Aviation Security Research Articles

Neural network classification of aviation personnel as an element of the information and control space for the security of a transport infrastructure object

The following article considers the development of a neural network assessment program for the level of readiness of aviation security personnel to carry out professional activities. The collection and preparation of initial data for training a neural network were carried out, a neural network was studied in the MATLAB system to assess the level of readiness of aviation security personnel to perform professional activities. As a result of the study, it was found out that the neural network provided precision 100%, recall — 97.4%, specificity — 95.9%. The dialogue program for assessing the competencies of aviation security personnel has been developed, based on the neural network parameters obtained in the MATLAB system in C++.

A review of risk-based security and its impact on TSA PreCheck

Since September 11, 2001, the United States has invested a significant amount of resources into improving aviation security operations, with the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) assuming the responsibilities for security policy-making at commercial airports. This article reviews the literature that supports policies for risk-based passenger screening procedures and chronicles the analytical analysis leading up to the launch (in October 2011) of the TSA Precheck program, as a first step toward implementing a risk-based security strategy for passenger and baggage screening. Multi-level passenger prescreening is the basis of the mathematical framework behind TSA Precheck; the framework provides a prescriptive control of security operations in settings with limited resources. TSA Precheck assigns each passenger to a risk group, based on the initial perceived risk level (assessed in the prescreening stage), and then calibrates the security measures to mitigate the risk associated with each group. With passengers arriving in real-time and the order of their arrivals uncertain, the resource utilization problem is solved by dynamic programming. A numerical comparison between a risk-based and an equal-risk (i.e., non-risk-based) security model is presented to quantify the benefits of risk-based security.

Pronunciation and Aeronautical English: Brazilians’ difficulties and possible routes to intelligibility

Communications between pilot and air traffic controller (ATCO) are carried out via radiotelephony, without visual contact between the interlocutors. ICAO, a specialized agency of the United Nations, is responsible for the security of international civil aviation. ICAO’s official documents (ICAO, 2004, 2009, 2010) mention the importance of English pronunciation in the intelligibility of pilot-ATCO communication. In 2017, Brazilian researchers analyzed the extent to which two international Aeronautical English (AE) textbooks, used in an ATCO training course in Brazil, address the pronunciation difficulties considered typical among Brazilians (CRISTÓFARO-SILVA, 2012). The analysis, based on the concepts of intelligibility, English as a Lingua Franca and the ‘Lingua Franca Core’ (JENKINS, 2000, 2002, 2005), showed that the analyzed books do not portray several of these difficulties. In this article, we first point out international air accidents and incidents in which pronunciation was one of the contributing factors, then, based on the Lingua Franca Core, we discuss the causes of some Brazilian pronunciation difficulties, aiming to increase teachers’ and students’ awareness and to contribute to pronunciation teaching in the field of AE. In addition, we problematize the non-critical use of textbooks by teachers and the inadequate training in English Language Phonology.

THE LIBERALIZATION OF CIVIL AVIATION SAFETY: PROBLEMS OF HARMONIZATION OF NATIONAL STANDARDS AND GENERAL EUROPEAN ONES

Objective: at the present stage of development of international civil aviation in the context of globalization and technical progress, the problem of liberalization of international and state regulation of civil aviation safety in the context of reducing the scope of state control of civil aviation is relevant. This is confirmed by the holding of two World Air Transport Conferences of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in 2003 and 2013, which were specifically devoted to the problems of liberalization and the development of standards and mechanisms for its implementation. Given the spread of global trends in liberal relations in the field of civil aviation, there is a need to study the level of liberalization of national standards in the context of a particular country and their harmonization with European and world standards, developing a common strategy for civil aviation safety. The article considers the problems of harmonization of national standards and European ones of civil aviation security liberalization at the current stage of development of international civil aviation, identifies the impact of liberalization on national and European standards of air safety, airspace, ground handling and all aviation infrastructure. Particular attention is paid to the development of civil aviation security liberalization in Ukraine, the integration processes of state policy in this area. Research methods: general scientific and special methods of analysis and comparison are used in the work. Results: the conclusion is made about the need to improve the state regulation of civil aviation safety, providing the most favorable conditions and forms of cooperation in the field of liberalization of its safety, in particular, by improving national and international regulations. Discussion: finding ways to solve national problems of civil aviation security liberalization and the need to adapt it to international standards, integration and globalization processes, management principles and security.

