Average Rating Of Perceived Exertion Research Articles

THE EFFECTS OF HYBRID FUNCTIONAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATION INTERVAL TRAINING ON AEROBIC FITNESS AND FATIGUE IN PEOPLE WITH ADVANCED MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

INTRODUCTION & AIMS Improving aerobic fitness in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) can reduce fatigue, and lower the risk of cardiovascular disease. Aerobic training can be challenging due to paresis, access to suitable equipment and fatigue. The aim was to investigate whether functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling combined with arm crank interval exercise (hybrid FES interval training) is feasible for people with advanced MS, and its effects on aerobic fitness and fatigue. METHODS Hybrid FES interval training was performed 2 d/wk for 12 weeks. Each session consisted of 40 minutes of continuous FES cycling with arm crank intervals of 30 seconds work/30 seconds rest added concurrently for 20 minutes. The intensity target was a minimum of 60% of arm crank power and ‘hard’ measured by rate of perceived exertion (RPE) on a scale of 6-20. Feasibility was measured by attendance, compliance to intensity and time targets, adverse events, and drop outs. Aerobic fitness was assessed by an arm crank maximal test. Fatigue was measured via the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS). RESULTS Seven participants (6 female; age 57.1±7.8y; Expanded Disability Status Scale 7.1±0.8) with advanced MS attended 80±10.4% of the scheduled sessions and there were no adverse events or drop outs. Average RPE at the end of each training session was 15±2, representing vigorous intensity exercise. Aerobic fitness did not change pre- to post-intervention [14.2±5.7 to 14.78±6.0 mL/kg/min (p=0.43)]. There was a trend towards a reduction in the MFIS score pre- to post-intervention [31.0±10.4 to 21.7±11.4 (p=0.10)]. CONCLUSION Hybrid FES interval training is feasible for people with advanced MS who need exercise equipment appropriate for their condition, and can represent vigorous intensity exercise. The positive findings support the need for future randomized control trials that can assess the aerobic fitness changes and associated health benefits of hybrid FES interval training.

Exploring actual and perceived levels of physical activity intensity during virtual reality active games.

Research suggests that engaging in active virtual reality (VR) video games can elicit light to moderate levels of physical activity (PA), making it a novel and fun mode of exercise. Further research is needed to understand the influence of VR on perceptions of exertion and enjoyment during PA. The objectives of this study are (1) to compare actual and perceived exertion within and between active VR games with varying levels of difficulty and (2) to determine how playing active VR games influences PA enjoyment during gameplay. A total of 18 participants completed four separate study sessions, during which they engaged in either a 15-min bout of traditional exercise (stationary cycling) or played one VR game. Heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) using the Borg CR10 scale were assessed during VR gameplay and cycling. Enjoyment was measured after gameplay. VR games included playing Holopoint at level 2 and level 3 and Hot Squat. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to examine (1) changes in HR and RPE across time within games and (2) differences in actual and perceived levels of intensity and enjoyment between games. Bivariate correlations examined the relationship between the degree of change in actual intensity and the degree of change in perceived intensity during each VR game and cycling. The analyses revealed that RPE and HR significantly increased from baseline during each condition and generally increased across the 15-min of gameplay. Hot Squat and cycling elicited a significantly higher percentage of heart rate reserve (%HRR) than Holopoint at levels 2 and 3. Holopoint level 3 elicited a higher %HRR than Holopoint level 2. The participants reported greater average and max RPE during Hot Squat and cycling compared with Holopoint at levels 2 and 3. The correlations revealed a significant positive correlation between the degree of change in HR and RPE for cycling, but no significant correlations were observed for any of the VR conditions. The physical activity during Holopoint at both levels was rated as more enjoyable than Hot Squat and cycling. Our data support the notion that VR has the potential to alter individuals' perceptions of exertion during PA and, in particular, may reduce their awareness of increases in actual exertion.

