Aviation Security Research Articles

Analisis Tekanan Kerja terhadap Kinerja Personil Aviation Security di Bandar Udara Sultan Muhammad Salahuddin Bima, Nusa Tenggara Barat

Sultan Muhammad Salahuddin Bima Airport provides services for security both for passengers, flights, and all areas at Sultan Muhammad Salahuddin Bima Airport. This research aims to find out the work pressures experienced by aviation security personnel during their duties and how aviation security personnel cope with the work pressures they experience so as not to affect performance. This research uses qualitative methods with descriptive qualitative research types. The study used data from documentation, live observations, and interviews conducted with the Commander of Aviation Security and Basic Aviation Security. Sultan Muhammad Salahuddin Bima Airport provides services for security both for passengers, flights, and all areas at Sultan Muhammad Salahuddin Bima Airport. This research aims to find out the work pressures experienced by aviation security personnel during their duties and how Aviation Security personnel cope with the work pressures they experience so as not to affect performance. Urity. Data analysis techniques use data organizing, data management, data verification and interpretation, and inference. The study was conducted at Sultan Muhammad Salahuddin Bima Airport in October 2021. The results of the study conducted by researchers showed that there is a workload felt by aviation security personnel, where the work pressure experienced by aviation security personnel includes pressure from internal Aviation Security and from the passenger side. The way Aviation Security personnel handle feeling pressured at work is to take time off for the next few days. When feeling depressed at work, aviation security personnel take a short break to rest in the Avsec room.
 Keywords: Performance, Aviation Security, Sultan Muhammad Salahuddin Bima Airport.

Aquatic biodiversity in a pond on the airport landside areas through environmental DNA metabarcoding: Implementation for Aviation Security Management

Abstract. Priyono DS, Reza A, Eprilurahman R, Yudha DS, Mufti D, Fauzy NH, Triyono RB, Adhi PK. 2022. Aquatic biodiversity in a pond on the airport landside areas through environmental DNA metabarcoding: Implementation for Aviation Security Management. Biodiversitas 23: 3639-3646. Environmental DNA (eDNA) has become a widely used tool for aquatic biodiversity monitoring, as well as for formulating effective landscape management strategies. Yogyakarta International Airport (YIA), Indonesia, has a green belt landscape located on the Indian Ocean coast. YIA's landscape biodiversity analysis is still unexplored. Herein, we first used high throughput sequencing DNA metabarcoding to identify and investigate aquatic biodiversity in a pond on the airport landside areas. The metabarcoding eDNA sequencing analysis yielded 224,737 raw reads from the metagenomics utilizing Illumina MiSeq sequencing. We identified 588 eukaryote species from 205 families and 300 genera. Actinopteri is the most dominant class with a diversity of 160 taxa, followed by Mammalia (88), Amphibia (60), and Chlorophyceae (25). At the order level, Anura has the highest order diversity (50), followed by Rodentia (31), Chiroptera (17), Eulipotyphla (16), Squamata (15), and Cypriniformes (14). We found that Plasmodium was the genus with the highest relative abundance in this pond (18,030 reads). Furthermore, the large variety of fish and other taxa in this pond may attract waterbirds, increasing the risk of bird strike. The abundance of Plasmodium sp. in this airport area is an important issue, especially regarding airport malaria risk. Integration of biodiversity monitoring using eDNA with aviation security management provides valuable information for the airport's wildlife hazard management plan. To prevent the recurrence of bird strikes and prevent airport malaria, aviation security strategies utilizing habitat management approaches are recommended.

STUDY OF THE IMPROVEMENT AND JUSTIFICATION POSSIBILITY OF THE STATE AVIATION FLIGHT SAFETY CONTROL SYSTEMS STRUCTURE OPTION

The article examines the possibility of improving (creating a new) safety control system and the possibility of its implementation in the activities of state aviation of Ukraine.
 Research method is system analysis.
 The purpose of the research was to study the possibility of improving the existing (creation of a new) safety control system and its implementation in the activities of state aviation of Ukraine, which is based on new physical, primarily digital, principles of collecting, processing, transmitting and storing information.
 For this purpose, an analysis of the experience and prospects of development of the organization of aviation flight control in Ukraine and abroad was conducted, an option of a rational model of operation of the state aviation flight safety control system was developed.
 Research has shown the following:
 
