Axiological Approach Research Articles

Формирование здоровьесберегающего поведения у студентов медицинского университета: к разработке концепции исследования

The article discusses theoretical and applied aspects of introduction of the innovative health-saving technologies in preparation of the highest echelon of medical industry in the Far-East region. Based on a comparative analysis of the results of current research and fundamental sociological sources covering the issues of personal and group behavior of the students of medical universities in relation to health, as well as the results of previously published own observations, taking into account the newly identified factors that affect the behavioral models of the modern student youth, in this article an attempt to comprehend and conceptualize the health-forming algorithm at the medical university, highlight the main directions of influence on the behavioral stereotypes and patterns of students, the formation of a rational attitude to the physical and psychological status, and the reduction of morbidity in the educational space is made. The proposed concept assumes a fundamentally new scheme for reducing the incidence rate and introducing previously unused methods of health saving among students. The structural-functional approach used in the development of the postulates of the concept makes it possible to determine and rank the significance of new functional relationships in the educational environment of a medical university, and the axiological approach to identify the most important values of students when making decisions regarding their own health. The article pays great attention to the applied aspects of health saving: the necessity of using interactive technologies and active interventions by the IT departments of the university in the existing network publics, popular among the students, generating original messages that initiate the formation of the need for introspection, obtaining new knowledge among students of medical specialties is substantiated. About the social value of health-saving behavior as a tool to improve social status, ways to implement the information are received.

АКСІОЛОГІЧНИЙ ВИМІР ІСТОРИКО-ПЕДАГОГІЧНОГО ДИСКУРСУ БАЗОВИХ АСПЕКТІВ ПЕДАГОГІКИ МИРУ

The article presents a generalization of the cordocentric values of Hryhoriy Skovoroda's legacy to justify the methodological basis and determine the content of peace pedagogy, initiated by the rector of H. S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University by Yury Boychuk. To achieve the goal, general scientific methods of historical-pedagogical analysis, synthesis, generalization, historical-structural method for determining the system-forming components of the studied phenomenon, constructive-genesis method, which allowed to analyze the studied idea in dynamics, were used. The article states that peace pedagogy is an interdisciplinary educational component designed to form a new in-depth thinking of a peacemaker educator who, on the basis of a humanistic understanding of the national and universal values of peace, life, freedom, and humanity, can form matrices of constructive behavior, activity and spirituality in students of various levels of education -practical development of the world based on love for one's neighbor, recognition of the self-worth of each person. Through the prism of the axiological approach, the essential aspects of the cordocentric imperatives of the legacy of the humanist, folk teacher Hryhoriy are considered Skovoroda for the pedagogy of peace, in particular: support in knowledge and self-knowledge on the teaching of related work, the spiritual meaning of fatherhood and motherhood, the moral imperative of gratitude, ideas of unequal equality, a cordial attitude towards oneself and the world. The concretized cordocentric values can be organically represented in the following areas of peace pedagogy: 1. National and universal values in determining the goals of education, training, upbringing and personal development, forming a sense of human security in the team. Philosophical, cultural, artistic bases. 2. Language, infomedia, professional culture of a teacher-peacemaker as a condition for development of life and professional stability. 3. Creative use in modern realities of the best achievements of folk, Cossack, Christian, humane and humanistic pedagogy during the development and implementation of socially significant projects designed to preserve peace and civilizational development.

Методологічне підґрунтя дослідження відповідальності держав за міжнародним правом

