Level Of Awareness Research Articles (Page 1)

Vaginal wind (VW), a common yet often overlooked complaint, can negatively impact women's quality of life. This study aimed to comprehensively assess women's knowledge and awareness levels regarding VW. A total of 154 voluntary women were included in this study. Data was collected through a questionnaire that assessed socio-demographic, obstetric, and gynecological characteristics, as well as knowledge and awareness levels pertaining to VW, using open-ended questions. Responses to the open-ended questions were analyzed using content analysis. Of the women surveyed, 56.5% reported no knowledge of VW. The univariate analysis showed that education level, marital status, and the presence of a partner significantly influenced VW knowledge. Women with a postgraduate degree were significantly more likely to be knowledgeable than those with lower education (OR < 1 for other groups, p < 0.05). Single women had an approximately fivefold higher probability of knowledge (OR = 4.959, p = 0.002). The multiple logistic regression model confirmed that education level and marital status were the strongest independent predictors. Personal experience with VW also significantly increased knowledge (p = 0.003). The proportion of women who believed VW affected their quality of life was higher in the knowledgeable group compared to don't know about VW (59.7% vs. 41%, p = 0.007). No significant difference was found between knowledgeable and uninformed women regarding the perception that VW is not a shameful condition (p < 0.05). Women's understanding of VW remains limited. Both univariate and multivariate analyses showed VW knowledge and factors such as education level, marital status, and the number of partners. However, the multiple logistic regression model revealed that the number of partners was not an independent predictor of VW knowledge. Personal experience with VW also significantly influences awareness. We recommend that healthcare professionals incorporate both medical risk factors and personal and social dimensions into women's health education initiatives.

ABSTRACT Based on a sample of A-share manufacturing firms listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2011 to 2023, this paper investigates the impact of the ‘Green Factory’ certification on firms’ off-site investment behaviour using a multi-period difference-in-differences (DID) approach. The results show that green certification significantly increases the number of cross-regional subsidiaries by approximately 7.2%. Mechanism analysis reveals that the policy promotes capital flow across regions through three main channels: increased government support, enhanced supply chain stability, and reduced transaction costs. Moreover, the policy effects exhibit significant heterogeneity across firms with different ownership types, market activity levels, technological intensity, and levels of environmental awareness. This study broadens the analytical perspective on the economic effects of green certification policies and offers policy insights for aligning green transformation efforts with the construction of a unified national market.

The right to privacy is an important value in medical ethics. This study was aimed at determining privacy-related attitudes and awareness of inpatients receiving health services in health institutions and revealing the affecting factors. In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, 194 patients hospitalized in the general surgery department of a university hospital were included. Data were collected using a two-part questionnaire. In the first part of the questionnaire, questions on the participant's descriptive characteristics and their knowledge about the subject were included. The second part included the "Patient Privacy Awareness and Attitude Scale." The mean age of the participants was 47.60±16.47years. Of them, 60.8% were women, 83.0% were knowledgeable about patient privacy and 90.2% had heard of the concept of patient rights. A significant relationship was determined between the participants' awareness of patient privacy, and variables such as age, education level, financial status and knowledge about privacy. In this study, the majority of the participants were knowledgeable of patient privacy. Almost all of them thought that healthcare personnel were careful about patient privacy. While medical interventions were implemented, it was observed that the participants' body privacy-related awareness levels were high. Patients' awareness of privacy is extremely important. Informational privacy is as important as physical privacy. Patients' awareness of privacy is extremely important. Informational privacy is as crucial as physical privacy. Patients' awareness of patient rights and privacy is crucial during the healthcare process. Patient rights are the embodiment of fundamental human rights within the context of the right to health. A heightened patient awareness of their rights is effective in increasing satisfaction with healthcare services. This study is believed to be effective in raising patient awareness of privacy. This study aimed to determine the privacy attitudes and influencing factors of patients in a surgical clinic. Privacy is an important value in medical practice.

