Average Lead Levels Research Articles

Bone lead measurements of live condors in field to assess cumulative lead exposure.

Lead poisoning remains the leading cause of diagnosed death for critically endangered California condors, which are annually monitored for lead exposure via blood tests. Blood tests are generally reflective of acute lead exposure. Since condors are victims to both chronic and acute lead exposure, measuring bone, which in humans is reflective of years to decades worth of exposure, is a valuable biomarker. In this study, we measured bone Pb of the tibiotarsus of 64 condors in vivo using a portable x-ray fluorescence device. The average uncertainty for measurements, typically reflective of how effective the device performed, was found to be 3.8 ± 2.2µg/g bone mineral. The average bone lead level was found to be 26.7 ± 24.5µg/g bone mineral. Bone lead correlated significantly with a sum of all blood lead measures over the lifetime of each condor. In the future, bone lead can potentially be used to inform treatment planning and address the chronic health implications of lead in the species.

Analysis of Lead (Pb) Metal Content in Catfish Meat (Clarias batrachus L) Sold at Bekonang Market, Sukoharjo

Catfish (Clarias bathracus L) can survive and be able to tolerate polluted water conditions. Lead metal naturally occurs in water and contaminates the organisms in it. Lead metal contamination in fish will cause poisoning and brain damage if it enters the human body's metabolism and accumulates in amounts that exceed the threshold. This research was conducted to determine the content of Pb metal in catfish meat sold at Bekonang Market, Sukoharjo. The method used in this research is a qualitative analysis using the K2CrO4 reagent and a quantitative analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The results of the research with K2CrO4 reagent showed that samples A, B, C, D, and E were negative respectively. The average levels of lead (Pb) in catfish meat samples A, B, C, D, and E were -21.98 mg/Kg ± 0.140; -22.10 mg/Kg ± 0.035; -24.32 mg/Kg ± 0.107; -10.99 mg/Kg ± 0.191; and -24.36 mg/Kg ± 0.091. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the content is still below the threshold according to the requirements for lead (Pb) levels allowed by Republic of Indonesia Food and Drug Supervisory Agency Regulation Number 5 of 2018 concerning the Maximum Limit of Heavy Metal Contamination of 20 mg/kg.

A Survey of the Levels of Selected Metals in U.S. Meat, Poultry, and Siluriformes Fish Samples Taken at Slaughter and Retail, 2017–2022

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) conducts surveillance of metallic elements in U.S. meat, poultry, and Siluriformes fish samples collected immediately postmortem as part of its National Residue Program (NRP). From 2017 to 2022, 13,966 samples were analyzed under the NRP. The Federal Emergency Response Network (FERN) Cooperative Agreement Program (CAP) tests meat, poultry, and Siluriformes fish products collected at retail in the United States for metals. From 2018 to 2022, 2,902 samples were analyzed by FERN CAP laboratories. Meat and poultry samples collected by FSIS show that most metals were not detected at all or were detected infrequently. Meat is a rich source of iron and zinc, and iron was detected in 22% (1,255/5,623) and zinc was detected in 48% (2,742/5,676) of meat and poultry samples, respectively. The percentage of samples testing positive for manganese, molybdenum, lead, and cadmium were higher in the FERN CAP retail samples than in FSIS samples. Expected human exposure from average levels of lead and cadmium found in meat and poultry was compared to toxicological reference values and was not found to exceed these values. Detections of arsenic and mercury were found more often in Siluriformes fish samples (2017–2022) than in terrestrial animals. Trace amounts of arsenic and mercury were detected in 8% and 4% of Siluriformes samples, respectively, but were not detected at levels that raise concern. On the whole, both the FSIS and FERN CAP datasets provide reassuring evidence of the safety of the FSIS-regulated food supply with regard to the studied elements.