Kewenangan Pemerintah Daerah dalam Mengendalikan Pembangunan Kawasan Bandar Udara

Aviation safety and security is our shared responsibility. Accidents and incidents caused by kite games or other similar games can result in casualties, machine damage and weaken the level of compliance. I Gusti Ngurah Rai Airport Flight Operational Safety Area is air, land and water space with a radius of 15 km from the runway at I Gusti Ngurah Rai Airport. The plane that was flown by SYD - DPS was not allowed to land because of a kite near the end of Runway 27 so that my plane had to spin around. The research objective is to study and analyze regional arrangements and the authority of local governments in controlling the development of the airport area. This research uses a normative type of research, by examining library materials by studying and examining theories of concepts, as well as regulations relating to problems. The results showed that the Airport Flight Operations Safety Zone Arrangement was stipulated based on the Government Regulation on aviation security and safety, which stipulates that airport operators are obliged to protect the airport environment in order to avoid disturbances that slow down flights. The authority of a regional government in controlling the flight area is to organize spatial planning in its area while still understanding the rights that people have in accordance with applicable regulations.

A novel enhanced region proposal network and modified loss function: threat object detection in secure screening using deep learning

Detection of threat objects concealed in passenger clothing and baggage poses a challenge to aviation security. At present, the detection technology is capable of detecting the presence of threats from the scanned images yet requires the involvement of human in determining what type of threat and where it is located. Deep learning-based object detection technique has not been successfully implemented to detect threats in the security screening processes. This research aims to improve the accuracy and the processing time of threat detection in security screening. Enhanced faster region-based convolutional neural network (faster R-CNN) with improved region proposals is used for better threat localization. The proposed system consists of an improved region proposal network that outputs object’s region proposals with an object score to the detector module to accurately locate the threat in the human body. Furthermore, this system uses a modified loss function that strengthens the classification loss. Results obtained by the proposed model show a 15% improvement in object localization. Therefore, the enhanced faster R-CNN achieves an overall detection accuracy of 0.27 in terms of average precision and reduces the processing time by 0.19 s. The results obtained by the enhanced faster R-CNN for detection accuracy are superior to the state-of-the-art system. Also, this model focuses on localizing the threat and identifying its type, which makes the model suitable for threat detection security screening. Besides, the research also addresses the time consumption issue in detecting the threat object.

AVIATION SECURITY TECHNOLOGIES IN THE TIME OF THE COVID-19

The goal of this article is to identify objective preconditions for developing and applying new technologies in aviation security at the time of pandemic and during post-pandemic times. The article focuses on the necessity to ensure the needs through securing an appropriate legal and normative framework pertinent to this process. Research methods: applying systemic-structural and communication methods helped the researcher to identify and analyze the common trends in applying new technologies to ensure security of aviation and address the respective challenges of legal nature. Results: as a result of academic research, the main directions for securing a legal and normative framework allowing to apply news technologies in ensuring aviation security at the time of COVID-19 crisis and during post-crisis times, were formulated. Discussion: the COVID-19 crisis is a global threat that has considerably affected security of aviation. At the same time, this threat has served as an impetus for the adoption of measures for use of new technologies in security of aviation as well as an impetus for ensuring respective legal and normative framework. A special attention in this article is drawn to legal support for the use of key technologies helping to provide security of aviation systems in future. The article demonstrates the ways to resolve legal challenges pertinent to ensuring air travel in the time of the COVID-19 crisis as well as within the post-crisis times. It suggests the ways to restore customers’ trust and to improve aviation security systems. COVID-19 as a threat, might keep affecting the world for many more years. In recent times, the technologies played a significant role in ensuring people’s and goods’ movement within a global scale, at the same time ensuring the safety of countries. But can these technologies play the same role in the times of the COVID-19 crisis? - «yes» Security technologies will increasingly pay an important role in diminishing the risks to safety and health of people. To play this role, the processes and technologies, the airports and air carriers shall restore the trust of travelers, through at the same time minimizing the need for quarantine measures around the globe. This will require further polishing and renewal of current approach, e.g. aviation security systems have to become smarter.