 recently, national state executive bodies have been bringing national aviation legislation, including aviation security, in line with EU law and a number of measures have been planned. The main ones are as follows:
 
 adaptation of the Ukrainian legislation to the European Union legislation in the field of air transport; reorganization of the Ukrainian State Aviation Service, improvement of airspace regulation functions and functions of certification of subjects, objects of aviation activity;
 preparation, taking into account the world experience of the legislative framework for the implementation of a new national aviation security program for civil aviation;
 the existing flight safety control system of SAU(State Aviation of Ukraine) is imperfect, does not fully meet the requirements of the European aviation safety control system ICAO, both in terms of organization and management of the system, and in terms of collection, processing, transmission, storage, safety control;
 in order to meet the requirements for integration into the international organization ICAO, it is necessary to create (improve) a modern flight safety control system of SAU on new physical digital principles of flight information processing using high-speed technologies for satellite transmission, Ethernet, processing, storage in high-power computing information servers, which will allow quickly and efficiently the bodies responsible for ensuring and controlling flight safety in a timely manner (including on-line mode) to respond to abnormal situations of changes in flight conditions, operation of systems and units of the aircraft;
 in order to implement the flight control system of the State aviation of Ukraine, the technical means of the flight control system of the state aviation of Ukraine were developed: RP-24 recorders (CFDR-42) and ACN-5301 flight information transceiver, which are tested and special software is created.

신흥기술을 이용한 테러이용수단에 대한 대응 : 미국 국토안보부의 과학-기술적 대응에 관한 연구

We witness a new wave of emerging technologies changing our society in every aspect. Along with the innovation of technologies in our daily lives, we encounter a challenge that violent non-state actors use the new technology for their terrorist attacks. These violent non-state terrorist groups and extremists rapidly adopted and exploited these emerging technologies in unanticipated and lethal ways. Today, therefore, terrorists and extremists became more technologically savvy with no readily existing effective countermeasures. In fact, combatting against the malicious use of technological innovations is not an easy task for national security communities globally. Therefore, it became an imminent and the most important mission for security communities to address the challenge of emerging technological threats now and in the foreseeable future to national security. In an attempt to deal with the treats and opportunities of emerging technologies, Department of Homeland Security(DHS) of U.S.A operates the Science and Technologies Directorate(S&T) to work with world-class experts, renowned research centers and labs to improve the ability of DHS component to protect critical infrastructure and the overall security of its homeland. S&T provides evidence-based scientific and technical solutions and advises to deal with a range of emerging threats from aviation security to CRNBE(Chemical, Radioactive, Nuclear, Biological & Explosives) detection for DHS. Operations by S&T are unique but very effective. Currently, we, South Korea, need the model of S&T of DHS to prevent emerging threats to our nation security. However, it seems to be that our counterterrorism agencies and communities are not adequately ready for the new challenge yet. Therefore, this study attempts to examine whether the US S&T model is applicable for our counterterrorism system to encounter newly emerging threats of innovative terrorist technologies. In results and discussion, we discussed policy implications and suggested current counterterrorism policies and revisions of relevant laws.

Conscientiousness protects visual search performance from the impact of fatigue

Visual search—looking for targets among distractors—underlies many critical professions (e.g., radiology, aviation security) that demand optimal performance. As such, it is important to identify, understand, and ameliorate negative factors such as fatigue—mental and/or physical tiredness that leads to diminished function. One way to reduce the detrimental effects is to minimize fatigue itself (e.g., scheduled breaks, adjusting pre-shift behaviors), but this is not always possible or sufficient. The current study explored whether some individuals are less susceptible to the impact of fatigue than others; specifically, if conscientiousness, the ability to control impulses and plan, moderates fatigue’s impact. Participants (N = 374) self-reported their energy (i.e., the inverse of fatigue) and conscientiousness levels and completed a search task. Self-report measures were gathered prior to completing the search task as part of a large set of surveys so that participants could not anticipate any particular research question. Preregistered linear mixed-effect analyses revealed main effects of energy level (lower state energy related to lower accuracy) and conscientiousness (more trait conscientiousness related to higher accuracy), and, critically, a significant interaction between energy level and conscientiousness. A follow-up analysis, that was designed to illustrate the nature of the primary result, divided participants into above- vs. below-median conscientiousness groups and revealed a significant negative relationship between energy level and accuracy for the below median, but not above-median, group. The results raise intriguing operational possibilities for visual search professions, with the most direct implication being the incorporation of conscientiousness measures to personnel selection processes.

