Abstract: The structural analysis and design of multi-storey residential buildings have become steeds more complicated due to the rapid growth of cities, the demand for safety being higher, and the codal requirements being more strict.The traditional methods of structural analysis were done manually, so they often took a long time and were easily affected by computational errors, especially when it came to indeterminate structures and lateral loading conditions. This review paper provides a detailed evaluation of previous works related to the analysis and design of G+4 and similar multi-storey residential buildings that have relied on computer-aided structural analysis software, with a special emphasis on STAAD.Pro. The studies subjected to review have centered on determining the behavior of structure under gravity, wind, and earthquake forces according to Indian Standard codes IS 456:2000, IS 875, and IS 1893. Programming parameters, which include bending moments, shear forces, axial forces, storey displacements, and deflections, are critically discussed. The literature demonstrates that the analysis involving software leads to accurate results, guarantees code compliance, and cuts down design time remarkably while also enhancing material usage through optimization. Besides this, the review points out the capability of STAAD.Pro in the areas of reinforcement detailing and serviceability checks. In the end, this paper insists on the dependability and the efficient use of STAAD.Pro for the design of low- to mid-rise residential buildings that are safe, economical, and sustainable. Keywords:- STAAD.Pro, RCC frame, G+4 building, structural analysis, wind load, seismic load, bending moment etc.

Skin photoaging, marked by structural and functional changes, is mainly caused by long-term ultraviolet (UV) exposure. This study sought to create hydroxytyrosol (HT)-loaded soluble microneedles (HT MNs) and thoroughly assess their anti-photoaging effects and underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. The optimized HT MNs, featuring tips with 10% HT + 5% hyaluronic acid (HA) and a backing layer of 10% polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), demonstrated robust mechanical strength (withstanding an axial force of 10 N without fracture), adequate penetration depth (>200 μm), and efficient skin self-recovery post-removal. In vitro, HT MNs notably boosted cell viability, reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and suppressed senescence-associated β-galactosidase (A-β-Gal) expression in UVA-exposed human skin fibroblasts (HSF). In vivo, in a UVA + UVB-irradiated mouse model, HT MNs significantly enhanced skin hydration and elasticity, increased collagen density (confirmed by Masson staining), decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and elevated the activities of glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Western blot analysis further revealed that HT MNs upregulated the expression of collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1), elastin (ELN), hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2), and filaggrin (FLG), while downregulating matrix metalloproteinase 1. Overall, these findings suggest that HT MNs effectively mitigate UV-induced photoaging through antioxidant, anti-senescence, and extracellular matrix (ECM)-regulating mechanisms, underscoring their potential as a novel transdermal anti-photoaging therapy.

Abstract Miniaturization is the future of the industrial revolution, and technologies like micromilling are crucial in ensuring that products meet market quality standards. Therefore, micromilling must be efficient and free from anomalies such as tool failures, vibrations, and chatter. The avoidance and detection of the anomalies can be achieved via force prediction due to their correlations. This work investigates the applicability of machine learning (ML) ensemble regressors for force prediction in micromilling. A systematic series of experiments was performed on hardened AISI H13 (50 ± 1 HRC), with force signals recorded, processed, and used to develop the regressors. Models including Random Forest (RF), stacked generalization, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), voting, adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), and gradient boosting (GB) were developed, evaluated, and compared. XGBoost achieved the best force prediction performance, with average RMSE , MAPE , and R 2 values of 0.41, 7.83%, and 0.98, respectively, on validation data. The XGBoost model was then utilized to develop the XGBoost-Grey Wolf Optimization algorithm, which optimized cutting parameters and forces. The optimization results indicate that a feed in the range [2.68–3.75 (µm/rev)] combined with an axial depth of cut in the range [25-47.97 (µm)] will yield optimal cutting ( F c = 1.55 N) and axial ( F z = 1.74 N) forces during micromilling of hardened steels using a TiAlN-coated carbide end mill. It is also found that the axial depth of cut is the most significant parameter in generating cutting forces, whereas feed has the highest impact in generating axial forces. These findings can enhance the precision of micromilling of hardened steels.

Owing to its low axial force and high load-bearing capacity, herringbone gear transmission shows significant potential for application in high-speed heavy-haul railway transportation. In this study, a rigid-flexible coupled dynamic model of a high-speed train herringbone gear transmission system is developed to investigate its dynamic characteristics under wheel-rail excitation. By comparing the time-varying meshing stiffness, tooth flank contact stress, and dynamic stress of the gear under ideal conditions (without track irregularity) and actual operating conditions (with track irregularity), the load distribution balance between the two tooth flanks of the herringbone gear in high-speed train transmissions is analyzed. The results indicate that the influence of track excitation on the herringbone gear transmission system is significantly greater than that of the non-uniform axial load. Wheel-rail impact severely disturbs the meshing state of the herringbone gear, resulting in a pronounced load imbalance between the left and right tooth flanks.