This study examines the role of the health system, particularly nursing interventions, in enhancing male participation in family planning (FP) at Tema General Hospital (TGH), Ghana. Male engagement in Family Planning remains limited despite increased awareness and service availability. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted involving 100 male community members and 10 Family Planning staff. Data was collected through structured questionnaires, interviews, and service records from 2015 to 2017. Results showed that while awareness levels were high (95%), only 21% of men had ever visited a Family Planning clinic. Nursing interventions such as health education, couple counseling, and prioritization of men during service delivery improved participation but were constrained by resource limitations, staff shortages, and cultural attitudes. The study underscores the importance of integrating male-focused strategies into Family Planning programs and strengthening nursing capacity for gender-inclusive reproductive health services.

ABSTRACT Purpose In recent years, research has emphasized the need to increase mothers’ awareness of important issues, particularly toilet training, breastfeeding termination training, and autism. The aim of this study is to increase the awareness levels of mothers through a training program on sensitive issues in the 18–36 months group, such as toilet training, autism and breastfeeding termination. Design and Methods The study was conducted as a randomized controlled trial. The study population consisted of 90 mothers with children aged 18 to 33 months living in a province in eastern Turkey between September 2024 and February 2025. A “Personal Information Form,” the “Toilet Training Knowledge Attitude Scale,” the “Autism Awareness Scale Mother Form,” the “Weaning Scale” and the “Informed Voluntary Consent Form” were used to collect the data. Animation-supported digital education prepared by the researchers was applied to the mothers in the experimental group for a duration of six weeks. Findings The difference between the knowledge levels of the experimental and control groups in terms of toilet training, autism awareness and breastfeeding termination after the training was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). The pre-post score difference between the experimental group and the control group was significantly higher in all groups. Conclusions The animation-supported digital education given to the mothers in the experimental group was found to have a positive effect on their toilet training, autism awareness and breastfeeding termination knowledge levels. Clinical Relevance Nurses working and specializing in pediatrics and public health should explore ways to use technology-based training.

The primary aim of this research article is to identify and analyse the key factors influencing the actual adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in India, with a specific focus on their role in mitigating climate change and reducing fossil fuel dependency. A systematic literature review (SLR) was mainly conducted using the antecedents–decisions–outcomes (ADO) framework. The academic literature indexed in the Scopus database served as the basis of the analysis. The review specifically focused on studies relevant to the Indian context and the evolving EV ecosystem. The review highlights several antecedent factors, including psychological factors, socio-economic conditions, infrastructural readiness, government incentives, and pricing. These particular antecedents primarily shape consumer decisions, such as attitudes towards EVs, perceived barriers, awareness levels, and the purchasing process. The resulting outcomes include purchase intention, behavioural acceptance, and the market potential of EVs in India. Despite growing environmental awareness and supportive government policies, EV adoption in India is constrained by the psychological, technical, and socio-economic challenges. These barriers must be addressed through targeted, localized policies and public awareness campaigns to accelerate adoption and also to strengthen the sustainable transportation sector. By consolidating fragmented research on EV adoption in India, this study offers a clear understanding of consumer behaviour, market barriers, and policy gaps. The insights contribute to the formulation of effective strategies for enhancing EV adoption, thereby supporting India’s broader climate and sustainability goals.