Acute enhancement of Romanian deadlift performance after consumption of caffeinated chewing gum

This study investigates the effect of the consumption of caffeinated chewing gum on the performance of Romanian deadlift on the flywheel training device. A total of 19 participants completed a randomized, cross-over, single-blind experiment with food-grade caffeinated chewing gum trial (CAF) or placebo trail (PL). Gum were chewed for 10 min and rest for 15 min prior to the Romanian deadlift test using the inertial resistance training machine. 5 sets of 6 Romanian deadlifts were performed, with a 3-min rest between sets, followed by a 7-day washout period before the next set of trials. The average power, average force, total peak power, peak concentric power, peak eccentric power, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) for each trials were analyzed using paired-T test. Compared to placebo, caffeinated chewing gum trial enhanced peak concentric power (P = 0.016, Cohen's d = 0.44), peak eccentric power (P = 0.005, Cohen's d = 0.55), average power (P = 0.013, Cohen's d = 0.43), and total work (P = 0.026, Cohen's d = 0.28). However, in average force (P = 0.063, Cohen's d = 0.50), RPE (P = 0.266), and heart rate (P = 0.143), were no significant differences between trials. Caffeinated chewing gum with a dose of caffeine of 200 mg for 10 min may acutely enhance Romanian deadlift performance on the flywheel machine.

Effects of mindful physical activity on perceived exercise exertion and other physiological and psychological responses: results from a within-subjects, counter-balanced study.

Most adults are insufficiently active. Mindfulness training may increase moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) adoption and adherence. However, physiological and psychological factors underlying these effects are not well understood. This study examined the effects of an acute bout of MVPA, mindfulness training, and combined MVPA and mindfulness training on physiological and psychological outcomes. Healthy adults (N = 29, Mage = 28.6) completed 20-min counterbalanced conditions: (a) mindfulness training (MIND); (b) moderate intensity walking (PA), and (c) moderate intensity walking while listening to MVPA-specific guided mindfulness training (PAMIND). Heart rate (HR), Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE), Feeling Scale (FS) and Blood Pressure (BP) were measured at rest, at regular intervals during each condition, and post-condition. Mindfulness, state anxiety, and self-efficacy were assessed pre- and post-condition. Average and peak HR, systolic BP (SBP), and RPE were significantly higher, and average and peak FS were significantly lower during the PA and PAMIND conditions compared to MIND (p < 0.001). Average RPE was significantly higher for PA compared to PAMIND (p < 0.001). Heart rate, feeling scale, body and mental events mindfulness, and self-efficacy for walking increased from pre to post (all p's < 0.001) for all conditions. Time by condition interactions were significant for change in heart rate, mental events mindfulness, and state anxiety from pre- to post-condition. The physiological response to MVPA and PAMIND were similar. However, RPE was rated lower in the PAMIND condition, which could have implications for MVPA adoption and maintenance. Future work should further explore RPE combining MVPA and mindfulness training.

Making a HIIT: Methods for quantifying intensity in high-intensity interval training in schools and validity of session rating of perceived exertion

ABSTRACT Using the data from Making a HIIT, this paper aimed to: 1) investigate the different heart rate (HR) quantification methods reported in school-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) studies; and 2) assess the criterion validity of session rating of perceived exertion (RPE). During an 8-week HIIT intervention, 213 students (13.1 (0.6) years; 46% female) completed 10-minute HIIT workouts during physical education lessons. In total, 1057 HR and RPE measurements were collected across 68 HIIT workouts. For aim 1, the average and peak HR across all participants and workouts were 79% (8%) and 92% (6%) of HRmax, respectively. The average RPE was 6 (2) points on a 10-point scale. An average of 51% of students in a class had an average HR ≥ 80% for each workout. The between-person variation for peak and average HR were 19% and 30% , respectively. Both average and peak HR decreased by 0.5% each week (p < 0.001). To assess aim 2, a within-participant correlation was calculated for the internal training load produced using HR and RPE data. The correlation was 0.39 (p < 0.001), which suggests utility of using RPE when HR is not a viable option.