Analisis Kondisi Peralatan Unit Kerja Aviation Security Dalam Menunjang Keamanan Dan Keselamatan Penerbangan Di Security Check Point 1 Dan 2 Bandar Udara Abdulrachman Saleh Malang

The condition of avsec work unit equipment located in SCP 1 and 2 is very important for flight safety and security. Equipment that is in good condition and suitable for use according to the SOP applied will assist Avsec officers in carrying out their duties in SCP 1 and 2 as flight security and safety guards. The purpose of this study is to find out and qualitatively analyze the condition of Avsec work unit equipment in SCP 1 and 2 and the application of SOPs to the feasibility of Avsec equipment and the impact of equipment that has been damaged or errord to aviation safety and security at Abdulrahcman Saleh Malang Airport. This research uses qualitative research methods. Data sources come from primary and secondary data. Data collection techniques used are observation, interviews and documentation. The results showed that the condition of Avsec work unit equipment in the SCP 1 and 2 areas was good and not good. Abdulrachman Saleh Malang Airport still does not have Explonsive Detection System equipment used to detect explosives and Liquid Detectors that serve as liquid detection. Malang Airport has implemented sops on the feasibility of equipment by performing the correct operation, equipment maintenance and facility reporting. Damage or errors experienced by equipment have an impact on the inspection process is not optimal and the inspection of passengers' luggage is done manually by officers so that it can threaten the safety and security of the flight.

LEGAL AND REGULATORY RESPONSES ADOPTED BY KENYA TO COMBAT TERRORISM IN THE AVIATION INDUSTRY

Terrorist acts against the civil aviation industry have remained sustained since the first recorded aircraft hijack in February 1931. The devastating effects of a successful terror attack in the aviation industry transcend the jurisdictions of many states, threatening their national and human security. This study sought to analyse the responses to combat terrorism within the aviation industry in Kenya. It employed the exploratory research design. This design is appropriate for a research problem in cases where there are few documented studies for reference. Secondary data was collected from government publications, websites, internal records and reports, conference proceedings, research articles, and books, among others. The data collected was analysed thematically. The findings show that due to the many devastating terrorist attacks in Kenya, a number of legal measures have been progressively initiated to strengthen the security of all aspects of Kenya’s commercial civil aviation against terror attacks. These include the protection of Aircraft Act, 1970 (revised in 2012). Article 2(6) of the Constitution of Kenya provides that any treaty or convention ratified by Kenya shall form part of the law of Kenya. Another Act put in place is The Civil Aviation Act, 2002 (revised 2013), which established the KCAA to regulate and oversee aviation safety and security as guided by the provisions of the Convention on the International Civil Aviation. There is also the Kenya Security Laws Amendment Act, 2014 (Section 75) which provided for the establishment of a mechanism for coordinating counter-terrorism measures in all entry and exit ports in the country. There are also numerous regulatory strategies adopted to combat terrorism in Kenya’s aviation industry. The country has also put in place elaborate regulations on Preventive Security Measures contained in Part IV of the Civil Aviation (Security) Regulations, 2019. Further, the country has instituted the training program with aims to ensure that personnel of all entities involved with or responsible for the implementation of various aspects of aviation security are properly trained on the appropriate standards for tasks in accordance with the national civil aviation security program. The country also undertakes Aviation Security Audits and Reviews. It can thus be concluded that Kenya has adopted elaborate legal and regulatory responses to combat terrorism in the aviation industry. These have been largely successful in combating aviation terrorism in Kenya. Based on the study findings, there is a need for regular reviews of the various legal and regulatory responses to combatting terrorism in Kenya to enhance their efficacy and responsiveness to the dynamism of international terrorism. Furthermore, the training strategies should be strengthened through increased funding to enhance the domestication of the various legal and regulatory responses in the various aviation security agencies in Kenya. KCAA should also increase the frequency of aviation security audits, inspections, system tests, investigations, and surveys on airports, airlines, cargo agents, and inflight catering operators among others in response to increased sophistication of international terrorism.