MACHINE-READABLE TRAVEL DOCUMENTS IN AVIATION SECURITY AND INFORMATION PRIVACY: AN ISLAMIC LAW PERSPECTIVE

For the purpose of preventing civil aviation offences and maintaining security of civil aviation, passengers are required to give biometric information which must be stored in the International Civil Aviation Organization’s (ICAO) approved Machine Readable Travel Documents (MTRDs) and that such information obtained should be adequately secured against skimming and eavesdropping. Since its inception, many countries including the Islamic countries have adopted the machine to process information of passengers coming in and going out of their states. Academic writers have written on the challenges of skimming and eavesdropping as they are related to information privacy versus aviation security in the conventional law but the Islamic law position has not been dealt with. The article therefore attempts to explore the Islamic law position on the use of Machine Readable Travel Documents (MRTDs) and the challenges being posed to aviation security. The paper is qualitative in nature and relies on primary and secondary sources of Islamic law to argue its position. The paper finds that Islamic law expressly preserves individual’s information privacy and that skimming and eavesdropping are allowed to promote public security and prevention of evil. Its further provides punishment for whoever transgresses against information privacy. It concludes that the adoption of MRTDs to obtain information about private affairs of passengers is in line with the principle of Islamic law.

Conceptual Research on In Flight Security Officer Practices in Civil Aviation

Havacılık sektörü, ticari getirisi ve uluslararası arenada ülkelerin imajlarının sağlanmasında önemli bir araç olması nedeniyle sürekli olarak kamuoyunun ilgi odağında olan bir sektördür. Bu sebeple, havacılık sektöründe gerçekleştirilen herhangi yasa dışı bir eylem çok ses getirmekte, masum insanların hayatını kaybetmesine, ciddi maddi kayıplara ve hem havayolu firmalarının hem de uçakların tescilli olduğu ülkelerin imajının zedelenmesine neden olmaktadır. Havacılık güvenliğinin sağlanması amacıyla, havaalanlarında uçuş öncesinden başlayıp ve uçuş sonrası süreci de içine alan birçok önleyici uygulama ve kontrol bulunmaktadır. Bu güvenlik uygulamalarından biri, yasa dışı olaylara karşı uçuş sırasında uçuş güvenlik görevlisi bulundurmaktır. Bu araştırmanın amacı, uçuş güvenlik görevlisinin görevleri, tarihçesi, dünya çapındaki uygulama şekilleri ve Türkiye’deki son durumu hakkında kavramsal bilgi vermektir. Araştırmanın havacılık güvenliği ile ilgili Türkçe literatüre katkı yapacağı düşünülmektedir.

Problems of providing transport security of Ukraine: regulatory background

Problems of providing transport security of Ukraine: regulatory background

Security of aircraft infrastructure objects: theoretical aspects

The article determines that the basis for effective activity for the protection of critical infrastructure facilities is the formation of a system of legislative definition of criteria for attribution to the critical infrastructure of the state of the relevant facilities, including aviation. The basis of legislative and organizational activity in this sense is the implementation of scientific research aimed at the formation of scientific and organizational security of aviation objects. It is stated that beyond the scope of modern research in aviation security and in the whole of all critical infrastructure objects there remain: theoretical clarification of the essence and correlation of such theoretical and applied categories of different types of security with regard to critical infrastructure and aviation transport objects. The reasons and conditions for the formation of security threats to the entire aviation infrastructure of Ukraine have not been properly investigated. The necessity of development of theoretical and applied and legal problems of safety of the objects of aviation transport of Ukraine is determined not only by the intervention in the activity of civil aviation, but also by the whole complex of conditions of normal activity of structures and subjects of business activity of objects of aviation infrastructure. The purpose of the article is to create on the basis of a series of articles a theoretical basis for organizational and legal security of objects of aviation transport infrastructure. The purpose of the article was implemented in a systematic approach to the study of existing problems in the security sphere of aviation infrastructure. The use of a set of general and specific research methods made it possible to determine the factors and content of the causes and conditions of the formation of threats to the security of all aviation transport infrastructure in Ukraine. This approach made it possible to conclude that the content of security of aviation infrastructure and economic entities located in their territory can be viewed from several positions: First - as conditions in which there is a complex system where the action of external factors and internal factors does not lead to the emergence of threats and negative objective and subjective negative processes. Secondly, as a condition of critical infrastructure - aviation, at which the risk of harming people or property is reduced to an acceptable level. Thirdly - as a type of activity of authorized structural units for creation of normative conditions for functioning of critical infrastructure objects - aviation transport. Taking into account the analysis of the practice, legislative and departmental regulations and opinions of scientists, a differentiated classification of security threats to aviation infrastructure objects is given, with determination of their impact on each element of the infrastructure.