Gender mainstreaming has been institutionalized in the Philippines through policies such as the Magna Carta of Women (RA 9710), the GAD Budget Policy, and the Harmonized Gender and Development Guidelines (HGDG). Yet, its implementation at the regional and local levels remains uneven, particularly in areas with complex development challenges like the Caraga Region. This study provides an evidence-based assessment of the relevance and effectiveness of gender mainstreaming policies and programs in Caraga, using a predominantly quantitative approach through a structured survey administered both online (Google Forms) and face-to-face. A total of 133 stakeholders participated, representing Regional Line Agencies (RLAs), Local Government Units (LGUs), State Universities and Colleges (SUCs), and Civil Society Organizations (CSOs). Descriptive statistics were used to analyze respondent profiles, knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP), while thematic analysis enriched the interpretation of open-ended responses. Findings revealed high levels of awareness of GAD principles and gender-related laws, strong attitudinal support for gender equality and GBV prevention, but moderate familiarity with technical tools such as HGDG, GMEF, and gender-responsive budgeting. Respondents reported regular compliance with GAD planning and budgeting requirements, yet flagged gaps in fund utilization, outcome-based monitoring, and inclusivity of marginalized sectors. Key barriers identified include limited budgets, absence of full-time GAD staff, socio-cultural resistance, and weak inter-agency coordination. This study concludes that while the enabling environment for gender mainstreaming in Caraga is strong, systemic reforms and capacity enhancement are necessary to translate policy mandates into transformative outcomes. It recommends sustained technical training, increased and better-targeted GAD resource allocation, robust sex- and age-disaggregated data systems, year-round advocacy campaigns, and institutionalized coordination mechanisms to ensure that gender equality becomes a measurable and sustainable driver of regional development.

The article examines theoretical approaches to understanding the concept of children’s readiness for school and explores the peculiarities of parents’ perceptions of their children’s readiness for learning in primary school. Based on an empirical survey conducted among 65 parents of preschoolers aged 5–7 from various regions of Ukraine (Kyiv, Odesa, Kharkiv, Poltava, Cherkasy, Zakarpattia, and Frankivsk regions) between April and June 2025, the study analyzes their priorities, concerns, and preparation practices. The findings reveal that 55% of parents focus on intellectual and physical aspects of readiness, 30% on social adaptation, and only 15% on emotional stability. A low level of awareness of the Basic Component of Preschool Education (86%) and a tendency to shift responsibility to preschool institutions (60%) indicate insufficient parental understanding of the comprehensive nature of “school readiness.” Instead of perceiving readiness as an integrated construct encompassing all areas of child development (intellectual, social, motivational, emotional-volitional, physical, and specific readiness), most parents concentrate on one or several components, overlooking others that are equally significant. Concerns about the choice of school curricula, adaptation, and motivation (80%) highlight the need for developing guidelines to support families in overcoming crisis situations. The results of the questionnaires, surveys, and interviews were compared with Ukrainian and European studies, confirming the ongoing trend toward the “schoolification” of approaches to shaping school readiness in Ukraine. The article proposes recommendations for improving parent–teacher collaboration on this issue.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted Malaysia’s vulnerability in ensuring food security, particularly through supply chain disruptions that caused shortages and price increases. Understanding how communities perceive and prepare for food security has become increasingly important in this context. This study examines the level of food security awareness within the Seremban community in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, and explores the association between demographic characteristics and awareness levels. 384 respondents were asked to self-assess their awareness, providing insight into their perceived understanding of food security issues. The findings indicate that 37.50% of participants reported a moderate level of awareness, 34.11% reported a high level, and 28.39% reported a low level of awareness. The Chi-Square Test of Independence revealed that age, gender, education, and household income were not significantly associated with awareness levels. However, the type of housing demonstrated a significant relationship (p = 0.012). The study recommends implementing tailored educational initiatives to enhance food security awareness within the community.

In today’s digital economy, creating a strong brand is critically important for IT sector entrepreneurs in terms of sustainable growth and competitive advantage. However, many technology ventures founded primarily on technical expertise encounter various challenges in implementing branding processes. This study aims to analyze the extent to which digital enterprises operating in the IT sector are able to implement branding strategies, and to identify the factors that facilitate or hinder this process. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, the factors affecting the applicability of branding were evaluated through a multi-criteria approach. Based on expert opinions, the criteria—management vision, financial capacity, human resource competence, strategic alignment, marketing ability, and technical expertise—were weighted and prioritized. The findings indicate that, in addition to entrepreneurs’ level of awareness regarding branding, tangible obstacles in the implementation process (such as budget constraints and lack of expertise) are also decisive. The study contributes both to academic literature and provides strategic guidance for technology ventures.

