model such bending deformations using the formulation of an elastic strip whose thickness and width are tapered (the 'tapered elastica'). We show how this framework can be exploited to design the tapering patterns required to create planar sheets that morph into desired axisymmetric 3D shapes under a combination of horizontal and vertical edge-loads. We exhibit this technique by recreating miniature structures with positive, negative, and variable apparent Gaussian curvatures. With sheets of constant thickness, the resulting morphed shapes may leave gaps between the deformed elements. However, by tapering the thickness of the sheet too, these gaps can be closed, creating tessellated three-dimensional structures. Our theoretical approaches are verified by both numerical simulations and physical experiments.

Ultrathin polarization-insensitive tri-band THz perfect metamaterial absorber

In this paper, an ultrathin and polarization-insensitive THz perfect metamaterial absorber (PMA) was proposed using the traditional sandwiched structure with circular patch resonators on the top layer. The simulated spectrum shows that the proposed PMA has three distinctive absorption peaks at f1 = 0.8 THz, f2 = 2.28 THz and f3 = 3.62 THz, with absorbance of 96.7%, 97.9% and 99.8%, respectively. The electric field distributions of the PMA reveal that the absorption mainly originates from the standing wave resonances between the top and bottom layers. The proposed PMA is polarization insensitive due to its axisymmetric unit cell structure. By adjusting the structure parameters, the resonance frequency, intensity and Q-factor of absorption peak can be tuned effectively. Our design may find potential applications in THz imaging, sensing and signal detection.

The method for determining the amount of interference formed during the assembly of the rim and disk of the wheel of automobile and tractor

The disk-rim system is a complex structure with a variety of properties that have not yet been fully studied. The vehicle wheel is an axisymmetric structure consisting of a rim and a disk for attaching it to the hub. On the one hand, the outer diameter of the disk (flange) is welded around the circumference to the inner diameter of the rim (shelf), forming a rigid one-piece connection. On the other hand, using a bolted connection, the disk is attached to the hub, forming a wheel-hub assembly. The assembly line of the rim and wheel disk of a truck consists of the following technological operations: pressing the disk into the rim, welding the outer seam, welding the inner seam, cleaning the surface from welding spatter, punching the valve hole, curing burrs on the valve hole, and controlling the runout. When pressing the disk into the rim, it is necessary to know the amount of interference, as well as the distribution of radial and tangential stresses. Determining the amount of interference is an urgent task, since this characteristic is fundamental when assembling the rim and wheel disc. It was found that for radial stresses the compression is observed. Its largest value is located at the boundary of the disk and the rim. For tangential stresses the tension is observed. Its largest value is located at the boundary of the disk and the rim. Calculations showed that for a 400 mm wheel disk, a 300 mm wheel rim an elastic modulus is 2∙104 MPa, a force modulus is 600 MPa, an interference fit is 0,0865 mm.

Revisiting the adiabatic approximation for bound states calculation in axisymmetric and asymmetrical quantum structures

Abstract The Schrodinger equation in the effective mass approximation is commonly used to calculate the electronic states confined in low-dimensional semiconductor structures. Three-dimensional calculations are unavoidable in the general case of asymmetrical quantum structures and the solutions are not analytical, thus demanding resource-consuming numerical methods. In particular cases, the formalism may be simplified by several approaches: neglecting the gradient of the effective mass, approximating the confinement potentials by simple functions, and exploiting the symmetries in order to reduce the dimensionality of the equation. Particular approaches rarely lead to full analytical solutions, but often to more-convenient, semi-analytical or numerical calculations. We revisit the adiabatic approach for using the Schrodinger formalism in axisymmetric and asymmetrical quantum dots by discussing its reliability as compared with the direct finite element method. We discuss how the difference between the results obtained from the two methods depends on the shape and the symmetry of the quantum structures. We show that adiabatic approach and direct finite element calculation involve similar levels of complexity and computing resources for axisymmetric quantum dots, while providing larger relative differences for flatter structures. On the contrary, for asymmetrical quantum structures, the adiabatic approximation has clearly an advantage regarding the use of computing resources, yet maintaining a high degree of accuracy.

Natural Vibrations Of Structurally Inhomogeneous Multi-Connected Shell Structures With Viscoelastic Elements

The methods for solving the problems of natural vibrations of structurally inhomogeneous, multi-connected, axisymmetric shell structures based on the hereditary theory of viscoelasticity are given in the paper. Using the basic relations of the hereditary theory of viscoelasticity and asymptotic methods, the problem of natural vibrations of structurally inhomogeneous, multi-connected, axisymmetric shell structures is reduced to the effectively solvable mathematical problem of complex eigenvalues, in which approximate engineering methods are proposed.