The complexity of modern political and legal relations that arise with the onset of international responsibility significantly increases the importance of developing a methodological basis for the concept of state responsibility under international law. The article highlights the methodological basis of the study of the sphere of international responsibility of states. The article reveals the content of civilizational, axiological, historical-legal and conceptual-comparative approaches, which contributes to a deeper understanding of the nature of international law and the essence of international responsibility, the patterns of functioning and the development of norms on the international responsibility of states. It has been established that the main principles of the civilizational approach contribute to considering the peculiarities of understanding and applying the main categories of international responsibility through the prism of the interaction of civilizations and their dialogue. From the standpoint of the axiological approach, the value of a number of categories significant for the sphere of international legal responsibility is revealed, in particular, the term "responsibility" itself, as well as such political and legal values as freedom, equality, justice, solidarity, tolerance, respect for all human rights. The application of the historical-legal approach allows, among others, to investigate of the development of international legal opinion regarding the concept of "responsibility" in international law from the earliest times; to analyze the stages of the UN International Law Commission's work on the codification of norms on the international responsibility of states; to trace the evolution of the concept of an internationally wrongful act of the state and highlight the issue of its normative consolidation, to investigate the development of the concept of the responsibility of states for lawful activity. The toolkit of the conceptual-comparative approach with its methods of macro- and micro-comparison, synchronic and diachronic, normative, textual, and doctrinal comparisons is helpful in comparing the studied phenomena. The application of the approaches analyzed in the article allows for a comprehensive study of the issues of state responsibility, to develop an international legal concept of state responsibility in international law, to consider the specifics of state responsibility for the illegal conduct of state and non-state actors in conditions of modern political and legal processes.

К ВОПРОСУ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ РЕГУЛЯТИВНЫХ УНИВЕРСАЛЬНЫХ УЧЕБНЫХ ДЕЙСТВИЙ СТАРШЕКЛАССНИКОВ ПРИ ПРЕДМЕТНОЙ ПОДГОТОВКЕ К ЕДИНОМУ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОМУ ЭКЗАМЕНУ

The article considers the issue of the formation of regulatory universal educational actions of senior pupils in preparation for the Unified State Exam. The author emphasizes the continuity of the formation of universal competencies in the educational environment of universities, which makes the systematic work on the formation of universal educational actions of schoolchildren at all levels of general education relevant. The author reveals the possibilities of an axiological approach in the formation of regulatory universal educational actions of senior pupils in preparation for the Unified State Exam in English.

Why are Célestin Freinet's «free texts» relevant again?

Introduction. The scientific and pedagogical heritage of the outstanding French humanist teacher of the first half of the twentieth century. Célestine Freinet (1896-1966) is extensive and diverse, and is of considerable value for domestic education. The purpose of the article is to reveal the relevance of the idea of using free children's texts in the pedagogical process put forward by Freinet and implemented by him in practice. This idea is particularly important in the work of general education and vocational schools in modern conditions characterized by the accelerated development of distance learning, the constant introduction of technological innovations, as well as the introduction of anti-epidemiological restrictions. Research methods are: a critical analysis of the works of S. Freinet, foreign and domestic authors, researchers of his pedagogical heritage, as well as biographical and historical methods. The research is based on an axiological approach that allows us to identify the value essence of the phenomena and facts to be studied. Results. The study contains biographical facts that characterize S. Freinet as an outstanding teacher and humanist. The article reveals his tireless activity in organizing teachers from different countries in international pedagogical organizations, which aimed at spreading advanced pedagogical ideas and humanistic traditions. The scientific views of Freinet on the use of free children's texts, which remain relevant to this day, as well as a number of other pedagogical views, are comprehensively analyzed. Discussion and conclusions. A critical, but generally positive assessment of S. Freinet's ideas from the standpoint of modern pedagogical science is given. Among them are the organization of education, the relationship between teachers and students, the social purpose of the school, etc. The scientific novelty of the study is to identify the relevance of a number of ideas of an outstanding French teacher, and, above all, about the use of free children's texts in domestic education, which has not previously been the subject of the study of domestic comparative teachers. S. Freinet is included by the author of the article in the book «100 great teachers». In 2021, the 125th anniversary of his birth is celebrated.

Values, emancipation, and the role of knowledge in tourism education. A critical realist perspective

ABSTRACT Values are important in education and their role in university studies is central in tourism teaching as well. How values are communicated to students is an important aspect of our axiological approach. In order to promote a fruitful approach to values in the students, this conceptual paper discusses the role of theoretical knowledge in achieving empowerment for the students based on the tenets of critical realism and on Gramsci’s philosophy. As students acquire disciplinary theoretical knowledge, they also develop the tools to make ethical evaluations. Knowledge is meant as the best possible understanding that we have of the world at the moment and it is always possible to achieve a better explanation of a phenomenon. Through an approach based on theoretical knowledge integrated with other creative ways to teach, the students can develop an ethical sensitivity and a flexible set of skills for both the workplace and academia.