Training drills in high performance badminton-effects of interval duration on internal and external loads.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to analyze the impact of interval duration on training loads and technical skill performance in high performance badminton drills. Methods: On three experimental days, 19 internationally ranked players (13 male: 22.7 ± 3.8years, 180 ± 6cm, 71.5 ± 6.1kg; 6 females: 20.4 ± 2.5years, 168 ± 4cm, 59.8 ± 6.0kg) completed one of three protocols (T10, T30, and T50) of a typical badminton specific drill, the so-called "Multifeeding" (the coach feeds shuttlecock without break in a random order) in a counterbalanced order. The protocols varied in interval duration (10, 30, and 50s) but were matched for the rally-to-rest-ratio (1:1) and active playing time (600s). Cardiorespiratory responses (portable spirometry, chest belt), energy metabolism (levels of blood lactate, La), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), player's kinematics (Local Positioning System), and technical skill performance (video analysis) were measured. Results: Average oxygen consumption (T10 45 ± 6; T30 46 ± 7; T50 44 ± 6mLmin-1·kg-1), Energy expenditure (886 ± 209; 919 ± 176; 870 ± 206kcalh-1), heart rate (164 ± 13; 165 ± 11; 165 ± 10bpm) and RPE (16 ± 2; 17 ± 2; 17 ± 2) did not differ between the protocols. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and La significantly increased depending on interval duration (RER: 0.90 ± 0.05; 0.93 ± 0.03; 0.96 ± 0.04 and La: 3.6 ± 2.0; 5.6 ± 3.0; 7.3 ± 2.3mmoll-1). Stroke frequency (SF; 0.58 ± 0.05; 0.57 ± 0.05; 0.55 ± 0.06 strokes·s-1) was similar while distance covered, and average running velocity were significantly lower for T50 compared to T10 (76 ± 17; 70 ± 13; 65 ± 11mmin-1). Moreover, jump frequency in T30 was higher than in T10 (6.7 ± 3.1; 8.8 ± 3.8; 8.5 ± 4.2 jumps·min-1), whereas differences in internal and external loads were not associated with changes in stroke precision (errors: 16 ± 6; 19 ± 4; 18 ± 4%; accuracy: 22 ± 6; 24 ± 8; 23 ± 8%). Conclusion: Anaerobic metabolic stimulus increases while running distance and velocity decrease, in case of longer interval durations. Even though there was no impact on stroke precision, extending the intervals beyond 30s might impair external training load and skill performance. Consequently, interval duration should be defined carefully depending on the training goals.

Hitting the Target? Achieving Optimal Cardiovascular Intensity for Persons With Spinal Cord Injury And Stroke

<h3>Research Objectives</h3> To investigate the feasibility of achieving the American Physical Therapy Association Locomotor Clinical Practice Guideline's cardiovascular intensity recommendations for persons with acute or sub-acute spinal cord injury (SCI) and acute or sub-acute cerebrovascular accident (CVA). <h3>Design</h3> A retrospective data-analysis from June 2020-June 2022. <h3>Setting</h3> 114 bed inpatient rehabilitation hospital. <h3>Participants</h3> 78 persons with acute/sub-acute spinal cord injury who participated in 253 locomotor sessions and 81 persons with acute/sub-acute stroke who participated in 222 locomotor sessions. <h3>Interventions</h3> Locomotor sessions were 30-60 minutes in duration and aimed to utilize advanced rehabilitation technology in order to achieve target heart rate recommendations within 60-80% heart rate reserve per the American Physical Therapy Association Locomotor Clinical Practice Guideline. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> Average heart rate with activity, average maximum heart rate with activity, average target heart rate, average gait distance (feet), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). <h3>Results</h3> 22.2% of persons with acute/sub-acute cerebrovascular accident achieved average target heart rate via average maximum heart rate, while 17.9% of persons with SCI achieved average target heart rate via average maximum heart rate. Average RPE was 15 for both SCI and CVA cohorts. Average session walking distance for persons with SCI and CVA were 1,250.95 feet and 1,313.45 feet, respectively. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Achievement of Locomotor Clinical Practice Guideline target heart rate values appear to be more feasible for persons with acute/sub-acute CVA than for SCI, although attainment of target heart rates were low for both groups. Gait distance and perceived exertion levels were similar between groups, although heart rate responses appeared to be different. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> None.

Use of concentric linear velocity to monitor flywheel exercise load.