항공사 조직구성원의 항공안전과 항공보안에 대한 상충적 태도가 조직효과성에 미치는 영향 연구

This paper has studied the effect of airline staff’s perception on both aviation safety and aviation security to their organizational effectiveness. Airline staff’s perception on aviation safety is different from that on aviation security due to organizational difference in an airline. Through an empirical analysis, it was analyzed the effect of such perceptional difference on airline’s organizational effectiveness. According to the analysis, it was found the perception of aviation safety has a significant positive effect on organizational effectiveness. Airline staff believed the safety is a core value of an airline and emphasizing the safety never impeded the airline’s operation including service quality. Secondly, it was proven the perception on abiding by aviation security rules had a significant negative effect on organizational effectiveness. However, emphasizing aviation security had a very significant positive contribution on airline’s philosophy of aviation safety. Following the research results, it was suggested an airline look for improving the process and regulations to deal with aviation security in the organization.

A Study on the Improvement of Aviation Security System for the Prevention of Terrorism in Aircraft - Focusing on the Prevention, Preparedness, Response and Punishment Regulations of the Aviation Security Act-

A Study on the Improvement of Aviation Security System for the Prevention of Terrorism in Aircraft - Focusing on the Prevention, Preparedness, Response and Punishment Regulations of the Aviation Security Act-

Legal and Organizational-Technical Assurances of Aviation Security

The purpose of this article is to: 1) determine the essence of the conceptual categories related to the assurances of aviation security; 2) establish the state of regulation of aviation security; 3) formulate proposals and recommendations to improve this sphere of activity. Preparing the article a systematic approach was used as a general scientific method, and such methods of scientific knowledge as dialectical, logical-symmetric, system-functional, method of documentary analysis and analytical one were used. The legal and organizational-technical assurances of aviation security are characterized. The author definitions of "aviation security", "aviation vehicle safety", "organizational-technical assurances of security" and "legal security assurances". Modern methods and means of proper compliance with the main components of aviation security in Ukraine and in the world are analyzed. The directions to improve the organizational-technical assurances of aviation security are determined. The most dangerous, according to the author, aviation threats have been identified, perspective directions to overcome them have been suggested. According to the results of the research, the following basic principles of the organization of work on flight safety management, which are aimed at ensuring of aviation security, are identified: systematic; proaction; collectivism; awareness; identifying and eliminating causes; adequacy; responsibility.

Aviation security by consent using the Controlled Cognitive Engagement (CCE) alternative screening programme

Aviation security measures rely on public acceptance of the trade-off between civil liberties and public protection. Currently, all aviation passengers travelling to the US on an American carrier from non-U.S. locations undergo screening interview based on detection of suspicious signs, an approach which is not supported by psychological research. An alternative, Controlled Cognitive Engagement (CCE) was shown in a series of field trials to be more effective than suspicious signs methods in detecting deception during security interviews. However, CCE asks passengers to satisfy agents that answers to questions are veridical, which raises a concern that CCE might be viewed as too intrusive. Here, 120 genuine air passengers provided anonymous feedback regarding their experience of screening. CCE-screened passengers reported their experience as significantly more enjoyable, no less intrusive nor less acceptable than the current procedure, and were ‘promoters’ of the technique whereas those in the suspicious signs condition were ‘detractors’. Winning and maintaining the respect and approval of the travelling public is an important consideration in the task of securing freedom of movement and public safety.

Automatic x-ray image analysis for aviation security within limited computing resources

The objective of this work is to develop approaches to automating inspection procedure at airports. The article presents the deficiencies of the existing inspection system, concluding in the negative impact of the human factor. It is proposed to use convolutional neural networks for automatic x-ray image analysis of passenger baggage. The paper presents the results of the convolutional neural network with various input data and architecture within limited computing resources. In a view to further development, this study can contribute to the development of specialized software to help aviation security screeners through partial automation of their work.