FEATURES AND PROSPECTS OF MODERN CREATIVITY RESEARCH

Objective. The objective of the article is to determine the essential features of modern creativity theories, establish structural components of creativity, specify the basic creative components subjected to development, study and can act as educational components. Methods. In order to study the main factors of creative theories the author applies natural and ontological and socio-ontological methods, an axiological approach to determine the consequences of creativity and results in the social context, an individual approach is used in the disclosure of the essence of personal contribution, personal effects of creativity, the moral and ethical method acts in force when considering both the process of creativity, the possible consequences of the results, and the actual research of the creative process. The scientific principles of research are the principle of objectivity (in analyzing the results of the creative process), determinism (used to study the process of creativity), systemicity (the general statement of the material is based on the integral perception of creativity in the system of individual, physiological, social and cultural norms). Results. Achievements of modern science are intended to ensure creative changes and expectations of modern society. The value of creativity on a personal level leads to its continuous development and consideration from an axiological point of view. Numerous studies are mainly in the field of psychology, regarding the determination of the nature of creativity, methods of formation and development of truity, various creative changes in society. Modern theories of creativity development reveal the essence of this phenomenon, but they do not reveal the social value of creativity. Therefore, consideration of creativity theories seems to be necessary in terms of social components. The problem examines the fact that in society there is a problem of systemic consideration of creativity, there is a need to indicate the nature of its manifestation, outline social consequences. Since creativity is not limited to technical innovations, original business models, creating a new one in itself, it can not be studied theoretically completely due to the consideration of the components of the personal consciousness of the individual-creator. We can talk about the manifestation of creativity only in terms of its results, which contribute to the progressive development of society. These results are either supported bythe society, or not accepted. Currently we noted the existence of such phenomena as the inside of creativity — any act aimed at the comprehensive positive transformation of reality is socially significant. Modern society requires from man only producing something new, it applies the transformation carried out even minor aspects, calling them creative. Modern theories of creativity are intended to reveal the essence of the process of creativity and demonstrate the sequence of actions that would lead to creative results of the creative process. Developing creativity as a personal phenomenon has social consequences of perspectives: a creative society, creative economy — that modern axiological factors that contribute to social needs, searching, waiting. The components of modern theories of creativity serve a variety of factors on the value of the new by itself to creative action as the initial element of the creative process. Identifying the components of creative process should ensure the creative results and the possibility of repetition and interpretation in future activities. The perspective in this study may be the monitoring of recent research to improve the creative process as to future expectations include the introduction in the educational process elements studied creativity for their study and practical testing.

Features of the organization of pedagogical support in the process of training social teachers at the university

The article presents the results of a study of the specifics of pedagogical support in the process of implementing the training of social teachers in modern conditions. The changes that were introduced by quarantine restrictions gave a new impetus to the study of ways to organize interaction between teachers and students. The methodological approaches, considered by the authors orient the teaching staff of pedagogical universities to rely on the real needs of pedagogical reality. Pedagogical support for the training of future social educators is one of these needs. In vocational training, pedagogical support provides students with additional resources hat future specialists can use, both in the learning process and at the stage of adaptation to professional activities. The creation of conditions for pedagogical support is possible with a conscious attitude to this of all subjects of the pedagogical process. The axiological approach in this study is proposed as a basis for the formation of the goals and content of the educational program for the training of social teachers. An empirical study with the use of survey methods allowed us to confirm the assumption of the high importance of pedagogical support in the training of future social teachers. On the basis of identifying the needs of students, it is possible to build a viable system of pedagogical support for the training of social teachers.