Purpose: To propose the concentric linear velocity measurement as a valid method to quantify load and individualise the prescription of flywheel training, we investigated the relationship between inertial load and mean concentric linear velocity (MCLV) during the flywheel squat exercise in a wide spectrum of intensities. In addition, we compared MCLV and subjective rating of perceived exertion (RPE) after each load. Methods: Twenty-five physically active men volunteered for this study (26.5 ± 2.9 years, 179.5 ± 4.2 cm, 81.6 ± 8.6 kg). After familiarization, all participants performed two inertial progressive load tests on separated days to determine the flywheel load-velocity profile and its reliability. Each participant performed 5 set of 6 repetitions of the flywheel squat exercise with different inertial loads (0.047, 0.104, 0.161, 0.245, 0.321 kg m2) selected in a counterbalanced and randomized order for each testing day. Average MCLV and RPE for each load were compared. Results: The inter-session intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) showed values above 0.9 in all the included outcomes (MCLV: ICC = 0.91; RPE: ICC = 0.93). A significant correlation (p < 0.01, R 2 = 0.80) between inertial load and MCLV was found. Similarly, significant correlation models (p < 0.01) were observed between RPE and load (R 2 = 0.87) and (R 2 = 0.71) between RPE and MCLV. Conclusion: The control of MCLV during flywheel exercise can be proposed as a valid method to quantify load and to individualize the prescription of flywheel training. In addition, RPE responses have demonstrated significant correlations with load and velocity. Therefore, RPE has been proposed as a valid and reliable alternative to control flywheel training.

Assessment of Pain and External Load in Amputee Football Using Digital Pain Drawing and GNSS Tracking—A Pilot Study

Amputee Football (AF) players move using lofstrand crutches (LC) and a single leg during training and matches, which may expose them to excessive loads. Due to a lack of scientific articles describing these issues, this pilot study aims to gain insight into the assessment of pain experiences, as well as external loads during training and matches in AF. An observational study design was followed. Twelve male AF players (2 goalkeepers—GK and 10 field players—FP), 29.9 ± 8.7 years, stature 178.3 ± 6.5 cm, body mass 77.2 ± 8.9 kg were involved in the study. After stature and body mass measures, participants filled out the questionnaire for pain. The players were familiarized with digital pain drawing (DPD). Afterwards, they reported pain typically felt in relation to regular AF training and playing matches—recall pain (RP). During a two-day training camp (TC) with two training sessions each day and during a two-day international tournament (IT) with two matches each day, the players were monitored using DPD, rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and overall pain level (OPL) scales. In addition, during an international tournament (IT), match players were monitored using a GNSS tracking system for external load assessment. All of the participants reported multiple locations of pain after AF training or a match. The area of recall pain (RP) was the highest: +0.5% when compared to the end of TC and +43% when compared to end of IT. The pain area registered at the end of IT was significantly lower (p = 0.028) compared to RP and lower without statistical significance when compared to the end of TC. Average RPE was 3.31 ± 1.38 and average OPL was 2.86 ± 1.81 in 0–10 scale. Typical RPE was higher than that registered at the end of IT. Also typical OPL was higher compared to that registered after the end of TC, which was higher than after the end of IT. The average distance covered by a FP during a match ranged from 2483.14 ± 583.64 m to 2911.08 ± 828.90 m. AF field players suffered pain as a consequence of training and matches. The loads coming from playing and training, combined with pain, may lead to injuries. Further research directions should include assessments of the relationship of pain characteristics, injuries and GNSS tracking parameters.

A Short-Term Eccentric HIIT Induced Greater Reduction in Cardio-Metabolic Risk Markers in Comparison With Concentric HIIT in Sedentary Overweight Men