Revival or Eternal Death? The Impact of Brexit on Early Bilateral Agreements in the Area of Aviation and Social Security Between the UK and EU Member States

The purpose of this article is to assess whether the withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU) may entail the revival of the early bilateral agreements between the UK and EU member states. The main claim is that the earlier bilateral agreements may be reinstated pursuant to international law, but the revival is substantially narrowed due to the limitations arising from EU law and the new EU – UK legal framework. This is based on the argument that the earlier bilateral agreements were not terminated or suspended in operation, and remain in force with limited application. After providing the outline of the new legal relations between the EU and the UK, the article analyses the framework provided for subsequent agreements in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and the case-law of international tribunals. The current analysis draws implications for a revival from EU Treaties and the case-law of the Court of Justice of the EU. Finally, general considerations are provided as applied to agreements in the two specific fields reviewed, namely aviation and coordination of social security.

ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЛЬНО-ЕМКОСТНОЕ УСТРОЙСТВО С ДВУМЯ АВТОГЕНЕРАТОРАМИ

The article describes the structure, design, installation, functionality, technical parametersof a capacitive device used in security and warning systems for the perimeters of objects, as wellas a circuit of a patented differential-capacitive sensor with two autogenerators, which is part ofthe device, the probability of detecting unauthorized intrusions is calculated and estimated usingthe device. The operation of the capacitive sensor is found in the transformations of the change inthe capacitance of two sensitive elements relative to the Earth, the possibility of a protective fence,the change in frequency using autogenerators when approaching or touching them on externalfaces, and the principle of operation of the capacitive device is based on detecting detection whenthe frequency difference of the autogenerators exceeds the set limit value. The advantage ofautogenerators circuits built on logic elements in a differential capacitive sensor is shown, to theinputs of which sensitive elements are connected, one of which is used as a signal, and the other asa reference generator. It is shown that when RLC-elements with lumped parameters and quartzresonators are not used as frequency counters, the circuits of self-oscillators built on digitalmicrocircuits according to the same scheme and their adaptation to changes in the externalenvironment are greatly simplified. happens automatically. To transfer the high frequency signalsof the generators to the laptop, first these signals are converted into low frequency signals throughfrequency dividers, which are in the frequency counters, then these low frequency signals areconverted into digital signals using the Arduino Uno module. The software written on the laptopcalculates the frequency difference and generates an alarm at a certain value of the difference.According to the calculations, a rather high probability of detecting unauthorized intrusions onobjects and the efficiency of using a security warning device with a differential capacitive sensorbased on two self-oscillators in the aviation security system were noted.

ANALISIS PENGAWASAN PETUGAS AVIATION SECURITY (AVSEC) DALAM MENDETEKSI BAHAN PELEDAK DI BANDAR UDARA KOMODO LABUAN BAJO

Aviation Security (AVSEC) officer still frequently discover dangerous goods in passenger luggage, such as scissors, knives, small gas cylinders, machetes/swords, razors, gas lighters, cutlery, a power bank that exceeds the limit, sea shells, pink sand, and marine life in the Prohibited Item category. Researchers also discovered that many passengers were bringing alcoholic beverages that were not labeled and exceeded the specified standards. This research aims 1) To discover how Aviation Security (AVSEC) officers play a part to aviation security and safety at Komodo Labuan Bajo Airport. 2) To determine what equipment is required to support Security Check Point (SCP) two in maintaining aviation security and safety at Komodo Labuan Bajo Airport. 3) To find out how Komodo Labuan Bajo Airport Aviation Security (AVSEC) officers handle dangerous explosive materials. This research uses qualitative methods. Data collection is carried out by observation methods, interviews, and documentation which are then carried out data analysis using data reduction, data presentation and conclusions. The results of this study reveal that 1) Aviation Security Officers (AVSEC) have a very important role in ensuring flight security and safety, 2) Passenger inspections on SCP 2 are carried out Security checks on SCP 2 must be supported by inspections with flight security aids, where inspections This is done by using X-Ray machine tools, Walk Through Metal Detector (WTMD), and Hand Hel Metal Detector (HHMD), 3) Aviation Security Officers (AVSEC) in handling explosives that are considered dangerous to all parties must carry out regular inspections. strict restrictions on passengers and goods that enter the area at Komodo Labuan Bajo Airport to prevent the transportation of prohibited and dangerous goods and can be used to threaten safety and security.