Education is a fundamental right of every individual, which helps to ensure a safer, healthier and more prosperous society. The efficacy of an educational system is contingent upon the educational achievements of its teachers, as the quality and dedication of educators directly influence the overall quality of education provided. The study ascertained the lecturers of the Faculties and Colleges of Education’s awareness level of the component of the National Teacher Education Policy (NTEP) in Southwestern Nigeria. It also identified factors affecting lecturers of the Faculties and Colleges of Education’s awareness of NTEP in Southwestern Nigeria. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design. The population for the study comprised all the 2009 lecturers in the Faculties and Colleges of Education in Southwestern Nigeria. A sample size of 1005 lecturers was selected using a multistage sampling procedure. Two research instruments were used for data collection, namely: National Teacher Education Policy Awareness and Implementation Questionnaire for Faculties of Education Lecturers (NTEPAIQFEL, r = 0.92) and National Teacher Education Policy Awareness and Implementation Questionnaire for Colleges of Education Lecturers (NTEPAIQCEL, r = 0.86). Data collected were analysed using percentage, frequency count and ranking. Results showed that the level of lecturers of the Faculties of Education awareness of the component of NTEP in Southwestern Nigeria ranged from a high level of awareness (21.1%) to a low level of awareness (18.5%); and Colleges of Education: high (13.9%) to low (20.2%). It also revealed that factors affecting lecturers of Faculties of Education awareness level of NTEP ranged from poor funding (RII=0.863) and the government’s effort in creating awareness of the policy (RII=0.763); and Colleges of Education: poor funding (RII=0.804) to availability of NTEP copies in libraries (RII=0.711). The study concluded that the level of lecturers of the Faculties of Education of the component of NTEP ranged from a high level of awareness (21.1%) to a low level of awareness (18.5%); and Colleges of Education: high (13.9%) to low (20.2%), and this makes the implementation of the policy difficult.

ABSTRACT A key challenge for teachers in inclusive classrooms is fostering positive interactions between students with intellectual disabilities (ID) and their peers. The goal is to establish a safe learning environment and ensure effective participation for all students. This study examined the effects of peer-assisted instruction (PAI) over an 8-week period in physical education (PE) classes on various skills of students with mild intellectual disabilities (MID), and also investigated its impact on peer students. The participants included 12 individuals from middle schools with inclusive education, comprising students with MID (n = 4), peer students (n = 4), and PE teachers (n = 4). Data were collected through socio-demographic forms, structured interview form, semi-structured interview form, and field notes. The data were analysed using content analysis. The findings indicate that the 8-week PAI in PE classes supported the development areas of students with MID, such as motor skills, communication, and collaboration. Peer students reported increased engagement, enhanced interpersonal interactions, and a sense of satisfaction while supporting their peers. PE teachers showed an increase in peer-assisted teaching skills, awareness levels, and positive contributions to professional competencies. In conclusion, incorporating peer support into the process had positive effects on all participants.

Background: Dental radiography is an essential diagnostic tool, but improper radiation use poses significant risks to both patients and clinicians. In Pakistan, limited awareness and inconsistent adherence to radiation protection guidelines among dental students highlight the need for systematic evaluation. Radiation protection training is critical to ensure safe radiographic practice and compliance with global standards. Objective: This study aimed to assess the level of radiation protection awareness and adherence to safety protocols among undergraduate dental students in Pakistan, bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and clinical practice. Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey was conducted among 110 BDS students from multiple dental institutions in Lahore. The validated questionnaire evaluated knowledge of radiation hazards, understanding of deterministic and stochastic effects, and compliance with protection measures such as ALARA, use of lead aprons, and operator positioning. Data were analyzed using SPSS v25, applying descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to examine associations across academic years. Results: Among participants, 91% recognized radiation hazards, yet only 52.6% demonstrated adequate compliance with safety practices. Knowledge improved significantly across academic years (p&lt;0.05), with fourth-year students achieving the highest mean score (5.33±2.12). However, familiarity with international safety guidelines remained limited (33.6%). Conclusion: Although awareness of radiation hazards among Pakistani dental undergraduates is moderate to high, practical adherence to safety protocols remains insufficient. Integrating structured, hands-on radiation safety modules within dental curricula is essential to strengthen protection competency and safeguard public health.

