Axial Compression Experiments Research Articles

Systematic analysis of constitutive models of brain tissue materials based on compression tests

It's crucial to understand the biomechanical properties of brain tissue to comprehend the potential mechanisms of traumatic brain injury. This study, distinct from homogeneous models, integrates axonal coupling in both axial and transverse compressive experiments within a continuum mechanics framework to capture its intricate mechanical behaviors. Fresh porcine brains underwent unconfined compression at strain rates of 0.001/s and 0.1/s to 0.3 strain, allowing for a comprehensive statistical analysis of the directional, regional, and strain-rate-dependent mechanical properties of brain tissue. The established constitutive model, fitted to experimental data, delineates material parameters providing intuitive insights into the stiffness of gray/white matter isotropic matrices and neural fibers. Additionally, it predicts the mechanical performance of white matter matrix and axonal fibers under compressive loading. Results reveal that gray matter is insensitive to loading direction, exhibiting insignificant stiffness variations within regions. White matter, however, displays no significant differences in mechanical properties under axial and transverse loading, with an overall higher average stress than gray matter and a more pronounced strain-rate effect. Stress-strain curves indicate that, under axial compression, white matter axons primarily resist the load before transitioning to a matrix-dominated response. Under transverse loading, axonal fibers exhibit weaker resistance to lateral pressure. The mechanical behavior of brain tissue is highly dependent on loading rate, region, direction, and peak strain. This study, by combining experimentation with phenomenological modeling, elucidates certain phenomena, contributing valuable insights for the development of precise computational models.

Effectiveness of TRC jackets for the strengthening of concrete columns after elevated temperatures: Experimental and analytical investigation

Textile reinforced concrete (TRC) materials with high strength and excellent heat resistance might considerably enhance the performance of structures under thermal conditions. This study examined thirty concrete columns, each reinforced with varying TRC configurations, and subjected them to different high-temperature scenarios. Axial compression experiments were subsequently carried out to assess the impact of TRC on concrete's performance at elevated temperatures. Key variables in these tests included different textile layers (0–4 layers), and a temperature range extending from room temperature to 800 °C. The application of TRC was found to facilitate more gradual failure progress during compression tests. In contrast to the unconfined specimens, whose stress-strain curves exhibited a parabolic pattern, those reinforced with TRC displayed a hardening segment at temperatures up to 400 °C. The presence of TRC jackets significantly improved the compressive strength, the ultimate axial strain, and the energy dissipation, both at room temperature and after high-temperature treatments. Furthermore, this paper proposed an innovative model for estimating the residual strength of TRC-confined cylinders after being exposed to various temperatures. This model accounted for the impact of high temperature on the residual bearing capacity of unconfined cylinders, the modulus of elasticity for fibers, and the confinement effectiveness coefficient.

Buckling behavior and failure mechanism of cold-formed steel built-up special shape cross-section columns

This paper introduces a new type of cold-formed steel (CFS) built-up closed cross-section (CBC-C) column to connect multi-directional wall panels easily. Axial compression experiments and numerical analysis on 18 columns as well as theoretical calculations are carried out to evaluate the stability and bearing capacity of the proposed column. The effect of factors such as width-to-thickness, slenderness ratios, and screw spacing on the buckling behavior and failure mechanism was studied. As the slenderness ratio increased, the ultimate bearing capacity of specimens with the same section decreased. For specimens with a web width of 140 mm, the ultimate strength increased by 7.35 % when the slenderness ratio was reduced from 26.7 to 3.2. It was observed that the failure modes of short and intermediate long columns were generally local and distortion-related buckling, while the long columns experienced local, distortional, and finally global buckling when the slenderness ratio reached 36.73. The local buckling load and ultimate strength of specimens of the same length and section were reduced with the growth of the width-to-thickness ratio. On average, as the web width-to-thickness ratio increased by 10 %, the local buckling load decreased and the ultimate bearing capacity decreased by 22.37 % and 14.79 %, respectively. It was found that changing the section thickness had a greater effect on the stability and strength of the specimens compared to changing the web width of the CBC-C column. The mechanical properties of the CBC-C were not affected by the screw spacing and the differences among data were less than 5 %. Finally, the effective width method (EWM) and the direct strength method (DSM) in the AISI S100-16 wereassessed for CBC-C. The novel built-up column proposed in this paper has advantages in modular structures for their flexibility in configurations as well as high torsional rigidity and good stability.