Pile foundations are critical load-bearing components in bridge structures, particularly in soft, high-moisture soils susceptible to external disturbances. This study investigated the impact of large-scale soil excavation on the stability of adjacent pile foundations through comprehensive field monitoring of a newly constructed bridge during both the bridge construction and channel excavation phases. The close proximity of the excavation site to the pile caps facilitated a detailed assessment of soil–structure interaction. The results indicate that the pile axial force peaked at the pile head and decreased progressively with depth, consistent with the load transfer mechanism of friction piles. Notably, a distinct variation in axial force was observed at the bedrock interface, attributed to reduced relative displacement between the pile and the surrounding soil. Furthermore, channel water filling raised the local groundwater table, which increased the buoyancy and reduced negative skin friction, thereby decreasing the pile axial force. The study also highlighted the sensitivity of pile deformation in soft soil to unbalanced earth pressure. Asymmetric excavation and surface surcharge loading were identified as critical factors compromising pile stability and overall structural safety. These findings provide valuable insights for construction practices and offer effective strategies to mitigate adverse excavation effects, ensuring long-term structural stability.

Introduction Canine elbow arthrodesis is a salvage procedure that reduces pain while preserving minimal limb function. Historically, plates have been applied to the caudal aspect, but recent techniques have introduced plate application to the lateral and medial aspects. However, biomechanical rigidity comparisons between these methods have not yet been conducted. Elbow arthrodesis involves difficulty in plate contouring. In this study, a custom plate model was designed, and 10 models were classified on the basis of plate position, plate length, and the presence of additional fixation to the radius. Finite element analysis was used to compare the rigidity of each model. Materials and methods A custom plate model was designed, and 10 finite element models were created based on CT data of a canine elbow. Models were categorized by plate position (caudal, medial, lateral), plate length (short vs. long), and the presence of additional radius fixation. An axial force of 150 N was applied to simulate loading, and peak von Mises stress and strain in the plate and bones (humerus, radius, ulna) were measured and compared across models. Results Medial plate application demonstrated the highest rigidity in the plate, followed by lateral and then caudal application. In bone evaluation, the humerus and ulna showed greater rigidity with medial application. Rigidity of both plate and bone models increased with longer plate length and with additional fixation to the radius. For the radius, lateral fixation provided the greatest rigidity among groups with radius fixation. Discussion Finite element analysis suggests that medial plate application provides superior biomechanical rigidity in canine elbow arthrodesis. Furthermore, utilizing a longer plate and incorporating additional fixation to the radius can enhance the overall biomechanical rigidity of the construct.

Background Surgical fixation for Schatzker IV tibial plateau fractures presents a clinical dilemma: achieving robust stability while avoiding impingement on the pes anserinus tendons. This study evaluated the biomechanical profile of a novel hockey-stick locking plate (NHLP), which is anatomically contoured to address this challenge by being placed anteriorly. Methods A finite element model of a standardized Schatzker IV fracture was created. Three fixation methods were simulated: the novel hockey-stick locking plate (NHLP), the traditional T-shaped locking plate (TTLP), and the double reconstruction locking plates (DRLP). The models were subjected to four loading conditions: three physiological loads, a low axial load (500 N), a moderate combined load (1,500 N axial compression plus 150 N anterior shear force), and a high axial load (2,500 N) and a fourth “worst-case” load scenario combining a 1,700 N axial force, a 200 N anterior shear force, and a 10° varus tilt. Key biomechanical metrics, including implant stress, construct stability, fragment displacement, fracture interface mechanics and fatigue safety factor, were analyzed. Results Under physiological loading, the NHLP construct demonstrated the lowest peak von Mises stress on the implant. At the high axial load of 2,500 N, the peak stress on the NHLP (159.8 MPa) was 15% lower than that on the TTLP (188.1 MPa) and 35% lower than that on the DRLP (245.5 MPa). In the “worst-case” scenario, all constructs exhibited high safety factors. In terms of stability, the NHLP provided displacement comparable to that of the TTLP, and both were substantially more stable than the DRLP construct, which exhibited the largest displacement under high load. Paradoxically, the DRLP construct consistently resulted in the highest degree of implant stress and the least stability. At the fracture interface, the NHLP maintained a stable environment across all loads, with key metrics remaining within a range conducive to bone healing. Conclusion This finite element analysis demonstrated that the NHLP provides fracture stability while reducing peak implant stress under physiological loading. These findings support the biomechanical feasibility of its pes anserinus-sparing design, providing a strong rationale for further investigation.