The problem of adaptivity of the street art into social and cultural environment of the city (Ukrainian context)

The purpose of the article is to carry out cultorologic comprehension of the adaptivity of the street art into social and cultural environment of the Ukrainian city and to define the directions of the city environment humanization.
 The topicality of the article. The street art became the inherent part of the social and cultural environment of the city, the ground for artistic self­expression, visual ring for discussions, conflicts and a means for promotion and branding of the city. Despite the humanization of the city environment, the issue of adaptivity of the street art into social and cultural environment of the city remains still urgent and open.
 The methodology is based on application of the hermeneutic interpretation (to define the notion of the “street art” at the modern stage of research), comparative analysis (with the purpose to detect the peculiarities of the process of the street art integration into the cultural landscape of the city environment), structural and functional method (to clarify the prospective adaptation directions of the urban art into the urban cultural environment), axiological approach (to define the role of the street art in the cultural and artificial development of the city). The central position in the research is allotted to culturological approach allowing to clarify the specific features of the street art adaptivity into social and cultural environment of the city, to reveal the peculiarities of the multicultural city environment formation.
 The scientific novelty lies in theoretic comprehension of the process of the street art adaptivity into social and cultural environment of the city and detection of the priority ways of the urban art integration into the cultural matrix of the city.
 The results. Variability of the street art interpretation in the context of the city environment was considered. The specifics of the street art existence at the modern stage of the research was defined. The prospective directions of the urban art integration into the cultural landscape of the city was traced: differentiation at the legislative level of the notions “street art” and “vandalism”, application of the urban art in design of the city environment and creation of the city brand, application of the information and communication technologies in creation of the artistic objects, tourist guides, etc.
 The practical significance. The research results may be used in training the higher education applicants in the social and art fields of knowledge, for example, lecture materials of the disciplines aimed at the study of ХХІ century culture, mass culture, urban science, etc.

Концепция креативности в проблемном поле современной социальной философии

This paper speaks of the growing interest in the category of creativity among the scientific community of interdisciplinary discourse, and the place of creativity among philosophical disciplines. Creativity as a property of the social environment is characteristic of the type of society in which traditions have not managed to become a universal form of behavior, prompting the subjects of society to permanently reflect on habitual patterns of behavior, the production of unique forms, and the original synthesis of previously known ideas and social practices. Being an integral property of the social and cultural environment as a whole, creativity ultimately reveals a person’s desire for novelty and marks the beginning of the digital revolution. The development of creativity due to explicitly specified external conditions contributes to its identification not only in a certain scientific environment, but also in the whole society, within which the creative class functions. Within the framework of the socio-philosophical context, the category of creativity reveals its potential based on the axiological approach. Tracing the rejection of the values of traditional society, the new values are those that contribute to the self-expression of a person, expanding the boundaries of his or her self-actualization.

Tolerance development while teaching foreign languages for business communication

The paper deals with the problem of tolerance development while teaching foreign languages for business communication. The urgency of the problem regarded is justified by the need of developing a person ready to a balanced and happy life in the modern multicultural society, as well as by the significance of tolerance as a professionally important quality and as a factor of creating a psychologically safe and comfortable environment for educational process. The great potential of the course Business foreign language for tolerance development is explained through opportunities to use the axiological approach and the well-known idea of the dialog of cultures, through extensive communication practice, as well as through opportunities for familiarizing with the ethics of business communication always based on the respectful attitude to the partner. The process of tolerance development breaks into three main steps in accordance to the three components of the traditional psychological model of tolerance: 1) giving information about the tolerance and its social importance (cognitional component), 2) development of values-based attitude towards the tolerance (emotional-axiological component), 3) use of the newly acquired value system in communication (behavioral component). The thematic content of the course and the most effective teaching methods are regarded.

Axiological approach in professional pedagogical education

This scientific research examines the issues related to the axiological aspect of the professional training of future teachers. The relevance of the stated research topic is determined by the urgent necessity to increase the importance of high-quality professional training of future representatives of pedagogical professions, in the context of changes taking place in the modern education system. The purpose of this research work is to identify and state the main components of the axiological aspect of the professional training of future workers in the pedagogical industry, which is able to impart integrity to the entire process of their training. The leading approach in this scientific study is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methodological approaches to the study of issues related to the axiological aspect of the professional training of future workers in the pedagogical industry, in order to determine the main components of the factors affecting the quality and effectiveness of this training and further professional activities of teachers. The main results of this research work were: a statement of necessity to develop and take a set of measures to clarify the existing value criteria of the education system to future teachers at the stage of their university preparation.