ABSTRACT Background: Steady-state eccentric exercise training improves cardiometabolic risk (CMR) despite lesser cardiovascular demands compared with load-matched concentric training. Whether a high-intensity interval eccentrictraining is also effective reducing CMR is unknown.Aim: To compare the effects of a short-term high-intensity interval eccentric training (ECC-HIIT) with high-intensity interval concentric training (CONC-HIIT) on CMR in sedentary overweight men.Methods: Twenty men (age: 27.9 ± 5.3y, body massindex: 29.1 ± 3.1 kg·m−2) were randomly assigned to ECC-HIIT (n = 10) or CONC-HIIT (n = 10) delivered as six sessions, including 4 x 5:2 min work-to-rest ratio, at 80% peak concentric power output. Heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and muscle soreness weremonitored during training sessions. Training effects on lipid profile, insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR), body composition, thigh circumference, isometric knee extensors maximal strength, resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) were determined.Results: Average training HR and RPE were −29%and −50%lower in ECC-HIIT in comparison with CONC-HIIT. Muscle soreness was initially greater after ECC-HIIT compared with CONC-HIIT. Significant changes in total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (−7.0 ± 8.7%; p = .02 and −6.3 ± 14.4%; p = .03), SBP (−9.8 ± 7.8%; p = .002), and maximal thigh circumference (+2.5 ± 3.1%; p = .02) were observed following ECC-HIIT. No changes in any CMR marker were observed after CONC-HIIT. Moderate-to-large training effect sizes were obtained in thigh circumference, SBP, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in response to ECC-HIIT.Conclusion: A two-week ECC-HIIT was well-tolerated and induced rapid onset improvements in cholesterol and blood pressure compared to conventional CONC-HIIT in sedentary overweight men.

The Acute Physiological and Perceptual Responses Between Bodyweight and Treadmill Running High-Intensity Interval Exercises.

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to compare the acute physiological, perceptual, and enjoyment responses between bodyweight high-intensity interval exercise (BW-HIIE) and treadmill running high-intensity interval exercise HIIE (RUN-HIIE).MethodsTwelve adults [age: 29.5 ± 5.3 years; weight: 70.9 ± 15.0 kg; height: 167.9 ± 8.9 cm; peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak): 48.7 ± 6.5 ml min−1·kg−1] performed both RUN-HIIE and BW-HIIE. RUN-HIIE consisted of two sets of 5, 60-s (s) run intervals at 100% of the speed achieved during VO2 peak testing followed by 60s of walking at 4.02 km/h. BW-HIIE consisted of two sets of 5, 60s ‘all-out’ effort calisthenic exercises followed by 60s of marching in place at 100 steps per minute. Oxygen consumption (VO2), blood lactate (Blac), heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured during exercise. Physical activity enjoyment (PACES) was assessed post-exercise. Creatine Kinase (CK) was measured before exercise and 48-h post-exercise. Muscle soreness was assessed before exercise, post-exercise, and 48-h post-exercise.ResultsOxygen consumption relative to VO2 peak was higher (p < 0.001) during RUN-HIIE (88 ± 3%) compared to BW-HIIE (77 ± 4%). HR relative to HRpeak was higher (p = 0.002) for RUN-HIIE (93 ± 1%) compared to BW-HIIE (88 ± 2%). Blac was higher (p < 0.001) after BW-HIIE (11.2 ± 3.2 mmol/l) compared to RUN-HIIE (6.9 ± 2.0 mmol/l). Average RPE achieved was higher (p = 0.003) during BW-HIIE (16 ± 2) than RUN-HIIE (14 ± 2). PACES was similar for RUN-HIIE and BW-HIIE (p > 0.05). No differences (p > 0.05) in CK were observed between RUN-HIIE and BW-HIIE.ConclusionOur results indicate ‘all-out’ calisthenic exercise can elicit vigorous cardiorespiratory, Blac, and RPE responses. Implementing this style of exercise into training requires minimal space, no equipment, and may elicit cardiometabolic adaptations seen with traditional forms of high-intensity exercise.

Performance and Recovery of Well-Trained Younger and Older Athletes during Different HIIT Protocols.

Due to physiological and morphological differences, younger and older athletes may recover differently from training loads. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols are useful for studying the progression of recovery. It was the objective of this study to determine age differences in performance and recovery following different HIIT protocols. Methods: 12 younger (24.5 ± 3.7 years) and 12 older (47.3 ± 8.6 years) well-trained cyclists and triathletes took part in this study. Between the age groups there were no significant differences in relative peak power to fat-free mass, maximal heart rate (HR), training volume, and VO2max-percentiles (%). Participants performed different HIIT protocols consisting of 4 × 30 s Wingate tests with different active rest intervals (1, 3, or 10 min). Peak and average power, lactate, HR, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), subjective rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and recovery (Total Quality Recovery scale, TQR) were assessed. Results: During the different HIIT protocols, metabolic, cardiovascular, and subjective recovery were similar between the two groups. No significant differences were found in average lactate concentration, peak and average power, fatigue (%), %HRmax, RER, RPE, and TQR values between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that recovery following HIIT does not differ between the two age groups. Furthermore, older and younger participants displayed similar lactate kinetics after the intermittent exercise protocols.

