Average Pupil Diameter Research Articles

초등과학부진학생의 기초과학탐구능력 향상을 위한 중재프로그램 개발 -안구운동을 중심으로-

이 연구는 초등과학부진학생들의 기초과학탐구능력을 향상하기 위해 중재프로그램을 개발하고 안구추적기를 활용해 중재프로그램의 효과를 검증하는데 있다. 연구 참여자는 초등과학부진학생 35명이었다. 안구운동추적기는 SMI사의 iView XTM RED로 고정형이고 샘플링 속도는 120 Hz이었다. 실험을 설계하고 분석하기 위해 Experiment 3.4와 BeGaze 3.4 프로그램을 사용하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째 기초탐구 교수전략, 교사 학생 행동, 교수-학습지도안, 학습 활동지를 포함하여 중재프로그램을 개발하였다. 둘째, 중재프로그램 적용결과 기초과학탐구능력이 향상되었고 전체 문제해결시간이 통계적으로 유의미하게 줄어들었다. 셋째, 기초과학탐구 문제영역과 핵심단어에 대한 평균응시시간이 통계적으로 유의미하게 감소하였다. 넷째, 기초과학탐구문제해결과정에서 동공 크기(pupil diameter)가 통계적으로 유의미하게 확장되었다. 다섯째, 기초과학탐구문제해결과정에서 평균도약시간(average saccade time)은 통계적으로 유의미하게 증가하였다. 여섯째, 문제 단서영역에 대한 평균응시도입시간(average fixation entry time)은 통계적으로 유의미하게 빨라졌고, 평균응시시간은 통계적으로 유의미하게 줄어들었다. The purpose of this study is to develop an intervention program for improvement of elementary science-poor students' Basic Science Process Skill (BSPS) and to validate the intervention program's effectiveness using eye-tracker. The participants of this study were 35 elementary science-poor students. This study's method was the analysis of real-time eye movements during basic science process skill problem solving. SMI's 120 Hz iView XTM RED was used to collect EMD (eye movement data). Experiment 3.4 and BeGaze 3.4 programs were used to design experiment and to analyze EMD. The results of this study are as follows. First, we developed an intervention program including BSPS instructional strategy, behavior of teachers & student according instructional strategy stage, teachinglearning plan and learning note. Second, science poor students' BSPS ability has improved statistically significantly through the application of intervention program and BSPS problem-solving time decreased statistically significantly. Third, AFT (average fixation time) of BSPS Question and keyword area decreased statistically significantly. Fourth, APD (average pupil diameter) of BSPS problem-solving process expanded statistically significantly. Fifth, AST (average saccade time) of BSPS problem-solving process increased statistically significantly. Sixth, AFET (average fixation entry time) of BSPS problem-clue area was accelerated statistically significantly, AFT of BSPS problem-clue area reduced statistically significantly.

Individual Differences in Human-Agent Teaming

Studies investigating the effects of level of autonomy (LOA) on workload and performance in human-agent teams typically utilize subjective measures, but do not often incorporate physiological measures. This paper examines how well eye movement data collected in a recent experiment converges with the findings suggested by the subjective measures. Several eye behavior measures (fixation count, average fixation duration, blink rate, saccade amplitude and pupil diameter) were evaluated, and findings based on these compared to findings of NASA-TLX and situation awareness questionnaires. In addition, individual differences due to perceived attentional control were evaluated. Findings indicate that the physiological measures account for variance in workload that typical subjective measures may not, as they are more sensitive to individual differences among participants.

Pupil Response and the Subliminal Mere Exposure Effect

The subliminal mere exposure effect (SMEE) is the phenomenon wherein people tend to prefer patterns they have repeatedly observed without consciously identifying them. One popular explanation for the SMEE is that perceptual fluency within exposed patterns is misattributed to a feeling of preference for those patterns. Assuming that perceptual fluency is negatively correlated with the amount of mental effort needed to analyze perceptual aspects of incoming stimuli, pupil diameter should associate with SMEE strength since the former is known to reflect mental effort. To examine this hypothesis, we measured participants’ pupil diameter during exposure to subthreshold stimuli. Following exposure, a preference test was administered. Average pupil diameter throughout exposure was smaller when the SMEE was induced than when the SMEE was not induced. This supports the hypothesis that increasing perceptual fluency during mere exposure modulates autonomic nervous responses, such as pupil diameter, and eventually leads to preference.