Education about first aid amongst school teachers is an important aspect of student safety and efficient response to emergency situations in school. The first to react in case of any accidents or sudden health cases in schools are the teachers, thus their quick response is capable of saving lives and avoiding complications. This study determines the levels of knowledge, awareness, and preparedness of teachers at schools concerning first aid procedures. It investigates the issues in teaching experience, exposure to training and confidence levels and institutional support to advance first aid education. The surveys and literature reviews were used to obtain data, which helped reveal the current gaps and the area of improvement. The results indicate the need to incorporate systematic first aid training into teacher education programs, periodically updating the refresher courses, and improving policies on emergency preparedness in schools. Increasing the first aid competence of teachers is not only helping to create safer schools but can also help establish a culture of responsibility, awareness and health among the educational facilities.

As an important concept in contemporary education, inclusive education has received widespread attention worldwide. In recent years, China has gradually introduced the concept of inclusive education in policy promotion and educational practice, but there are still many shortcomings in the actual implementation process. This study investigates the idea of inclusive education as well as the advancements and advantages demonstrated in its implementation in China. At the same time, the primary obstacles to China's adoption of inclusive education are highlighted in this article: teachers still lack sufficient understanding and professional competence, making it difficult to effectively carry out differentiated instruction; the resource support system remains inadequate, with shortages in funding, teaching materials, and training; and the level of public awareness is limited, as the concept of inclusive education is not fully understood, making it difficult to build a supportive educational environment. Based on these findings, this article proposes enhancing teachers' professional capacity, strengthening policy guarantees and resource allocation, and raising public awareness to support China's inclusive education system's long-term growth.

Connected speech, characterized by phonological variations such as contractions and elisions, poses unique challenges for second language learners, yet research on its perception in young EFL populations remains limited. This study examined English connected speech perception in 72 Chinese EFL children with varying phonological awareness (PA) levels through systematic manipulation of familiarity and salience of acoustic - phonetic and semantic cues. Results demonstrated concurrent activation of both cues, challenging the abstractionist model. Additionally, high PA levels correlated with superior perceptual accuracy and greater cue-weighting flexibility, albeit no significant difference was observed between high and low PA groups under conditions of low cue familiarity and salience. These findings suggest that PA is necessary but insufficient for connected speech perception. Instead, strategic cue weighting plays a vital role, highlighting that EFL instruction should develop young learners' ability to flexibly utilize multiplecues.

This article explores the crucial role of media education and media literacy as effective tools in combating disinformation. In the context of the growing influence of digital media and the increasing spread of fake news, propaganda, and manipulative content, the authors examine the level of awareness among young people regarding key media-related concepts such as media literacy, fake news, propaganda, and disinformation. A sociological survey was conducted among students from two Ukrainian higher education institutions—Ivan Franko National University of Lviv and Lviv Polytechnic National University—involving 277 respondents. The research aimed to evaluate the depth of understanding and preparedness of youth to critically assess media content and recognize signs of manipulative information. The findings indicate a clear trend: media awareness and critical thinking skills improve progressively from secondary school students to university students. This article emphasizes the importance of integrating media literacy into formal education systems as a long-term strategy to build a more informed and resilient society. The authors highlight the need for systematic educational initiatives and practical training in media literacy to empower young audiences in navigating the complex media environment and resisting the impact of disinformation.