The Effect of Aviation Security Services on Passenger Satisfaction at Aji Pangeran Tumenggung Pranoto Samarinda Airport

Aviation Security (AVSEC) services at Aji Pangeran Tumenggung Pranoto Samarinda Airport are very important as aviation security personnel who have (mandatory) a license or certificate. a certificate of proficiency for officers (STKP) who are given duties and responsibilities in the field of Aviation Security. Based on the background and problem formulation, the purpose of this study is to 1) determine the effect of Aviation Security officer services on passenger satisfaction at Aji Pangeran Tumenggung Pranoto Samarinda Airport 2) find out how much influence the Aviation Security officer service has on passenger satisfaction at Aji Pangeran Tumenggung Pranoto Samarinda Airport. The data used in this study is primary data, namely data collected by distributing questionnaires or questionnaires directly to 100 respondents or airport service users at Aji Pangeran Tumenggung Pranoto Samarinda Airport researchers used quantitative research and analyzed using SPSS 23.0. After the questionnaires were distributed to 100 respondents, the data obtained were tested for validity, simple linear regression test, T test and coefficient of determination test. The results showed that there was a significant influence between the services of Aviation Security officers on passenger satisfaction at Aji Pangeran Tumenggung Pranoto Samarinda Airport. This is evidenced by the value of T arithmetic 17.744 > T table 1.98447. Based on the results obtained, the coefficient of determination (R Square) is 0.763 or 76.3%, meaning that there is 76.3% of the effect of service on passenger satisfaction, while the remaining 23.7% is influenced by other variables not tested in this study.

Strategic management of airports efficiency and safety in the process of air and multimodal logistics transportations development

The airport is a complex system that focuses on the intersection of the interests of different players in the transport market and different activities related to the performance of air transportation. The airport has an independent position in relation to partners and users of air transport. Therefore, the role of the airport, above all, is to unite the efforts of the air transport system and find a balance between their economic interests in order to maximize the efficient and safe use of air transport. In addition to effective cooperation with its partners, the airport must meet the requirements of international standards for aviation security, the appropriate state of infrastructure and efficiency of technological processes. States are also interested in developing, increasing the capacity of airports, expanding opportunities in the process of operation, as the airport contributes to the revival of ties between countries and the development of the global economy, tourism. Bringing the air transport infrastructure in line with international requirements is an important component of Ukraine's strategy aimed at ensuring the competitiveness of the national economy on the world market. Solving the problems of airport development is a nationwide problem that hinders the use of the high transit potential of the state. The complex and diverse challenges facing airports require rational, integrated and flexible solutions in business process management and active cooperation of air transport system participants, which is manifested in the coordination of strategic, tactical and operational decisions. The article is devoted to improving approaches to strategic management of airport efficiency and safety in the process of ensuring the implementation of international air and multimodal logistics services.

항공 시스템에 대한 사이버 위협 대응 방안

Aviation security activities include countering direct attacks such as preventing or responding to threats of terrorism. Also, actions against cyber attacks and remote control using wired/wireless communication of aircraft or navigation facilities are considered as important indirect security activities. If cyber attacks are occurred in aviation infrastructure such as aircraft or airports in operation, many national losses are anticipated. Cyber intrusions from aeronautical communications networks or aircraft systems are not very different from those seen in other industries. Even though, the communication, navigation, surveillance and passenger service systems of advanced aircraft are developed with enhanced security measures, there are still many vulnerabilities. This paper analyzes the types of cyber threats to the aviation systems and the vulnerabilities to cyber threats in the internal and external infrastructure of aircraft, and discusses measures to counter them.

Forms of Transport Safety in Air Transport

In the article with the help of the complex system analysis of the legal phenomena the forms of maintenance of transport safety on air transport are considered. The urgency of the topic is determined by the need to increase the level of aviation security. In air transport, the issues of interaction of entities that provide different types of security in one transport complex, are not properly regulated, which leads to organisational, informational and other management barriers. The purpose of the article is to study the forms of transport safety in terms of interaction and coordination of the activities of special competence bodies in civil aviation. Formal-legal and comparative-legal research methods are used. As a result of studying the organisational system of ensuring transport safety in air transport, the statuses of executive bodies, operational headquarters, commissions established at airports, and transport safety forces are characterised. Achieving the rule of law in the area under consideration is impossible without classifying transport safety as a strategic national task, to be solved, along with state, in particular, law enforcement agencies, under their patronage and control, related to the priority legal status of the latter must be not only employees of carriers are involved, but also divisions and forces of maintenance of transport safety. A solution to the problem that negatively affects the state of transport safety, on legal uncertainty in the delimitation of territorial, object, zonal and functional competence of law enforcement agencies, and others, including non-state actors in aviation security in the context of determining areas of activity this type of security.