An Eye-movement Study on Problem Finding Process of Undergraduates

Using the eye tracker, the present study was conducted to explore the cognitive process of problem finding of undergraduates in the contradictory and potential conditions, which focused on the four eye-movement areas of interest. Based on our hypothesis, we expected the quality and quantity of problem finding of two groups(high ability group and low ability group) would show significant difference in the contradictory and potential problem finding conditions, which would be reflected in the eye movement model. Furthermore, the eye movement characteristics would be correlated with the quantity and quality of problem finding. We think the analysis of eye track can show the eye movement rules which could not be reflected by the static indicators. The mixed design with 2(question situation: a contradictory situation, a potential situation) ×2(subject category : high ability group, low ability group) × 4(interest areas: the first to the fourth interest area) was conducted in the study. The question situation and interest area were within-group factors, while the subject category was a between-group factor. The dependent variable included the quantity and quality of problem finding and the eye movement indexes(e.g. the fixation duration, fixation frequency, regression frequency, pupil diameter and eye track in the overall and four areas of interest). In the experiment, subjects were required to find problems in the contradictory and potential situations. The eye tracker recorded eye movement parameters when subjects found problems. The results were as follows. First, the average fixation duration in the potential situation was significant longer than the time in the contradictory situation, which may reflect that the cognitive processing in the potential situation was much more difficult than it in the contradictory situation. The pupil diameter size in the contradictory situation was bigger than it in the potential situation. The regression frequency for high ability group was more than that for low ability group, which indicated the positive role of the relationship and integration of information in the problem finding. Second, the eye movement in problem finding was significant different in the four areas of interest. In the region with essential information, many eye movement indexesraised, such as fixation duration, fixation frequency, and pupil diameter, which indicated subjects would put more effort. Particularly, the total fixation duration and fixation frequency in the second, third and fourth areas were more than these in the first area. The average fixation duration and pupil diameter size of undergraduates in the rear area were more than these in the front area. The regression frequency in the second area was more than it in the first area. In the contradictory situation, the total fixation duration, fixation frequency and regression frequency were correlated significantly with the quantity of problems, while the regression frequency was correlated significantly with the quality of problems in the contradictory situation. The regression frequency was correlated significantly with the quantity of problems in the potential situation. The relationship between the eye movement indexes and the quantity or the quality of problems in the areas of interest was almost the same with in total. Third, the fixation area matched the problem finding area which indicated the eye movement followed the thinking in problem finding. Searching behavior across area was observed in the first and the last fixation area which means the search for clues and final inspection and evaluation. High ability group spent less time in a stable fixation phase, which reflected their superiority of the flexibility in information conversion. For problem finding, the factors of group category and situation were reflected in eye movement indexes. Because of the differences in material property and difficulty, there was a significant difference of eye movement in the situation between each area of interest. All kinds of static eye movement indexes could better reflect the quantity rather than the quality of problem finding. However, the regression frequency was a sensitive index of reflecting the problem-finding ability, and the analysis of the dynamic eye track revealed the rules that a single static index cannot. Overall, using the eye tracker to investigate the cognitive process of problem finding could not only improve the accuracy of the experimental research, but also conduce to deeply explore the internal information processing mechanism of problem finding.

Pupillometry: The Influence of Gender and Anxiety on the Pain Response

Background: Studies suggest that the pain response may be evaluated using pupillometry and is influenced by factors such as gender and anxiety. Objectives: The aim of this study was to use pupillometry to observe the effects of gender and anxiety on the pain response. Study Design: A randomized, prospective, clinical and interventional study. Setting: Center for Research on Pain at the Federal University of Maranhão, Brazil. Methods: Ninety-six patients were divided into groups according to their level of anxiety as indicated by the Beck questionnaire. Under photopic conditions and using retinography, these patients underwent pupillometry while a painful pressure stimulus of 1,500 kPa was applied to the middle phalanx of each patient’s right middle finger using a pressure algometer. Results: The pupil diameter increased in response to pain in all study participants, regardless of gender and anxiety level; the average pupil diameter was 3.265 ± 0.028 mm before the painful stimulus and 4.31 ± 0.200 mm for the duration of the stimulus (P = 0.0251). There was no significant difference between the genders in the level of anxiety (P = 0.614). Regardless of gender, individuals with moderate to severe anxiety had higher average pupil diameters than individuals exhibiting mild or no anxiety (P = 0.019). Men had a higher average pupil diameter than women (4.53 ± 0.345 mm and 4.48 ± 0.358 mm, respectively); however, this difference was not statistically significant in the presence of moderate to severe anxiety (P = 0.072). Limitations: The number of men with high anxiety was insufficient to create their own group. Conclusions: The pupil dilation in response to a painful stimulus was similar in both genders. Additionally, regardless of gender, the average pupil diameter was greater in the presence of moderate to severe anxiety. Key words: Pupillometry, pain, gender, anxiety

Tropicamide 1% Mydriatic Effect: Comparison Between Spray in Closed Eyes and Eye Drops in Open Eyes