Axial compressive performance and finite element analysis on spirally reinforced seawater sea-sand concrete-filled aluminum alloy tube columns

Axial compression experiment and finite element analysis were used in this research to explain the mechanical properties of spirally reinforced seawater sea-sand concrete-filled aluminum alloy tube (SR-CFAT) columns. The diameter and spacing of the spiral stirrup, the quantity and diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement, and the ratio of the spiral stirrup to longitudinal reinforcement (rhv) were used as the variation parameters in the design of 16 SR-CFAT columns and 1 seawater sea-sand concrete-filled aluminum alloy tube (CFAT) column. The results demonstrated that both the SR-CFAT columns and the CFAT column experience shear failure, while the former exhibited greater axial compression bearing capacity and deformation capacity. The ultimate bearing capacity, ductility, and energy absorption value of this composite column increase with an increase in rhv, then decrease under the same reinforcement content. The specimens perform best under axial compression when rhv is 2.20. Among the others, specimens with "fine and dense" spiral stirrups and "less and coarse" longitudinal reinforcement have higher ultimate bearing capacities, ductility, and energy absorption values. An FE model is created for the SR-CFAT columns, followed by a parameter extension analysis. Based on test and finite element results, a high-accuracy axial compression bearing capacity calculation algorithm is provided using cylinder theory.

Research on uniaxial compression performance and constitutive relationship of RBP-UHPC after high temperature

Abstract This study examines the impact of the recycled brick powder (RBP) replacement rate, especially at elevated temperatures on RBP-ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) properties such as the stress–strain curve, Poisson’s ratio, elastic modulus, and axial compressive strength through uniaxial compression experiments. The results show that with the increase of heating temperature, the axial compressive strength of the specimen increases first and then decreases under natural cooling (NC). In contrast, Poisson’s ratio shows opposite values. The peak strain continues to increase, and the initial elastic modulus and peak secant modulus continue to decrease. Compared with NC, the axial compressive strength of the specimens under water cooling has been reduced, the peak strain is generally larger, the initial elastic modulus and the peak secant modulus are smaller, and the incorporation of RBP also has a certain effect on the mechanical properties. Through regression analysis, an equation is established to calculate the axial compressive strength of RBP-UHPC with temperature, accounting for variables such as temperature, RBP replacement rate, and cooling method. Furthermore, based on the results of axial compression experiments, a constitutive equation for axial compression in RBP-UHPC after exposure to high temperatures is proposed. Overall, the theoretical curve closely aligns with the experimental curve, verifying its accuracy.

Bamboo Structure and Its Impact on Mechanical Properties: A Case Study of Bambusa arundinaceae

Bamboo is a naturally occurring composite material, which exhibits a decomposable structure with varying composition. The distinct structural features of bamboo contribute to its exceptional strength and flexibility, making it an excellent choice for construction purposes. However, only a limited portion of bamboo species has been studied for its mechanical properties, and research on Bambusa arundinaceae has primarily focused on its pharmaceutical values. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between the structural characteristics of B. arundinaceae and its mechanical properties using axial compression experiments and tangential bending experiments. The results showed that the distribution density of vascular bundles (VBs) of B. arundinaceae ranged from 1.98 to 4.34 pcs/mm2,while the volume fraction of fiber sheaths (FSs) ranged from 35.82 to 42.58%. The average compressive strength, flexural strength, and flexural elasticity modulus were 113.99 MPa, 239.07 MPa, and 17.39 GPa, which were 97.56%, 64.07%, and 66.09% higher than those of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), respectively. The compressive strength, flexural strengths, and elasticity modulus of B. arundinaceae were positively correlated with both the distribution density of VBs and the volume fraction of FSs. These insights are crucial for the advancement of durable and efficient materials in diverse sectors including construction and manufacturing.