Abstract Magnetic levitation systems, and in particular, superconducting bearings, are one of the possible practical applications of high-temperature superconductors. In recent years, windings from HTS tapes have been increasingly used as a material for manufacturing of superconducting bearings. Moreover, bearings can be made both on the basis of non-closed windings and closed windings, which are manufactured by making a central cut in the HTS tape. This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the load characteristics of radial bearings based on closed and non-closed HTS windings. The dependence of axial force on axial displacement in a wide range of temperatures, from 40 K to 77.4 K, has been investigated. Modeling of current distribution in a superconducting system using the finite element method and an analysis of the behavior of the axial force in the system have been carried out. The calculation results coincide with the experimental data with high accuracy. The results of measurements showed that the maximum axial force is higher for non-closed windings, but the differences become smaller as the temperature decreases. However, bearings based on closed HTS windings can be more advantageous in systems with low operating temperatures, in which large displacements from the equilibrium position are possible.

The TRITON11® fuel design is the latest advancement in boiling water reactor (BWR) fuel technology from Westinghouse, developed to improve fuel cycle economics, thermal performance, and reliability compared to previous designs. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the thermal-hydraulic testing and modeling efforts supporting the qualification and licensing of the TRITON11 fuel, along with recent innovations related to BWR core thermal-hydraulics. Extensive experimental activities were conducted at the Westinghouse fuel thermal-hydraulic laboratory using the FRODE and FRIGG loops, which simulate prototypical BWR operating conditions. Key tests included critical boiling transition, pressure drop, void fraction, and hydraulic axial force measurements. Additionally, recent tests supporting the development of the new StrongHold ® debris filter are discussed. In parallel, Westinghouse advanced core simulation and subchannel analysis tools (POLCA7/POLCA8 and MEFISTO-T) were further developed, allowing accurate predictions of complex core flow distribution, critical power performance, bundle lift force, and moderator density. The MEFISTO-T code integrates advanced two-phase flow models, in addition to a novel four-field model of annular two-phase flow, explicitly accounting for disturbance waves, along with a multifield transport model of reactor coolant impurities. These models have been validated against experimental data, demonstrating reliable predictive capabilities for critical power and newly observed localized impurity deposition under BWR core conditions. The combined results from these thermal-hydraulic testing and modeling efforts contribute to improved operational flexibility and reliability of Westinghouse BWR fuel designs and support the accurate evaluation of safety margins.

Anchor quality is a critical factor influencing the anchoring performance after drilling and expanding anchor holes. Anchoring at the bottom of the hole is an effective technical measure to improve the anchoring quality of mudstone cemented soft rock tunnels. Through a comprehensive research approach including theoretical analysis, laboratory experiments, and numerical simulation, we conducted anchoring quality tests on a self-developed bottom-hole single-wing inverted wedge-shaped hole-expanding device. The anchoring quality under different hole-expanding parameters was analyzed to reveal the anchoring enhancement mechanism at the bottom of the anchor hole. We established an anchoring model for bottom-hole hole-expanding anchoring and derived the formula for the axial force on the anchor rod during hole-expanding anchoring. The experimental results show that when the anchoring agent is K2335 resin anchoring agent, the hole-expanding length is 100mm, the hole-expanding diameter is 58mm, and the inverted wedge angle is 9°, the anchoring effect is optimal with a solidification rate of 92.9%. Even after the anchor rod slips and loses anchor, it still maintains a high anchoring force. On-site application results indicate that inverted wedge-shaped hole-expanding anchoring can effectively increase the anchor rod support strength, reduce tunnel deformation, and ensure the stability of coal mine tunnels. This method has significant guiding significance for solving the anchor rod support of mudstone cemented soft rock tunnels.

Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) are being increasingly used to replace rebars as reinforcements for concrete. This study evaluated the seismic behavior of concrete walls reinforced with grid-type carbon FRP (CFRP; carbon grid) through quasi-static cyclic tests and compared the results with that of the reinforced concrete (RC) wall. The experimental variables were the ratio of the carbon-grid anchorage length in the foundation to the wall length and the axial force ratio. Based on the results of the quasi-static cyclic tests, the ratio of the equivalent stiffness at the crushing of the compression-edge cover concrete to the initial stiffness of the carbon-grid-reinforced concrete specimens was 0.14 on average. This indicates that the specimens reached their maximum load due to the crushing of the compression-edge cover concrete after a significant reduction in stiffness due to cracking. The skeleton curve for the carbon-grid-reinforced concrete specimens was found to be bilinear, with reduced stiffness due to cracking and failure due to the crushing of the compression-edge cover concrete, making it definable and predictable. Additionally, in specimens with a high axial force or small ratio of the anchorage length in the foundation to the wall length, some of the longitudinal CFRP strands fractured at the same time as they reached the failure load. Moreover, the load at the crushing of the compression-edge cover concrete of the carbon-grid-reinforced concrete specimen increased by 1.10 times with the increase in the axial force ratio and decreased by 0.96 times with the decrease in the ratio of the anchorage length in the foundation to the wall length. It was found to be 0.73–0.80 times the flexural strength based on the assumption of plane sections remaining plane. In comparison with RC specimen, the cumulative absorbed energy of the carbon-grid-reinforced concrete specimen began to decrease after a story drift ratio of 1%, and the cumulative absorbed energy up to the target story drift ratio of 3.0% was found to be 0.60–0.62 times that of the RC specimen.

Abstract Obtaining the optimal geometric parameters for a physical device is always a complex and time-consuming process. Aiming to improve the synthetic performance and design efficiency for permanent magnet eddy current coupling (PMECC), a Kriging-assisted multi-objective hierarchical optimization (KMHO) method is proposed in this paper. For the first time, the sensitivity and coupling degree are jointly adopted to stratify the design geometric parameters through the clustering method. Then, the Kriging model is employed to simplify the construction process of the optimization objective function in each layer. Next, the Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) is used to maximize the output torque and minimize the axial force, and the volume is chosen as the optimal selection basis. Ultimately, the application results indicate that the proposed method can achieve satisfactory design outcome, and significantly reduce the design time, because a single cycle is sufficient for convergence. In addition, further analysis indicates the optimization results also take on excellent performance in nonrated operating conditions. Therefore, the method will provide a reference framework for multi-objective optimization design of other similar physical devices and instruments.

Friction Stir Additive Manufacturing (FSAM) avoids melting-related defects and is useful for repairing and building aluminium structures, but challenges remain with interlayer bonding, reinforcement dispersion, and surface wear. To address these, this study reinforced Al7075 with graphene and boron carbide (B4C). Graphene promotes load transfer, improves thermal conductivity and material flow (reducing tool/workpiece friction), and helps interlayer bonding B4C provides high hardness, wear resistance, and grain refinement. Using a groove-filling route and layer-by-layer stirring, two-layer Al7075/graphene/ B4C hybrid composites were fabricated. A Taguchi L16 design studied five process parameters: tool rotation (600-1200rpm), traverse speed (20-80mm/min), axial force (3-9 kN), tilt angle (0-3°), and shoulder-to-pin ratio (D/d = 3.0-4.5). Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and Vickers hardness were the responses. The best condition (1200rpm, 20mm/min, 9 kN, 1° tilt, D/d = 4.0) gave UTS of 420MPa and hardness of 160 HV. ANOVA showed tool rotation and shoulder-to-pin ratio as the most significant factors for both responses, with tilt angle important for defect suppression and layer bonding. To enhance prediction and optimization, ensemble machine-learning models (RF, GB, ET) were trained; all performed well (R2 > 0.98), with Gradient Boosting giving the lowest test errors (RMSE = 1.1MPa for UTS and 0.64 HV for hardness). These results show that combining graphene and B4C reinforcements with FSAM, guided by Taguchi design and ML, offers a practical route to stronger and harder Al7075 components for aerospace, marine, and repair applications.

In modern construction, there is a growing demand for floor systems that offer high spatial efficiency and easy integration of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) services. The top-chord-free Vierendeel-truss composite slab (TVCS), which omits the steel top chord and diagonal webs, presents a promising solution by maximizing usable vertical space and accommodating large ducts. Due to the elimination of the steel top chord and diagonal web members, the TVCS differs significantly in structural composition from conventional steel truss–concrete composite floor systems. At present, there is a lack of in-depth research on the mechanical behavior and deformation characteristics of this type of floor system. This study aims to fill this gap by systematically investigating the internal force distribution characteristics of TVCS and establishing a simplified analytical approach for practical engineering. This paper first employs the finite element method to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the bending moments, shear forces, and axial forces in each component of this composite floor system. The results indicate that the internal force distribution in TVCS exhibits substantial differences compared to that in conventional truss-composite floor systems: certain chord members exhibit inflection points; abrupt changes in internal forces occur between adjacent chord segments; and significant differences exist between the internal forces in members near the supports and those near mid-span. For instance, a distinct difference is that chord segments adjacent to the supports contain inflection points, while those near mid-span do not. Subsequently, simplified formulas for calculating the internal forces in the TVCS are proposed and validated against experimental and numerical analysis results. The main technical contribution of this work is providing a practical and efficient calculation tool that simplifies the design process for TVCS, facilitating its safer and wider application.