The aim of this study was to evaluate by serial measurements, pupil mydriasis produced by topical application of tropicamide 1% using a spray in a closed eye or instillation in an open eye in adult and elderly populations. The research was done from February to April of 2011 in the Policlinica Ronaldo Gazolla, located in the Arcos da Lapa Campus of Estacio de Sá University, RJ- Brazil. It was a clinical trial, controlled and randomized, made in a series of 50 patients that were being prepared for ophthalmoscopy examination. They were submitted to eye drop administration of 1% tropicamide in an open eye and to eyelid margin vaporization in a closed eye. The eyes were chosen for the administration of drops or spray according to a pseudo-random numbers table from Excel (2007) before application. The pupil diameter was measured before instillation and after 10, 20, and 30 min in both eyes, with a millimeter ruler. Biostat 5.0 software was used for statistical calculations. Tropicamide 1% was vaporized in a group that presented the following average pupil diameters: 3 mm before the application; 4.16 mm in 10 min; 5 mm in 20 min; and 5.35 mm in 30 min. The group in which tropicamide 1% was instilled presented 2.96 mm of average pupil diameter before the application; 4.22 mm at 10 min; 5.02 mm at 20 min; and 5.44 at 30 min. The two way analysis of variance showed P<0.0001, and the Tukey test performed for comparisons among the groups showed statistical significant differences among all groups except when the measurements were done at the same time. The vaporized tropicamide 1% mydriatic effect in closed eyes was clinically equivalent to the instillation effect of eye drop in open eyes. Other mydriatic drugs sprayed in closed eyes may not have the same effect.

The Intra and Inter-Examiner Repeatability of Corneal Parameters Obtained by GALILEI™ in Normal Subjects

Purpose: To verify the intra-examiner and inter-examiner repeatability of corneal parameters obtained by GALILEI. Methods: Corneal parameters were measured by GALILEI in 44 eyes of 28 healthy subjects. One examiner took the measurements twice and intra-examiner repeatability was evaluated. Another examiner measured the corneal parameters once again and interexaminer repeatability was evaluated. Results: Intra-examiner and inter-examiner repeatability were high for corneal parameters including average SimK, flat SimK, steep SimK, average posterior corneal keratometry, flat posterior corneal keratometry, steep posterior corneal keratometry, central corneal thickness, total corneal volume, and average pupil diameter but low for limbus-to-limbus diameter (nasal-temporal and superior-inferior). Conclusions: Anterior and posterior corneal parameters of GALILEI showed good intra-examiner and inter-examiner repeatability. However, limbus-to-limbus diameter showed poor intra-examiner and inter-examiner repeatability. GALILEI can be useful in clinical applications with special consideration when measuring the limbus-to-limbus diameter.

Pupil Light Reflex Produced by Glare under Mesopic Adaptation

The amount of light captured by the eye depends on pupil size. Moreover, one of the factors determining the steady-state pupil size is ambient illumination and sudden increments of light reaching the retina cause a brisk and transient pupil constriction described as the dynamic Pupil Light Reflex response. In experiments where a glare source acts as transient conditioning field, a methodology to measure pupil diameter is required. In the present paper pupil diameter, in steady (0.5 cd/m2) and dynamic adaptation conditions, is measured. The dynamic state is originated by a transient peripheral glare source with three different illuminance levels (15, 30 and 60 lx). Ten eyes of 5 subjects (19, 36, 50, 53 and 52 years old) are considered. The measurements are made by means of a video of the pupil captured with a CCD while the sight is fixated in a chart. In the steady condition, the average pupil diameter for each subject varies between 4.8 and 7.2 mm from one subject to another. In the dynamic condition, latency time results to be independent both of the subject and of the glare level, adding evidence to the robustness of this parameter when radiation is not incident centrally.

Analyse du segment antérieur de l’œil avec un tomographe à cohérence optique: Étude statique et dynamique

To study the biometric modifications of the anterior segment depending on accommodation and age. To try and define their possible applications in certain fields of anterior segment surgery, in particular in refractive implants.Anterior chamber biometry can be very easily studied with 1310-nm wavelength optical coherence tomography. The equipment has a fixation target that can be focused and defocused with negative lenses in order to stimulate natural accommodation. The human anterior chamber was therefore studied during accommodation. We studied 104 eyes of 56 patients aged between 7 and 82 years. Refraction was between +5D and - 5D. A single operator carried out all the measurements. The anterior chamber's horizontal diameter, the anterior chamber's depth, the horizontal pupil diameter and the horizontal radius of curvature of the crystalline lens' anterior pole were measured unaccommodated or after stimulating accommodation.The different static or dynamic measurements were compared to ametropia, age and accommodation. At rest, the average AC diameter was 12.33 mm, the average AC depth was 3.11 mm and the average pupil diameter was 4.26 mm. On average, for 1 D of accommodation, the crystalline lens anterior pole moved forward by 30 microm. There was a 0.3-mm reduction in its radius of curvature and a 0.15-mm reduction in pupil diameter. Several other measurements are illustrated on graphs.The AC OCT is a user-friendly instrument to evaluate the anterior segment and explore the anterior chamber (cornea, iris, crystalline lens, irido-corneal angle). The 1310-nm light wavelength is blocked by pigments preventing exploration behind the iris. However, the AC OCT is capable of providing good-quality images and a better visualization of the anatomical relationships of the anterior segment, even behind an opaque cornea.