Microstructure Evolution and Deformation Behavior of High Strength Titanium Clad Steel Plate in the Thermal Compression

This research involves conducting unidirectional axial thermal compression experiments on high‐strength titanium‐clad steel plates (TCSPs) at different temperatures and strain rates. Thermally compressed samples are evaluated for macromorphology, microstructure, macroscopic texture, and dislocation density. Deformation consistency is observed in α‐titanium under certain conditions, but not in β‐titanium. Pearlite is the main deformation microstructure near the steel interface, expanding with temperature. Striped grain clusters are observed in the α‐titanium near the interface, enhancing deformation uniformity; furthermore, the prevalence of striped grains increases with higher strain rates. However, dynamic recrystallization in β‐titanium hinderes deformation consistency. The fiber presence of texture <111>//ND ensures consistent deformation consistency, whereas the plate texture {0001} <100> in the α‐titanium encourages it. During the deformation process at a consistent rate of strain, it is observed that both matrices initially exhibit a rise, followed by a decline in dislocation density as the temperature increases, peaking at 850 °C. Dislocation density rises as strain rate increases, while temperature remaines constant. At temperatures exceeding 850 °C, bonding strengths decrease with deformation rate and remain comparable. Bonding strengths decreases at 800 °C due to intermetallic compound formation.

Slow failure during faulting and formation of a porous framework under hydrothermal conditions: Role of feldspar sintering in granitoids

Earthquakes induced during the construction of fracture reservoirs in granitoids are an important issue for the development of ultra-high-enthalpy geothermal systems. We performed axial compression experiments on granite specimens under hydrothermal conditions to evaluate this potential, simulating Quaternary granitoids at approximately 4 km depth. Our experiments were primarily conducted under a confining pressure, pore pressure, and loading velocity of 104 MPa, 39 MPa, and 0.1 μm/s, respectively, and we varied the temperature from 400 °C to 750 °C. Although failures occurred in all specimens, we observed several temperature-dependent deformation parameters. Both the apparent Young's modulus in the elastic deformation stage and the peak stress decreased with increasing temperature. Furthermore, the stress drop during failure after attaining the peak stress was slower at higher temperatures, taking almost 5 times longer at 650 °C and 750 °C than at 400 °C. We found that the fracture patterns evolved from localized to distributed and then to dissipated with increasing temperature. Well-developed fractures in quartz grains were observed at the thin-section scale, whereas fractures in feldspar grains seemed to be inconspicuous. However, SEM observations revealed that feldspar grains had actually been more fragmented, and that submicrometer feldspar particles formed within the fault gouge zone. Additionally, those feldspar fragments were sintered at temperatures above 550 °C. Sintering enhanced fracture healing during faulting, explaining the slower observed stress drop at higher temperatures and possible leading to the suppression of dynamic rupture propagations (induced earthquakes). In contrast, sintering of quartz particles in the gouge did not occur at temperatures below 750 °C, allowing for the preservation of the porous network necessary for geothermal reservoirs.

Experimental and numerical investigation on the buckling behavior of corroded CST under axial compression

To examine the local buckling performance of Q345B circular steel tubes (CST) after corrosion, 20 specimens with varying degrees of corrosion are obtained through accelerated corrosion testing. Subsequently, axial compression experiments are conducted to observe the impact of corrosion on the buckling behavior. Several parameters, including the diameter-to-thickness ratio, thickness, and corrosion rate, are considered. As the corrosion rate increases, the modulus of elasticity, yield strength, ultimate strength, and elongation at failure of Q345B steel decrease. The maximum geometric imperfection of corroded circular steel tubes (CST) shows a linear relationship with the corrosion rate, with all specimens of corroded CST buckling at the section with the maximum geometric imperfection. The thickness of uniform corrosion has a power relation with the corrosion rate of CST. The local buckling load and ultimate load of CST decrease by 28.6% and 26.4%, respectively, when the corrosion rate reaches 15.5%. Finite element analysis, validated by experimental results, is performed to analyze the buckling performance of corroded CST using the ABAQUS software. Current specifications slightly overestimate the local buckling load and ultimate load, as the effect of corrosion is not included. New modified models for predicting the local buckling load and ultimate load of corroded CST are developed based on current specifications, providing accurate predictions of the buckling behavior of corroded CST.

Study on Axial Compression Performance of Corroded Reinforced Concrete Columns Strengthened by Concrete Canvas and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic under Secondary Corrosion