Abstract Although servo steel struts are commonly used to restrict excavation-induced deformations, their application is typically limited to narrow excavations due to insufficient stiffness. Then, the long servo steel struts have been introduced to address this limitation. To verify the applicability of long servo steel struts, full-scale tests were conducted on-site before excavation, including tests on the steel struts under unilateral loading (single-side loading test) and bilateral loading (double-side loading test). During the full-scale test, the safety and stability of this technology were validated. For further understanding of the deformation control mechanism of long servo steel struts, they were applied to an excavation project. The strut displacements, axial forces, and deformations of the diaphragm wall and tunnel were analyzed from the full-scale test and excavation case. The results indicate that the loading condition of the hydraulic jacks in the servo strut system and the stiffness of the retaining structure had a significant impact on wall deformations. Under asymmetrical loading, the struts near the diaphragm wall with lower stiffness or axial force experienced greater radial displacements, risking excavation stability. The long servo steel struts better controlled deformations in the upper part of the diaphragm walls with lower stiffness. Although the lower part of these diaphragm walls had more deformations, they were still less than those of the diaphragm walls supported by concrete struts. The uplift deformations and convergences of the tunnel caused by excavation met the requirements. Long servo steel struts effectively controlled excavation-induced deformations and broadened their application. However, axial force, wall stiffness, and working conditions of hydraulic jacks must be carefully considered in design and construction.

Biomechanical analysis of pedicle screw density and rod contouring in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis instrumentation.

Implant load during running on a transtibial bone anchored prosthesis: A multibody modelling case study.

Arthroscopic-assisted lower trapezius transfer vs. superior capsular reconstruction for treatment of massive irreparable rotator cuff tears.

This study investigates the variation of cutting force coefficients (CFCs) in milling operations and their impact on force predictions and stability analysis. While CFCs are often assumed constant for simplicity, they are inherently dependent on feed per tooth and cutting speed, introducing uncertainties in machining dynamics. Using an oblique transformation model, CFCs are predicted from an orthogonal cutting database, considering chip thickness and cutting speed. The results indicate that variations in CFCs significantly influence cutting force estimations, affecting stability predictions based on the stability lobe diagram (SLD). Assuming constant CFCs may lead to inaccurate force predictions, miscalculated stability limits, and increased risk of chatter. This can result in excessive forces, accelerated tool wear, poor surface quality, and potential scrap part. In this study, cutting forces are compared against predictions from both constant and variable CFC models, revealing the improved accuracy of the latter in dynamic milling conditions. The influence of cutting speed and feed per tooth on tangential, radial, and axial force components is systematically analysed. It is observed that higher cutting speeds tend to reduce CFC values due to thermal softening effects, whereas increased feed per tooth generally amplifies force coefficients because of increased chip loads. A stability model incorporating CFC variations may provide a more accurate representation of process dynamics. The study emphasises the necessity of adaptive force and stability models in machining simulations to enhance predictive accuracy. These findings offer critical insights for optimising process parameters, selecting stable cutting conditions, and designing chatter avoidance strategies in industrial applications.

ile foundations are a common solution on soft soils with low bearing capacity. However, new construction activity near existing structures has the potential to trigger pile displacement or settlement. This study aims to analyze the performance of existing slab-on-pile foundations at study sites with soft soil up to a depth of 70 m, where the distance between the new foundation and the existing foundation is relatively small. The analysis was carried out through theoretical calculations (Meyerhof and Poulos-Davis methods) and gradual numerical modeling using PLAXIS 2D. The results of axial calculations show an ultimate capacity of kN. The numerical results indicate that the axial force in the existing piles has decreased. Vertical deformation ( ) increases from 3.4 cm to 5.96 cm in the structural phase. The increase in external load causes horizontal deformation ( ) in the backfill phase to reach 29 mm, exceeding the service limit of 25 mm; this lateral deformation then reduces to 18.9 mm in the final phase. In addition, the bending moment in the piles shows a significant increase from 11.18 kNm to 96.82 kNm, indicating the dominance of additional load and changes in soil conditions on the bending response of the piles. These results emphasize the importance of comprehensively evaluating soil-structure interactions under soft soil conditions and narrow distances between foundations.