Pedagogy of cooperation of the 1980s as an innovative practice

Introduction. The relevance of the research topic lies in the possibility of using the axiological and didactic potential of the pedagogy of cooperation in modern domestic educational practice. The purpose of the article is to give a scientific assessment of the movement of innovative teachers that arose in the second half of the 1980s in the USSR on the wave of "perestroika" and the reform of the domestic general educational and vocational schools. Materials and methods. The author uses an axiological approach that allows identifying the most valuable content in the studied phenomenon that can enter the main fund of science. Methods – a retrospective and comparative historical analysis of the works of innovative teachers, a method of analytical grouping of the studied material, as well as a historical and typological method that allows you to define the main content lines of the pedagogical phenomenon under consideration. Results. The socio-political reasons that led to the emergence of the movement of innovative teachers in the 1980s are characterized. The most important of them were state resolutions that proclaimed the mandatory nature of general secondary education, which, in turn, stimulated the research search of the best teachers in the country in the direction of finding new forms and methods of educational practice. The main ideas of the pedagogy of cooperation are briefly described. These include the ideas of the content of the child's personality and personal approach to him, the development of his creative and performing abilities, the ideas of a difficult goal, support in learning, quick assessment of student work, free choice of the type of task by the child. The innovative teachers attached great importance to the implementation in practice of their work of the ideas of "reincarnation of a child into a teacher", advance in the study of educational material, teaching in large blocks, as well as the ideas of the children's half of the day, the selection of the appropriate form of the lesson, introspection, creating an intellectual background of the class, collective creative education, creative productive work, creative self-management, self-respect and self-regulation, the uniqueness of each child, teacher-student dialogue, cooperation with parents and colleagues. Conclusion. The scientific and practical heritage of the founders of the pedagogy of cooperation is of considerable value for education and pedagogy, and deserves further study.

Функции аксиологии сельского туризма (на материалах музея «Дом со львом»)

The study is conducted within the framework of tourism axiology. The paper aims to reveal axiological potential of rural tourism. The author presents a survey of the existing views on the place of axiology in the system of philosophical knowledge, evaluates the potential of axiological approach in tourism studies. Scientific originality of the research involves revealing mechanisms by which tourism as an activity and a cultural practice influences social values. The findings indicate that these socially determined mechanisms are associated with the process of developing value relations influenced by different factors. The conclusions are justified by the examples of “Lion House” museum activity.

Axiological approach to the training of students of pedagogical universities

The axiological approach to the education impacts future professional musician’s values and ability to solve professional problems and challenges. This research is aimed at studying the principles of the axiological approach and its possible application in the pedagogical process. Theoretical and practical research on the use of axiological approach in the theory and practice of music pedagogical education was conducted. Pedagogical methods such as questionnaire, observation, testing, group and individual interviews were used. The definition of the axiological approach was given. Effective means of its developing were presented. It was found that integration of axiological, systemic, culturological approaches allows to deepen and diversify the structural and semantic characteristics of the axiology sphere of higher institutions of music and music-pedagogical education. The prospects for further research were found including the necessity to identify the specifics of the development of axiological competence in students of higher art educational institutions.

Гуманистические ценности аутичных сообществ: на материале исследований в Красноярском крае