To investigate the effects of concrete canvas (CC) and carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) reinforcement on the mechanical properties of corroded reinforced concrete columns (compressive strength, flexure strength, strength of extension, and so on), 42 columns in four groups were designed and axial compression experiments were carried out. For the corroded reinforced concrete columns reinforced with CC and CFRP, the effects of initial corrosion rate (5%, 10%), secondary corrosion time (15 d, 30 d), number of CC layers (0, 1), and number of CFRP layers (1, 2, 3) on the failure morphology, load carrying capacity, and ductility of concrete columns were analyzed. The test results show that the properties of the single layer CC confined specimens are improved to a certain extent, and the ductility properties are enhanced. The properties of the CC–CFRP composite constrained specimens are greatly improved, the plastic deformation ability is enhanced, and the typical ductile damage characteristics are shown. The corrosion inhibition of CC for specimens with a theoretical corrosion rate lower than 20% showed an increasing trend, and the corrosion inhibition rate ranged from 23.0% to 31.2%. CC and CFRP restrain the concrete jointly, hindering the expansion inside the concrete, and the peak strain of the joint restraint specimen itself changes greatly, while the overall peak strain of the corrosion specimen is very small under the action of the joint steel bar. Finally, according to the existing peak stress–strain model and the experimental data in this paper, a peak stress–strain model suitable for corroded reinforced concrete columns is established. The established calculation model has a high accuracy, which provides a certain theoretical basis for subsequent research.

Dynamic image segmentation and recognition measurement of axial compression experiment based on image clustering and semantic segmentation in RC column with FRP tubes

This paper introduces a dynamic image recognition and measurement method for Reinforced Concrete (RC) Column with Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) tubes axial compression experiments based on image segmentation, which includes two image processing modes: clustering segmentation and semantic segmentation. The method uses image processing techniques to extract and segment the deformation of RC column with FRP tube in the axial compression experiment, enabling tracking and measurement of the axial deformation process. Both visual segmentation methods have undergone a series of processes including image preprocessing, image segmentation, deformation tracking measurement, system optimization, and deformation comparison and validation analysis. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, the measurements obtained from the proposed methods are compared with the one using the linear variable differential transformer (LVDT). An experiment has been conducted with 9 groups in RC column with FRP tube to assess the performance of the proposed methods. The comparison with the LVDT measurements shows that standard deviation of the average maximum offset measured by the K-means clustering algorithm is 1.65 mm, and the mean relative error of measurement is 1.03 %; while the standard deviation of the average maximum offset measured by the U-Net semantic segmentation algorithm is 0.95 mm, and the mean relative error of measurement is 0.44 %. The results suggest that the U-Net semantic segmentation algorithm perform slightly better than the K-means clustering algorithm in deformation tracking measurement. Even in circumstances where traditional LVDT measurements failure due to equipment malfunctions or exceeding the measurement limits, the visual displacement measurement methods are still capable for providing consistent and reliable displacement data. In cases of human occlusion issues within the video, correction can be implemented using outlier frame removal techniques. Moreover, the visual measurement techniques are capable of distinguishing the deformation directions, i.e. deformation towards east or vice versa. The proposed method has potential application value in practical engineering applications and can provide effective technical support for axial compression experiments and deformation monitoring of reinforced concrete structures.

Experimentally Validated Finite Element Analysis of Thoracic Spine Compression Fractures in a Porcine Model.

Vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) occur in 1 to 1.5 million patients in the US each year and are associated with pain, disability, altered pulmonary function, secondary vertebral fracture, and increased mortality risk. A better understanding of VCFs and their management requires preclinical models that are both biomechanically analogous and accessible. We conducted a study using twelve spinal vertebrae (T12-T14) from porcine specimens. We created mathematical simulations of vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) using CT scans for reconstructing native anatomy and validated the results by conducting physical axial compression experiments. The simulations accurately predicted the behavior of the physical compressions. The coefficient of determination for stiffness was 0.71, the strength correlation was 0.88, and the failure of the vertebral bodies included vertical splitting on the lateral sides or horizontal separation in the anterior wall. This finite element method has important implications for the preventative, prognostic, and therapeutic management of VCFs. This study also supports the use of porcine specimens in orthopedic biomechanical research.

Axial Compressive Behavior of GFRP Tube Confined Seawater and Sea Sand Concrete Columns: Experimental Investigation and Theoretical Analysis

Using seawater and sea sand concrete (SSC) can lower the emission of carbon dioxide in construction and alleviate the scarcity of river sand. To investigate the axial compressive behavior of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) tube confined SSC columns, 12 groups of GFRP tube confined SSC short columns were designed and tested. The results were analyzed and compared with those from tests on three groups of GFRP tube confined ordinary concrete short columns. The effects of GFRP tube wall thickness, SSC strength grade, and fly ash content were investigated in axial compressive experiments. The test results show that increasing the strength grade of concrete and the wall thickness of the GFRP tube can improve the ultimate bearing capacity of composite columns. Adding a certain amount of fly ash to the core concrete can improve the ultimate bearing capacity of the composite column, but the ultimate bearing capacity decreases when the amount of fly ash is too large. The compressive behavior of GFRP tube confined SSC columns is not very different from that of GFRP tube confined ordinary concrete columns. The stress and strain analysis was conducted considering the compressive stress in the GFRP tube, and most of the theoretical calculation results are consistent with the test values.