IntroductionThe legal basis for using participants' data in Longitudinal Population Studies (LPS) is complex. Laws of particular relevance are (1) UK data protection legislation, including Data Protection Act 2018 and UK General Data Protection Regulation (UK-GDPR); (2) common law duty of confidentiality; (3) Digital Economy Act (DEA) 2017; (4) Section 251 of the National Health Service Act 2006; and (5) Health Service (Control of Patient Information) Regulations 2002. ObjectiveTo develop transparency materials for LPS participants to raise awareness and understanding of key laws, legal principles and their rights. MethodsPublic contributors from UK Longitudinal Linkage Collaboration (UK LLC), Health Data Research UK (HDR UK) and DATAMIND provided input to benchmark current public understanding of laws and legal principles relevant to research. Based on this involvement, we worked with the UK LLC Public Advisory Group (PAG) and external organisations to produce a series of infographics. These were available in written English, audio, British Sign Language (BSL) and additional languages, to reach as wide an audience as possible. ResultsInput from 56 public contributors informed the work by suggesting low levels of awareness of the laws and legal principles. The DEA was the least well-known, with 11% of people aware of this legislation and the most well-known was UK-GDPR, with 88% awareness. We developed key messages for LPS participants on what they should be aware of as individuals, including what they should expect from their LPS. The information is available to the public and LPS participants as a series of infographics (https://ukllc.ac.uk/lps-data-and-the-law). ConclusionOur series of transparency materials support LPS participants to understand the legal basis for study data use, and their rights. General awareness of the laws and legal principles involved in the use of longitudinal data is low and we recommend data providers should raise awareness in clear and accessible ways.

This study analyses the awareness level of artificial intelligence (AI) among consumers in e-retail, focusing on 1186 peer-reviewed articles published between 2003 and 2023, Sourced from leading academic databases such as Scopus. The results show the frequent keywords used by authors, were artificial intelligence, consumer awareness level, machine learning, deep learning and e-retail, China and united stated of America are the countries in this field. The research highlights the importance of AI technologies like machine learning, deep learning, and e-retail in improving shopping experiences, product recommendations, and sales assistance. The study identifies four main themes: chatbots, customers, and predictive analytics. However, there are still gaps in determining consumer awareness of AI in e-retail, which could lead to more responsible AI adoption and future research. The research aims to fill these gaps and contribute to the burgeoning field of AI in e-retail.

Background: Scabies is a neglected parasitic skin infestation caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, and remains a public health challenge, especially in low-resource settings. Despite its high prevalence, the disease is underreported and awareness levels are poor, contributing to ongoing transmission. Objective: To determine the prevalence, risk factors, and awareness of scabies among patients presenting to the dermatology outpatient department (OPD) at Saidu Group of Teaching Hospital, Swat, Pakistan. Methodology: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 patients clinically diagnosed with scabies. Inclusion criteria encompassed patients of all ages and genders presenting with pruritic skin lesions. Data on demographics, socioeconomic characteristics, hygiene practices, and awareness were collected using a structured and pretested questionnaire. Diagnosis was made by dermatologists using standard criteria, with dermoscopy and ink test applied in doubtful cases. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27.0, applying descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The mean age of participants was 29.6 ± 20.5 years, with the highest prevalence observed in the 20–50 years age group (58.7%). Females (55.7%) were more affected than males (44.3%). Most participants resided in rural areas (72%) and belonged to lower socioeconomic classes (79%). Overcrowding (78%) and close contact with infected individuals (97%) were major risk factors. Daily washing of clothes and bedding was practiced by only 2% of participants. Awareness was extremely poor, with 97.7% reporting no prior knowledge of scabies, and misconceptions regarding transmission and prevention were common. Conclusion: Scabies was highly prevalent in rural, low-income populations characterized by overcrowding, poor hygiene, and limited awareness. Strengthening health education, improving living conditions, and implementing community-level interventions are essential to reduce the burden and prevent reinfestation cycles. Keywords: Awareness, Hygiene practices, Risk factors, Sarcoptes scabiei, Scabies.