An Empirical Comparative Analysis of Airport Security Screeners' Perception of Employment Systems and Cooperation within an Airport Authority for Effective Disaster Response

This study analyzed and compared airport security screeners' perception of the employment system and cooperation within a company working at both Incheon and Gimpo international airports. Based on empirical research, suggestions for changes to policy were made to improve the disaster response of an airport authority. It was proven that, if the current transition policy of aviation security screeners' employment systems were implemented as planned, the efficiency of security screening would improve and the number of aviation security breaches would significantly decrease. Additionally, it was found that surveyed employees from both airports perceived that the employment transition to establish a government-owned company must be expedited to improve aviation security for effective disaster response of an airport authority.

Research of the aviation personnel vulnerability profile to social engineering attacks

In conditions of strengthening the informational component of aviation activity, the task of ensuring aviation cybersecurity becomes extremely urgent. Currently, a regulatory framework is being developed that regulates activities in this area, both on the part of the International Civil Aviation Organization and at the Russian Federation level. In the complex of aviation cybersecurity threats, which include deliberate attacks, errors of third-party companies, system errors, natural phenomena, the human factor occupies an important place. In this work, this negative phenomenon is considered from the point of view of the aviation personnel vulnerability to social engineering attacks. Such type of attack by an attacker involves a set of applied psychological and analytical techniques that facilitate the receipt of confidential information or the violation of information security rules by legitimate company employees. The existing approach to building a profile of user vulnerabilities to social engineering attacks involves a series of psychological tests, the results of which are used to predict the user vulnerability through its psychological characteristics. In this work a slightly different task is posed, the main idea is to restore the vulnerability profile of aviation personnel from activity data in a social network. This is due to the fact that studying the user profile of a social network will more quickly solve the problem of choosing the most vulnerable employee for a particular type of social engineering attack and introduce preventive measures. The research was conducted on the basis of JSC «Surgut International Airport». 36 aviation security inspectors were selected as the respondents. Empirical data have been obtained including profiles of social network user profiles and a number of psychological tests. Using factor analysis the problem of reducing dimensionality and choosing the most informative indicators characterizing the activity of a social network user has been solved. A discriminant model that allows predicting the vulnerability profile of personnel according to the social network has been developed. Possible types of social engineering attacks on aviation personnel are presented.

PELAKSANAAN PELATIHAN KERJA DI LEMBAGA PELATIHAN KERJA BALI AVIATION AND TOURISM CENTER (BATC) MENURUT UNDANG-UNDANG KETENAGAKERJAAN

This study aims to determine the job training implementation in the job training institutions Bali Aviation and Tourism Center (BATC) according to the Manpower Act. The research method used is empirical normative that is examining the implementation of the job training at the Bali Aviation and Tourism Center (BATC) job training institute to assess its compliance with the Labor Law. The results of the study revealed that the Bali Aviation and Tourism Center (BATC) as the provider of education and training in the field of aviation security personnel has received permission as a vocational training institution from the Office of Social Affairs and Labor of the City of Denpasar Province. The curriculum used has outlined the needs of industry and following labor law, specifically related to the development of work competencies that are implemented in the form of Daily Workers.

Адміністративно-правове забезпечення публічного порядку і безпеки на авіаційному транспорті

Статтю спрямовано на розкриття особливостей адміністративно-правового забезпечення публічного порядку і безпеки на авіаційному транспорті. В роботі охарактеризовано властивості авіаційного транспорту, його сучасний стан та вектор розвитку. Досліджено склад та структуру нормативно-правової бази, якою регулюється зазначена сфера діяльності. Розглянуто комплекс питань, що стосується безпеки в авіації, приділено увагу системі суб’єктів, діяльність яких спрямована на її забезпечення. Уточнено співвідношення понять «публічний порядок на авіаційному транспорті» та «авіаційна безпека», зроблено висновки про застосування різних видів правових режимів, що мають місце в авіації, а також про складну систему комунікацій між суб’єктами, які забезпечують додержання цих режимів.