Active Video Game Program for People with Type 2 Diabetes- a Pilot Study

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of an active video game (AVG) program in physiological parameters, fitness levels, motivation to physical activity, and quality of life on people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Eight T2D patients participated in the 8-week AVG program using Xbox Kinect and/or Nintendo Wii. Heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored during exercise. Physiological and fitness assessment included hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), HR, blood pressure (BP), body mass index, body composition, aerobic and muscular endurance, muscular strength, and flexibility. Psychological outcome measures included the Physical Activity Measure-Revised (MPAM-R), Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS), and World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL)-BREF. Participants demonstrated a moderate level of exercise intensity during AVG based on average HR and RPE. HbA1c, BP, and lower extremity muscle strength were improved, but were not statistically significant. The changes on psychological assessment were not significant. However, most participants demonstrated positive behavior and attitudes toward health and physical activity at one-month follow-up. This pilot study demonstrated that the AVG program might be an effective and alternative way of exercise for people with T2D. A future RCT is warranted to determine the physical and psychological effects of AVG on T2D population.

Effect of Rest Period Duration between Sets of Repeated Sprint Skating Ability Test on the Skating Ability of Ice Hockey Players.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of two different rest periods, 2 min and 3 min, between consecutive sets of a repeated sprint skating ability (RSSA) test, on the skating ability of ice hockey players. Two RSSA tests, RSSA-2 and RSSA-3, were assessed on 24 ice hockey players. In RSSA-2, six sets of 3 × 80 m sprint skating, with 2 min passive recovery between two consecutive sets was allowed. In RSSA-3, the recovery period between the sets was 3 min. Average speed, average heart rate (HRaver), peak heart rate (HRpeak), blood lactate concentration ([BLa]), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured in both RSSA-2 and RSSA-3 tests. In all the sets, except set 1, the average speed of the subjects was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in RSSA-3 than the respective set in RSSA-2. Average HR and RPE were higher in RSSA-2 than RSSA-3 in most of the sets. For any given set, no difference in HRpeak was noted between RSSA-2 and RSSA-3. Post-sprint (Set 6) [BLa] was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in RSSA-3 than RSSA-2. This study concludes that the 3 min rest period is more beneficial than the 2 min rest period, for (1) increasing skating speed and (2) reducing overall cardiac workload and perceived fatigue.

Virtual Reality And Its Effect On Physical Activity Intensity In Young Healthy Adults

The lack of physical activity in our society demands non-traditional means to meeting physical activity recommendations to obtain and maintain health benefits. Virtual reality (VR) is a new form of gaming technology which allows participants to interact within a realistic environment by projecting physical movements into the virtual world. Whether commercial virtual reality technologies are able to induce moderate levels of physical activity and high levels of enjoyment are unknown. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of commercial VR active games on physical activity intensity levels and enjoyment in young healthy adults. METHODS: Thirty-six (18 males, 18 females) participants completed four study sessions, with each devoted to playing one VR game for 15 minutes. The games included Beat Saber, Holopoint, Hot Squat, and Relax Walk VR (non-active game). Physical activity intensity levels during VR gameplay were measured with percentage of heart rate reserve (%HRR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and accelerometry. Enjoyment was measured with a visual analog scale (VAS) and the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) following each gaming session. Mixed design ANOVAs were used to analyze the outcome measures. RESULTS: Data showed that Hot Squat (41.3% + 13) elicited significantly higher %HRR (p < 0.001) than Beat Saber (13.5% + 5.8), Holopoint (28.1% + 13.1), and Relax Walk VR (8.0% + 7.2). Average RPE for Hot Squat (13.4 + 1.4) was significantly greater (p < 0.001) than Beat Saber (9.5 + 1.7), Holopoint (11.4 + 2.0), and Relax Walk VR (6.7 + 1.0). Accelerometer data showed a main effect of game (p < 0.001) and sex (p < 0.004) on percentage of time in whole-body moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). MVPA for Hot Squat (34.8% + 19.5) was greater than Holopoint (15.4% + 16.7), which was greater than Beat Saber (2.1% + 2.1) and Relax Walk VR (0.2% + 0.7). For both VAS (p < 0.001) and PACES (p < 0.001) scales, Beat Saber and Holopoint were rated more enjoyable than Hot Squat and Relax Walk VR. CONCLUSIONS: Results from this study suggest that active VR games can elicit varying degrees of physical activity intensity levels in young healthy adults, with Hot Squat eliciting moderate intensity activity. Thus, active VR games could be an alternative and enjoyable mode of obtaining physical activity.