Vortex dynamics of a jet at the pressure node in a standing wave

In this paper we investigate the vortex structure and dynamics formed in the near field of a turbulent axisymmetric jet subjected to transverse acoustic forcing. Full three-dimensional phase-averaged velocity measurements were obtained to elucidate the coherent structures formed when the jet is positioned at the pressure node of a plane standing wave oriented transversely to the streamwise flow direction, which creates a plane symmetry about the nodal line dissecting the jet exit. Due to the change in phase that occurs across the nodal line, it was found that axisymmetry is broken and the jet undergoes a periodic transverse flapping motion consistent with a sinuous mode. This was accompanied by a periodic train of interconnected vortex structures, resembling inverted hairpin (or horseshoe) vortices, formed as the shear layers rolled up in anti-phase either side of the jet, and propagated a few diameters downstream before breaking up. An inviscid vortex model employing inverted hairpin line vortices is shown to capture both the dynamics of the vortex structures and the fluctuating velocity fields. Overall, the jet response and resulting vortex dynamics observed represent a significant departure from the axisymmetric flow structures observed with conventional longitudinal forcing and more closely resemble the phenomenon of bifurcating jets.

Formation of Polarized, Functional Artificial Cells from Compartmentalized Droplet Networks and Nanomaterials, Using One-Step, Dual-Material 3D-Printed Microfluidics.

The bottom‐up construction of synthetic cells with user‐defined chemical organization holds considerable promise in the creation of bioinspired materials. Complex emulsions, droplet networks, and nested vesicles all represent platforms for the engineering of segregated chemistries with controlled communication, analogous to biological cells. Microfluidic manufacture of such droplet‐based materials typically results in radial or axisymmetric structures. In contrast, biological cells frequently display chemical polarity or gradients, which enable the determination of directionality, and inform higher‐order interactions. Here, a dual‐material, 3D‐printing methodology to produce microfluidic architectures that enable the construction of functional, asymmetric, hierarchical, emulsion‐based artificial cellular chassis is developed. These materials incorporate droplet networks, lipid membranes, and nanoparticle components. Microfluidic 3D‐channel arrangements enable symmetry‐breaking and the spatial patterning of droplet hierarchies. This approach can produce internal gradients and hemispherically patterned, multilayered shells alongside chemical compartmentalization. Such organization enables incorporation of organic and inorganic components, including lipid bilayers, within the same entity. In this way, functional polarization, that imparts individual and collective directionality on the resulting artificial cells, is demonstrated. This approach enables exploitation of polarity and asymmetry, in conjunction with compartmentalized and networked chemistry, in single and higher‐order organized structures, thereby increasing the palette of functionality in artificial cellular materials.

Semiаnalytical finite elements method efficiency in the geometrically nonlinear elastic-plastic problems

Particular interest, among the variety of objects considered using analytical and numerical methods, are bodies of revolution with complex shape and cross-sectional structure. The selected geometric class is used as natural structure components in the construction and various fields of mechanical engineering. The sufficiently high prevalence of these forms in the construction and machine-building sectors on the one hand, and the possibility of a significant simplification math equestions by taking into account their geometric features on the other, is attracting increasing attention of researchers.It is known that today the finite element method (FEM) is the most powerful tool for analyzing the problems of building mechanics and deformable solid mechanics. Over the past few years, the dimension of FEM models has grown dramatically, driven by increased demands for accuracy and reliability of results. In addition, the difficulties of studying the behavior of structures in the presence of dynamic loads are many times increased in comparison with static analysis. To overcome these problems, in many cases, it introduce additional hypotheses, which, as a rule, narrow the class of objects and processes under study, but can significantly improve efficiency and significantly reduce the duration of the calculation. Semi-analytical finite element method (SAFEM) is one of such approaches that is widely used for solving problems whose objects are prismatic and rotational bodies. High efficiency of SAFEM for a certain range of objects was demonstrated in the field of static analysis, continuous mechanics of fracture under creep conditions, processes of nonlinear deformation of reinforced concrete structures. The analysis of the results obtained by domestic and foreign scientists on this issue shows that most analytical and numerical methods of scientific research are usually oriented to geometrically nonlinear problems at static load. The veracity and effectiveness of the semi-analytical finite element method in the problems of geometrically nonlinear elastoplastic deformation of axisymmetric structures under dynamic loads is considered. The capabilities of methodology are demonstrated by examples of numerical modeling of the stress-strain state of building structures with large linear strains and analysis of technological processes of pulsed metal processing.