Partial sphincterectomy in cataract surgery. Clinical and patho-histologic results

We perform partial sphincterectomy during cataract surgery in cases with very small pupil (< 3 mm). We assume that the small pupil is mainly due to a fibrosis ring of the sphincter muscle. In 35 patients we performed the complete ophthalmological routine checkup. The pupil diameter was analysed by perimeter: a base value, with light, and in pharmaceutical mydriasis. Moreover 15 preparations were analysed histologically. Average pupil diameter was: base value 3.76 mm, with light 3.24 mm, in pharmaceutical mydriasis 4.84 mm. The showed pathohistological examination that in all excisions a part of the sphincter muscle was verifiable. We found fibrosis of different grades in various locations. In most cases functional pupil movement can be verified after operation. In an intended partial sphincterectomy part of the sphincter muscle can be excised. The different pupil diameter is due to the different degree of fibrosis of the sphincter muscle.

Accommodation and pupillary response in early-onset myopia among schoolchildren.

To investigate changes in accommodation and pupillary reaction in early-onset myopia among children. An objective infrared optometer and a pupillometer were used to evaluate simultaneously tonic accommodation, accommodative response, accommodative adaptation, and pupil diameter in 19 schoolchildren with early-onset myopia and 15 age-matched emmetropic controls. Tonic accommodation in the early-onset myopes (1.03 D) was significantly less than in the emmetropes (1.37 D) (p < 0.05), whereas accommodative response and accommodative adaptation showed no significant difference between the early-onset myopes and emmetropes. The average pupil diameter after 20 min of dark adaptation in the early-onset myopes was 4.52 mm, which was significantly smaller than that in the emmetropes (5.21 mm) (p < 0.05). During nearwork stimulation, the average pupil diameter further decreased to 3.83 mm in the early-onset myopes and 4.78 mm in the emmetropes (p = 0.003). These results suggest that low tonic accommodation and small pupil diameter may play important roles in the pathogenesis of early-onset myopia among schoolchildren.

Cervical Sympathetic Deficit in Unilateral Migraine Headache

Pupil diameter was measured during the headache-free interval in 38 migraine sufferers selected from the general community. In each case, at least 70 percent of attacks recurred on the same side. Anisocoria was greater than in 40 control subjects, but miosis was not consistently greater on the usual side of headache. Average pupil diameter was similar in migraine sufferers and controls. In patients with pupillary dilation lag on the usual side of headache, miosis persisted after 4% cocaine eyedrops. These findings suggest that cervical sympathetic outflow was lower on the usual side of headache in a subgroup of migraine sufferers. Pupillary dilatation to tyramine eyedrops was greater in control subjects than in migraine sufferers, consistent with decreased function of post-ganglionic cervical sympathetic fibres. Pupillary dilatation to 1% phenylephrine eyedrops did not differ consistently between the headache and headache-free sides, and was similar in migraine sufferers and controls. Thus, adrenergic supersensitivity of the pupils was not evident in this community sample of migraine sufferers. Vasodilatation or swelling of the arterial wall in the carotid canal could cause minor cervical sympathetic deficit in patients with frequent or severe attacks of migraine. Loss of sympathetic vascular tone could increase vasodilatation and pain during attacks.

Pupillary micro movements apparently related to pulse frequency

Pupillary micro changes in diameter apparently related to pulse frequency are superimposed on the larger fluctuations called the pupillary unrest. This small component of the pupillary unrest waxes and wanes with each pulsation of the blood. The effect was found to vary inversely with the average pupil diameter which can be controlled by making the eye accommodate or allowing more or less light to enter the eye.

Automated and interactive analysis of eye fixation data in reading

A package of five FORTRAN programs that provides for fast user-controlled analyses of reading eye fixations is described. The package requires the data to be in a fixation format and to be rescaled to screen dimensions. OLDEYE identifies six types of fixations and calculates descriptive statistics on each of them, on their associated saccades, and on their average pupil diameter. CONVRT represents the text as a string of words that can be coded according to experimentally relevant variables. PLTFIX prints fixation durations by letter position and sequence of occurrence. MODDAT is an interactive program for marking parts of the text in which the data quality is below acceptable standards. It also allows the correction of systematic errors due to calibration or drift. MATCH combines the outputs from OLDEYE, CONVRT, and MODDAT and calculates 11 dependent measures for every word. The output of MATCH is suitable for input to conventional multivariate statistical programs.