Axial compression experiment and numerical simulation of CFST short columns at an ultra early age

To study the axial compression performance of ultra-early-age concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) short columns, axial compression tests were carried out on short columns of CFSTs with different wall thicknesses of steel tubes and different concrete ages. The load-displacement curves and failure modes of CFST short column specimens under different concrete ages were obtained. The influence of wall thickness and concrete age on the mechanical properties of ultra-early-age CFST specimens was analyzed. The calculation formula for the bearing capacity of mature CFST short columns in GB50936–2014 was extended, and a new calculation formula for calculating the bearing capacity of ultra-early-age CFST short columns was proposed. Considering that there is no known concrete stress-strain expression for ultra-early-age CFST short columns in existing literature, this paper has adjusted the constitutive model of the core concrete in ordinary CFSTs and advanced a stress-strain relationship suitable for the core concrete in ultra-early-age CFST short columns.

In-plane equivalent modulus of a novel zero Poisson’s ratio honeycomb structure

This paper proposed a new zero-Possion’s ratio (ZPR) honeycomb structure. The proposed ZPR honeycomb structure improves the traditional semi-reentrant honeycomb structure by introducing vertical cell walls and changing the topological structure between cells to achieve better in-plane deformation capability. The in-plane modulus of the structure was constructed during this research by a mathematical framework and a FEM model. The test specimen of the construction was created using the Stereolithography Apparatus (SLA) technology, and an axial compression experiment was utilized to confirm the model’s accuracy and the zero-ratio Poisson’s property. Geometrical parameters are also investigated to ascertain the relationship between the new zero-Poisson ratio honeycomb structure’s geometrical characteristics and the structure’s flexibility.

Effect of recycled oyster shell powder on hydration and strength development of magnesium phosphate cement

Using oyster shell powder (OSP) to prepare magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) not only reduces the pollution caused by the wasted oyster shell disposal, but also benefits the development of more environmentally friendly cement. The effect of OSP on the hydration and strength development of MPC was studied. An axial compression experiment including 45 cuboid specimens was executed to investigate the compressive strength, failure mode, stress–strain relationship, and energy absorption of MPC mixing with different mass contents (0% to 12%) of OSP over the curing times of 7, 14, and 28 days. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive spectroscopy were utilized for measuring the variation of MPC microstructure and hydration products caused by OSP. Results indicated that a new reactant CaHPO4·2H2O was formed, which optimized matrix strength. The substitution of OSP could reduce the cost of MPC by 2–9% without decreasing the strength. Compared with MPC without OSP, the compressive strength of the specimen with 3% OSP is increased by 6%. However, with the continuous increase of OSP, the compressive strength gradually decreases. Similarly, the elastic modulus of MPC increases first and then decreases with the increase of OSP.

Fire performance of gypsum-sheathed cold-formed steel walls with rectangular section studs

This study conducted axial compression experiment of one full-scale CFS wall at ambient temperature and four full-scale fire experiments of CFS walls with two initial load ratios of 0.27 and 0.85. Specimens were sheathed with double layers of gypsum plasterboard, rock wool was the cavity insulation and the wall studs had rectangular cross sections. A finite element model was used to optimize the arrangement of rock wool cavity insulation for the CFS walls. The results showed that the failure mode changed from local buckling of the hot flange under a load ratio of 0.27 to local buckling of the whole stud section under a load ratio of 0.85. The fire resistance time of the specimen without rock wool insulation in the stud cavity was 7 min longer than that of the specimen with rock wool insulation. This was attributed to the thermal radiation effect of the stud cavities, which delayed the increase in hot flange temperature and improved the fire resistance time of the CFS walls. Thus, for CFS walls with rock wool-insulated cavities, the stud cavity configuration was more reasonable without than with rock wool insulation. When the axial thermal expansion load was considered, the load on the wall studs increased by a maximum of 43.3 kN per stud. In addition, for CFS walls with low load ratios of 0.27, the wall studs near the face-layer board joints tended to buckle first.