Today we can say with confidence that in the changing world and in the Russian society, the tasks of transmitting and maintaining material and intangible values of both traditional and innovative cultures are becoming vital. One of the social groups that are in search of their cultural identity and actively forming special, sometimes unique, traditions, norms, rituals, taboos, holidays, symbolism, language are communities of autistics and people-around-autism. This determines the relevance of studying autistic communities as research spaces for identifying patterns and mechanisms for the formation of new cultures, their axiological and ethical-moral components, identifying ways of social reproduction of society and the individual. The hypothesis of the study is that autistic communities are a new cultural phenomenon, not only ensuring the integration of autistic people into society, but also humanizing modern culture. Methods. The research is based on a holistic set of principles and methods of cultural studies, as well as on the methodology of humanitarian and interdisciplinary research. The theoretical and methodological foundations of cultural research were philosophical phenomenology, cultural anthropology, axiological approach, structural and functional analysis and understanding sociology. The leading role was played by the traditional typological, comparative, hermeneutic, phenomenological methods for the humanities. The peculiarity of the study of the autistic community dictates the need to apply methods of qualitative research. Quantitative methods, especially the method of large numbers, in the study of this social group are applicable on a limited scale. Theoretical works and applied developments of scientists of the Department of Philosophy, Sociology and Religious Studies of the Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University named after V.P. Astafiev were used. Results. The undertaken study of autistic culture made it possible to reveal its role in the formation of humanistic values of modern society. The hypothesis that autistic communities are a new cultural phenomenon, not only ensuring the integration of autistic people into society, but also humanizing modern culture, has been confirmed.

Discrepancy between the Theory and Practice of Crime Prevention

Introduction: the article considers the concept of prevention in several aspects (social prevention, criminological prevention, situational prevention, evolutionary prevention). We describe the subjects implementing the prevention of offenses and consider the issue of public participation in this process in historical and modern periods. We focus our attention on the prevention of new crimes in the institutions of the Federal Penitentiary Service, emphasize its importance during the period of serving a sentence (educational techniques and methods) and after release (interaction of probation inspectorates with law enforcement agencies for the re-socialization of released convicts). We outline possible risks and difficulties of organizing crime prevention together with public organizations: determining preferences for activists; politicization of preventive work (obtaining additional electoral points); selection of activists (preventing the involvement of representatives of the criminal environment). In the context of considering ways to improve prevention, much attention is paid to the prevention of crime through technological innovations: control over people’s movement using a mobile phone; analysis of web browsing history; computer programs for crime prevention; compilation and maintenance of federal database programs; chipping, etc. The study is based on the accumulated experience of implementing preventive work, which is described in the sections “Prevention yesterday” and “Prevention today”. The article analyzes examples of crime prevention in Thailand, the U.S. etc., and reflects the results of implementation of the “Safe City” program in Moscow. The methodological basis of this study is represented by the axiological approach. Research problems were addressed with the use of general philosophical principles of dialectics and special methods of cognition: systematic, formal-legal, sociological, etc. Results: the public remains the most important element of the prevention system. It is necessary to develop and legally consolidate the relevant activities, for example, as it is done in Article 11 of the Federal Law “On the fundamentals of the system for prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency”. Legal education should be the main weapon in the hands of the subjects of prevention. Elimination of crime should become the main direction of prevention.

Determinants of Legal Behaviour

Introduction. This article is devoted to the research of essence and the legal behaviour of the person. The purpose of article is the identification of the factors influencing formation, development and content of legal behaviour. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The article is based methodologically on the post-classical anthropological paradigm which allows consideration of legal behaviour through a prism of subjective perception by the person. The studying of fundamental bases of legal behaviour is impossible without identification of their valuable basis. Results. It is proved that the commission by the person of certain actions in the legal sphere depends on the individual and the social system of legal values, the individual and society (social group) relation to them, legal status of the personality and the social role which is carried out by it. The classification of legal behaviour on the basis of an axiological approach assumes an allocation of the person which is active, ordinary and passive depending on degree of readiness to carry out the legal actions, being guided by the valuable orientations and installations determined by legal socialisation and the system of legal values of group with which the subject identifies themselves. At the same time, it is insignificant how these actions meet the standards of positive law. However, the legal behaviour often has situational character. In this case its contents are defined by the system of so-called individual person law. The behaviour of the person is the result of operation of the special mechanism consisting of consistently realised elements that connected among themselves not only cognitively but also functionally including legal requirement, legal interest, legal motive, legal orientation, legal installation, legal decision, and legal act. These elements consistently replace each other, providing an interrelation of legal behaviour with legal awareness. The role of the state in formation of the person’s legal behaviour, though is very considerable, but it is not defining. In the process of legal socialisation the cognitive elements of the mechanism of legal behavior determined by legal tradition in combination with social and individual legal experience are formed. Discussion and Conclusion. The analysis of legal behaviour is aimed at expanding the value ideas of legal reality. This will allow a deeper look at legal development on a global scale.