State flight safety of civil aircraft

The article is devoted to the study of the system of state regulation and management of flight safety, the definition of the subjects of such activities. The research methodology is based on the methods of documentary analysis and synthesis, comparative analysis, objective truth, which allows to systematically trace the impact of legal regulation in the field of air transport. As a result, it was stated that state regulation is an important component in ensuring the safety of flights of civil aircraft. With proper legal regulation, a high level of aircraft safety will be ensured. The state policy of ensuring the safety of aircraft in civil aviation is a set of goals, objectives, priorities, principles, strategic programs and planned measures developed and implemented by public authorities, which allows the state to achieve its goals in the aviation industry, using legal, economic, administrative and other methods and means of influence, based on available resources. The peculiarity of this public policy is that, first, it is closely linked to both foreign and domestic processes in the country; secondly, has a great influence on the development of all socio-economic
 relations; thirdly, it is provided by a system of public administration bodies headed by the head of state; fourth, it is quite dynamic and costly; fifth, it needs constant control and adjustment by the state. State regulation of flight safety of civil aircraft consists in the formation of state policy and development strategy, defining tasks, functions, conditions of state bodies and use of Ukrainian airspace, application of aviation security measures, adoption of mandatory aviation rules of Ukraine, state control over their implementation and establishing responsibility for their violation. Analysis of flight safety and aviation statistics in recent publications and studies.
 The results of the analysis of statistical data on aviation events that have occurred over the past six years indicate a significant deterioration in flight safety during aviation operations, both in absolute and relative accident rates.
 To increase the level of flight safety, public authorities and aviation entities should take effective measures to implement a safety management system in accordance with the requirements of ICAO, the European Aviation Safety Agency and the European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation (Eurocontrol) [4, с. 117].

Foreign Object Debris Detection for Optical Imaging Sensors Based on Random Forest.

In recent years, aviation security has become an important area of concern as foreign object debris (FOD) on the airport pavement has a huge potential risk to aircraft during takeoff and landing. Therefore, accurate detection of FOD is important to ensure aircraft flight safety. This paper proposes a novel method to detect FOD based on random forest. The complexity of information in airfield pavement images and the variability of FOD make FOD features difficult to design manually. To overcome this challenge, this study designs the pixel visual feature (PVF), in which weight and receptive field are determined through learning to obtain the optimal PVF. Then, the framework of random forest employing the optimal PVF to segment FOD is proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated on the FOD dataset. The results show that compared with the original random forest and the deep learning method of Deeplabv3+, the proposed method is superior in precision and recall for FOD detection. This work aims to improve the accuracy of FOD detection and provide a reference for researchers interested in FOD detection in aviation.

The concept of the development of Russian legislation in the field of aviation security

The study of the place of aviation security in the structure of transport security is conditioned by theoretical and practical needs in determining the need to preserve or exclude the existing dual legal regulation of legal relations by the norms of Russian air legislation and legislation in the field of transport security. Currently, the legal norms regulating: the definition of organizations authorized to protect air transport; the definition of requirements for the protection of air transport, including inspection measures; certification and training of specialists (personnel) directly performing functions in the field of aviation security are duplicated. Based on the comparison of concepts, content and principles of transport and aviation security, the general and special features in their legal regulation as a whole and private are revealed. The purpose of the study was an attempt to define the concept of development of Russian legislation in the field of aviation security from acts of unlawful interference, taking into account the draft law "On Amendments to the Federal Law "On Transport Security" and Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation" developed by the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. The analysis made it possible to draw conclusions that the draft law proposed by the Ministry of Transport of Russia radically changes the state approach to regulating legal relations in the field of aviation security. It seems necessary to conduct additional discussions and assess the regulatory impact of the proposed draft law on the possibility of developing the Russian aviation business in the conditions of abandonment of the federal aviation security system. Based on the analysis, the author's concepts of "aviation security" and "act of unlawful interference" are proposed, the necessity of making appropriate amendments to Article 83 of the Air Code of the Russian Federation is substantiated. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that an industry approach is proposed in the public administration of the legal relations under consideration, taking into account the specifics of air transport and a significant amount of international law on the protection of aviation.