EFFECT OF NUCLEOTOMY ON AXIAL AND RADIAL COMPRESSION STRAIN DISTRIBUTIONS OF INTERVERTEBRAL DISC

Surgery of nucleus pulposus removal is one of the methods used for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation in the clinic. In order to understand the strain states of the lumbar intervertebral disc (IVD) after nucleotomy, the axial compression experiments of porcine lumbar IVD were implemented using digital image correlation (DIC) technology. The normal IVDs are named as control group; the IVDs treated with trypsin by removing the nucleus pulposus are named as experimental group. The distributions and the change rules of both axial and radial strains in different regions of the IVD with load were studied, and the experimental results of two groups were compared. The results show that both axial and radial strains of different regions increased with stress in two groups, and the variation had non-uniformity. The axial strain in the posterior region of the annulus fibrosus (AF) was larger than that in the anterior region, and the inner AF was larger than that of the outer AF. The axial strain increase of the experimental group was larger than that of the control group obviously. In the posterior region, the radial strain increase was larger than that in the anterior region, and the outer AF was significantly larger than that of the inner AF. The radial strain direction of the experimental group in the inner AF was towards the center of the nucleus pulposus, which was opposite to that of the control group, and the radial strain increase was evidently smaller than that of the control group. In the outer AF, the radial strain direction of the experimental group was the same as that of the control group and the radial strain increase was significantly larger than that.

Influence of density gradient and hybrid effect on quasi-static axial crushing behavior of lattice cylindrical structures

Uniform/gradient lattice cylindrical structures (ULCS/GLCS) and hybrid uniform/gradient lattice cylindrical structures (HULCS/HGLCS) are innovatively designed and fabricated. The axial crushing behaviors of these four-type cylindrical structures are investigated by the quasi-static axial compression experiments and numerical simulations. The influence of the density gradient and the hybrid effect (metal skin+ABS core) on the deformation mode, loading capacity, and energy absorption of the lattice cylindrical structures are elaborated systematically. The results show that the gradient design realizes the function of regulation and controllability of the structural deformation. The softer layers (with smaller relative density) in GLCS begin to deform first and then gradually extend to the harder layers (with larger relative density). And it effectively reduces the initial peak compression force (PCF), and makes the load more stable on the premise of energy absorption. However, unstably catastrophic failures are observed before the final densification in both ULCS and GLCS during the compression due to the brittleness of the ABS material and the compression–expansion​ deformation of structure. For HULCS/HGLCS, it presents progressive crushing mode and overcome the unstably catastrophic failure due to the ductility and constraint of the metal skins. The effect of “1 ＋ 1 > 2” on energy absorption from hybrid effect is achieved in HULCS/HGLCS, in which the EA of HULCS and HGLCS increases by 74.62% and 100.78% comparing the sum of all components individually compressed. Moreover, the progressive peak with increasing trend of HGLCS demonstrated that the hybrid design enhances the advantages of gradient design in sandwich structures.

3D Printed concrete with coarse aggregates: Built‒in‒Stirrup permanent concrete formwork for reinforced columns

This paper investigates the axial compression performance of reinforced columns with 3D‒printed permanent concrete (with coarse aggregate) formwork. A novel square stirrup with reserved longitudinal reinforcement holes and its built‒in‒stirrup permanent concrete formwork method (BSPCF) were presented. Reinforced columns using BSPCF, only 3D printed permanent concrete formwork (3DPCPF), and conventional cast were manufactured and tested by axial compression experiments. Digital image correlation (DIC) was used to obtain the full‒field strain evolution of concrete columns during loading and the results were confirmed by comparison with traditional measurement methods. Results indicated that the column with only 3DPCPF faced concrete formwork early spalling and severe bearing capacity reduction problems. Using BSPCF could adequately avoid the above problems and enhance the column bearing capacity close to that of conventional cast concrete columns. The DIC measurement accurately detected the interlayer fracture of the 3DPCPF under axial compression, which might be responsible for the sudden main crack development. Subsequently, a calculation method suitable for evaluating the effective part of the thicker concrete cover was proposed and discussed. The sudden decrease in aggregate content and increase of voids in the interface region between the confined core concrete and the 3D-printed concrete formwork of columns were found by X-ray computed tomography (X-CT). This phenomenon further proved the importance of BSPCF in lateral stress transfer passing over the interface region.