Comparison of coach-athlete perceptions on internal and external training loads in trained cyclists

ABSTRACT The aim was to compare the rating of perceived exertion (RPE), duration and session-RPE (S-RPE) prescribed by the coaches to those perceived by the cyclists in training sessions. The classification of RPE, duration and S-RPE of 14 male road cycling and mountain biking athletes were compared with the planned values of five coaches. The results revealed no differences for average RPE (P = 0.586), duration (P = 0.717) and S-RPE (P = 0.738) between coaches and cyclists. When comparing the three categories of effort, the results of the intensity of training sessions designed to be easy were perceived as significantly harder by cyclists compared to coaches (3.0 [2.0] vs. 2.0 [0.0] a.u.; P = 0.013). In addition, the correlations between coaches and cyclists on RPE (r = 0.73), duration (r = 0.95) and S-RPE (r = 0.87) were large, almost perfect and very large (P < 0.0001) respectively. In conclusion, our results indicate a mismatch between coaches (prescription) and cyclists (perception) of easy RPE training sessions, where the cyclists perceived the session harder. However, the S-RPE can be used to prescribe and quantifying the internal training load of trained cyclists.

25 Years of Session Rating of Perceived Exertion: Historical Perspective and Development.

The session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) method was developed 25years ago as a modification of the Borg concept of rating of perceived exertion(RPE), designed to estimate the intensity of an entire training session. It appears to be well accepted as a marker of the internal training load. Early studies demonstrated that sRPE correlated well with objective measures of internal training load, such as the percentage of heart rate reserve and blood lactate concentration. It has been shown to be useful in a wide variety of exercise activities ranging from aerobic to resistance to games. It has also been shown to be useful in populations ranging from patients to elite athletes. The sRPE is a reasonable measure of the average RPE acquired across an exercise session. Originally designed to be acquired ∼30minutes after a training bout to prevent the terminal elements of an exercise session from unduly influencing the rating, sRPE has been shown to be temporally robust across periods ranging from 1minute to 14days following an exercise session. Within the training impulse concept, sRPE, or other indices derived from sRPE, has been shown to be able to account for both positive and negative training outcomes and has contributed to our understanding of how training is periodized to optimize training outcomes and to understand maladaptations such as overtraining syndrome. The sRPE as a method of monitoring training has the advantage of extreme simplicity. While it is not ideal for the precise recording of the details of the external training load, it has large advantages relative to evaluating the internal training load.

Effects Of Aerobic Training With Different RPEs To Double Poling Performance In Adolescent XC Skiers