Correlation Filters for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Based Aerial Tracking: A Review and Experimental Evaluation

Aerial tracking, which has exhibited its omnipresent dedication and splendid performance, is one of the most active applications in the remote sensing field. Especially, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based remote sensing system, equipped with a visual tracking approach, has been widely used in aviation, navigation, agriculture,transportation, and public security, etc. As is mentioned above, the UAV-based aerial tracking platform has been gradually developed from research to practical application stage, reaching one of the main aerial remote sensing technologies in the future. However, due to the real-world onerous situations, e.g., harsh external challenges, the vibration of the UAV mechanical structure (especially under strong wind conditions), the maneuvering flight in complex environment, and the limited computation resources onboard, accuracy, robustness, and high efficiency are all crucial for the onboard tracking methods. Recently, the discriminative correlation filter (DCF)-based trackers have stood out for their high computational efficiency and appealing robustness on a single CPU, and have flourished in the UAV visual tracking community. In this work, the basic framework of the DCF-based trackers is firstly generalized, based on which, 23 state-of-the-art DCF-based trackers are orderly summarized according to their innovations for solving various issues. Besides, exhaustive and quantitative experiments have been extended on various prevailing UAV tracking benchmarks, i.e., UAV123, UAV123@10fps, UAV20L, UAVDT, DTB70, and VisDrone2019-SOT, which contain 371,903 frames in total. The experiments show the performance, verify the feasibility, and demonstrate the current challenges of DCF-based trackers onboard UAV tracking.

Aviation security automation: The current level of security automation and its impact

Passengers dream of using air travel without experiencing the mandatory security and identity checks. The way to make this dream come true is based on the automation of security processes. Since there have been many attacks in the aviation sector, especially on airports and airplanes, the requirements for security systems and their development have risen sharply, with the consequence that passengers have to accept increasingly deeper intrusions into their privacy. To ensure these requirements, passenger and baggage screening systems must meet the highest standards. In this paper, we present opportunities, risks and impacts of a fully automated security system on passengers. To this end, we examine processes at the airport and their current level of automation with a focus on security. Using Airport 4.0 as an example of strong digitalisation at airports, the degree of complete digitalisation, which serves as the basis for automation, is evaluated in the context of airports. Digital transformation defined by Airport 4.0 affects mainly the use of technologies for process automation such as eg identity management, and passenger involvement such as eg passenger preferences. Thereby, the prerequisites for digitalisation, concerning effort and costs, are elaborated. Automation through digitalisation is examined using the example of the application of Artificial Intelligence. Furthermore, we evaluate the progress of automation in various areas by way of examples. The existing degree of digitalisation and automation, especially through the use of artificial intelligence, makes the realisation of the dream of using aviation without even noticing the mandatory security and identity checks seem closer. However, digitalised systems may be subject to cyber attacks manipulating eg databases containing biometric data. Therefore, future work will address cyber security on the one hand, and on the other, a method that applies the power of Artificial Intelligence to the control of all parts of the security infrastructure, such as cameras, access controls and border controls. Automation combined with Artificial Intelligence can be trained to detect hidden correlations that reveal potential threats.

Airport security: Lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic

Reflecting on the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic, we can see that, even though we have faced war, terror attacks, extreme nature and weather events, economic depressions and more, none of them affected global economies, our freedom of travel, our personal and mental health as fast and as deeply as the COVID-19 pandemic. Once considered a local event to China, it rapidly spread across the globe within a few months, bringing travel between countries to a halt and interfering catastrophically with the aviation industry. Airports and airlines soon discovered that not only were they on the brink of bankruptcy, they also needed furlough their employees, shut down terminals and fleets and, in race to establish new methodologies for public health demands to try to regain some aviation and commerce activity. The airport security sector also suffered, losing manpower, struggling with infected employees, involving staff in safety related duties which were not part of their job description and seeing new stakeholders to set the ‘new security’ agenda for their home court. Focus was diverted from counter-terrorism. Obviously, due to the circumstances, direct operation and development budgets were frozen or re-allocated, so work plans and an array of improvements are now under consideration. The most agile airports set up innovation labs to identy updated technological solutions in supporting daily efforts, especially with the public demand for contactless travel. Soon, some regulators began to introduce regulations, and are trying to set the industry to work on gold standards and platforms, pursuing governmental official confidence that will, in time, translate into authorisation to operate safe travels (especially on international routes, as in some countries domestic traffic has a reasonable volume). This paper analyses civil aviation actors and vectors throughout the pandemic, and offers predictions for the near future trends, especially for aviation security directors.