Human rights and information extremism

The article considers the urgent issue of a scientific-practical nature - the relationship between the institution of human rights and such a complex social-legal phenomenon as information extremism, which the authors consider from the standpoint of the theory of complex social systems - as one of the varieties of intellectual extremism in information society. The authors apply the axiological approach to position human rights as universal values. Therefore, information extremism is a legally prohibited activity (a set of acts, actions) in the information space, which is illegal in nature, threatens the foundations of the constitutional order and security of the individual and society, and violates human rights and freedoms. Information extremism aims at destroying and discrediting social and personal values, imposing values and simulacra that are unacceptable for the individual and society, i.e., information extremism is a universal human anti-value. Information is a construct of reality and one of social values; therefore, information extremism, which deliberately uses fake information, creates conditions for a distorted perception of reality. Thus, under the current global geopolitical and social-communicative transformations, information human rights are the main object of the purposeful and destructive influence for information extremism. The article focuses on the fact that in the contemporary pandemic realities, the human right to information needs to be significantly changed - the authors propose to develop a new charter of human rights in order to develop mechanisms for protecting information rights. Under the constant expansion of telecommunications, the growth of information flows and digitalization of almost all spheres of life, it is necessary to ensure the human right to reliable information: the UN Human Rights Committee should make an appropriate General Comment in accordance with the Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to clarify the nature and quality of information which can be sought, received and distributed according to the Paragraph 2 of this article.

The William Heard Kilpatrick’s Project Method: on the 150th anniversary of the American educator

Introduction. The project method has been actively used as an important form of organizing the practice of teaching in the educational systems of many countries around the world over the past hundred years. This method is increasingly being used in our country. The very concept of "project method" is invariably associated with the name of its author and popularizer, a major American educator of the late XIX – first half of the XXth centuries. William Heard Kilpatrick (1871-1965). The purpose of the issue is to study the circumstances of the process of formation of W. H. Kilpatrick as a didactic scientist and the creation of a method of projects by him and his associates. Materials and methods. The leading research methods are the analysis of scientific historical and pedagogical literature and other sources, biographical and historical methods, as well as an axiological approach aimed at identifying the value content of the studied scientific subject. Results. The author traces the evolution of W. H. Kilpatrick's views, the stages of his formation as a didactic scientist and a practical teacher. Little-known facts of his biography, which were not previously reflected in the Russian historical and pedagogical literature, are given. Special attention is paid to the disclosure of the essence of the proposed method of projects, which is widely used in pedagogy and education in many countries of the world. The educational system of W. H. Kilpatrick's "experimentalism" was based on the philosophy of pragmatism and the psychology of behaviorism. Instead of a traditional school, he proposed to build a so-called "educational process", which he considered as the organization of children's activities in a social environment focused on enriching their individual experience. Training according to the project method was to be carried out through the organization of target acts, which included the formulation of the problem, the preparation of a plan for its implementation and the assessment of implementation. The use of these projects, according to W. H. Kilpatrick, wouldn’t only prepare the child for life after school, but also help him organize his life in the present. Data on the teacher E. Collings, who also worked on the problem of developing the project method, is included. The project classifications are given according to E. Collings and W. H. Kilpatrick. The author shows the scientific relations of W. H. Kilpatrick with a number of well-known teachers-contemporaries (J. Dewey, E. L. Thorndike, E. Collings, F. W. Parker, C. DeGarmo, etc.). Conclusion. The scientific novelty of the study consists in a meaningful analysis of the views of W. H. Kilpatrick. The legitimacy of the very concept of the project method has long been beyond doubt among serious researchers and practitioners of education. At present, the project method has actually received a rebirth in various spheres of social and industrial life. The main conclusion of the article: the didactic legacy of this major American teacher is significant. It contains a value potential, requires further full-fledged study and deserves active use in modern domestic education.