Cross-country (XC) skiers frequently perform low intensity training sessions to improve their endurance capacity or for recovery from hard sessions. It is well known that exercise performed below a certain threshold intensity, adaptational responses will only occur after a certain duration. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale may be helpful to identify reference markers for intensity-duration relationship. Such reference markers, especially during low intensity trainings, could help to improve exercise training in XC skiers’ performance. PURPOSE: To investigate adaptation of low intensity sessions, by means of session RPE (sRPE) in two groups of adolescent XC skiers with different RPEs on double poling performance after 1-week pre-competitive season training camp. METHODS: Thirteen national level XC skiers (13.4±1.9 yrs; VO2max 51.2±8.0 ml·min-1·kg-1) participated in a 1-week camp in preparatory period. Pre- and post-camp double poling performance was measured with incremental exercise test on the ski ergometer. All XC skiers trained with the same training program. Based on the athletes´ RPE values they were divided into two groups. Group1, who rated their trainings lighter and a Group2 who rated trainings harder compared to the median rating of all trainings. RESULTS: After excluding the intensive training session, Group1 average RPE rating was significantly higher compared to Group2 (3.09±0.90 vs 4.94±1.84, respectively) and total sRPE was also higher in Group2 compared to Group1 (4010±765 vs 2499±193 AU, respectively), while total training time was not different (796±41 vs 786±55 min, p<0.05). No significant differences were found in time spent in different HR zones between the two groups. Progression in ski ergometer performance in Group1 was 10.0% (ES=0.18, small), while in Group2 the progression was 12.0% (ES=0.39, moderate). CONCLUSION: Despite training with similar training plan, adolescent XC skiers experience training load differently. This leads to differences in performance changes, highlighting the importance of individual volume-intensity description. Supported by NRC Grant no. PUT1395G.

Nocebo Effects on Perceived Muscle Soreness and Exercise Performance Following Unaccustomed Resistance Exercise: A Pilot Study.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of nocebo administration on perceived soreness and exercise performance following unaccustomed resistance exercise. Untrained males were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: (1) control or (2) negative-belief. For the negative-belief group, participants were given a capsule before exercise containing 400 mg of an inert substance (gluten-free cornstarch) and were told the supplement would increase muscle soreness. The control group received no treatment. An algometer and pain scale was used to obtain soreness, and a goniometer was used to measure elbow range of motion (ROM). Participants completed an eccentric bicep curl pyramid with their non-dominant arm. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and repetitions were recorded. Then, 48 h after the initial exercise bout, participants repeated all procedures. Perceived soreness, ROM, average RPE, and total repetitions performed were analyzed. Perceived soreness was significantly higher in both control and negative-belief groups 48 h after exercise (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.23). ROM was significantly lower 48 h post in the negative-belief group (p = 0.004; d = 1.83) while no differences existed for controls (p = 0.999; d = 0.16). Average RPE was unaffected between groups (p = 0.282; η2 = 0.07). Total repetitions were significantly lower 48 h post in the negative-belief group (p < 0.001; d = 2.51) while no differences existed for the controls (p = 0.999; d = 0.08). Findings suggest that 48 h after unaccustomed resistance exercise, negative expectation does not worsen soreness but hinders ROM and exercise performance.

Work related cardiovascular load in professional dance teachers \u2013 a pilot study

ObjectiveThere have been only a limited number of studies available on the physical requirements in dance teachers (DT), who are responsible for the training of recreational and/or professional dancers and/or dance students. First results provide indications that a consideration of physical work load (teaching load) of this occupational group is necessary.MethodsHR measurements were done on a total of 21 DT (f: n = 18, m: n = 3) aged 48.2 ± 9.3 years during their lessons in three dance styles: ballet (B), jazz/modern dance (J/MD) and pre-school dance (CD). The HR data were objectified using the spiroergometrically measured maximum HR (HRmax). In addition, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was asked directly after the lesson using the Borg scale together with an additional questionnaire.ResultsDepending on the dance style, the average HR load during the lessons ranged between 56.7% ± 7.4%) (B) and 63.6% ± 9.8% (CD) of the individual HRmax. No significant differences could be found between the dance styles for the minimum, medium and maximum teaching loads. The DTs rated the average RPE of the teaching units according to BORG (11.4 ± 2.1). Correlations between the RPE and the mean and maximum cardiovascular loads (r = 0.376, p = 0.037 and r = 0.441, p = 0.013) could be shown for all dance units and for the mean loads in J/MD (r = 0.558, p = 0.044).ConclusionMost dance units do not represent a load in the sense of a endurance training unit. An increase in aerobic fitness and possible positive effects in the context of injury prevention is not to be expected. In J/MD, the use of RPEs for the rough estimation of cardiovascular stress is conceivable. The assessment of cardiovascular load in dance lessons requires further investigations for more precise assessments.