The Relationship Of Lead (Pb) Levels With The Number Of Blood Platelets At SPBU Officers

Lead (Pb) is the main pollutant in the environment. Lead in fuel is an additive that is added to a gasoline mixture with the aim of increasing combustion so that vehicle performance increases. Lead is a type of heavy metal that can cause poisoning. Lead is easily absorbed in the body and can accumulate in human tissues. Lead can enter the human body through the respiratory system, orally, or through the skin surface. High lead levels in the blood can cause low platelets. This is because lead can interfere with the heme system in the blood, causing anemia. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between lead (Pb) levels and blood platelet counts at gas stations in Mekikis Village. The research design in this study used a cross sectional approach. The research sample consisted of 10 gas station attendants. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Based on the examination, the average lead and platelet levels for gas station workers were 0.4344 ppm and 293,500 /UL respectively. Based on the results of the Spearman correlation test, a significant value of 0.391 was obtained where the sign value was > 0.05, which means that there is no relationship between lead levels and the number of platelets in the blood of Mekikis Village gas station attendants.

Effects of Soil Properties on Pb, Cd, and Cu Contents in Tobacco Leaves of Longyan, China, and Their Prediction Models.

Longyan City in Fujian Province is one of China's top-quality tobacco-producing areas and plays an essential role in local economic development. To determine the correlation between heavy metal content in tobacco leaves and soil factors, soil physical and chemical properties and heavy metal contents of lead, cadmium, and copper in tobacco leaves were measured and analyzed by the correlation regression method. The content of lead, cadmium, and copper in soil was determined using hydrochloric acid extraction-AAS and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry was used to determine heavy metal in tobacco leaf. The findings revealed that the average concentrations of lead, cadmium, and copper in the soil were 12.1, 0.092, and 3.88 mg/kg, respectively. In contrast, the average levels of lead, cadmium, and copper in tobacco leaves were 2.33, 4.89, and 4.35 mg/kg, respectively. The cadmium enrichment coefficient of 54.3 was higher than lead and copper, indicating a greater health risk. Soil pH value was negatively correlated with lead content in tobacco leaf, while potassium and phosphorus nutrient levels were negatively correlated with copper content. In contrast, a positive correlation was established between the presence of organic matter with cadmium content in tobacco leaves. The prediction models of lead, cadmium, and copper in tobacco leaves can be expressed by the regression equation corresponding to each heavy metal as follows: YPb=2.33 - 0.005∗ XK+0.007∗XN - 0.271∗XpH+0.065∗XPb (R2 = 0.787), YCd=1.55+0.012∗XOM - 0.014∗XCu+34.6∗XCd (R2 = 0.891), and YCu=4.64 - 0.029∗XP - 0.007∗XK+0.245∗XCu (R2 = 0.724), respectively. The prediction models above provide an effective predictive tool for assessing heavy metal risk in tobacco leaves using soil properties in the study area.

The Effect of Heavy Metals on Bacterial Community Structure and Functional Profile in Surface Soils of Baiji Oil Refinery and Baghdad City, Iraq

The increasing accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) due to various human activities is a significant concern. This study has employed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) spectrometry to investigate HMS concentrations and identify bacterial strains exhibiting resistance to HMS, and used the PICRUSt tool to assess the metabolic pathways of bacterial communities. Our primary focus was to assess HMs concentrations in the soils of Baghdad (BG) and the Baiji Oil Refinery (BOR) area while examining the bacterial diversity in these regions. The results revealed that the average levels of Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) in BOR were higher than in BG and the global average. In BOR, the most prevalent bacterial genera were Flavobacterium, Shewanella, and Pseudomonas. Using the PICRUSt tool, we identified that Cd and Pb substantially impacted the metabolic pathways of these bacterial communities. This study marks the first report in Iraq to employ 16S rRNA gene sequencing to analyze bacterial communities in Iraqi soil and investigate how HMs affect them. However, this study can serve as a reference for future research and the development of innovative strategies for the sustainable management of soil ecosystems.

Hubungan pengetahuan dan konsumsi vitamin c dengan kadar timbal dalam urin remaja di kecamatan Curug

Lead is a toxic and pervasive metal. Chronic exposure to low levels is responsible for significant health effects, particularly in early adolescent. Prevention remains the best option for reducing lead exposure. The objective of the present study was to determine the association between knowledge and consumption of vitamin c with lead exposure in early adolescents’ urine. This research is a quantitative study with cross sectional study design. Research subjects were 52 adolescents aged 12-16 years from Kadu Village, Curug. We examined associations of levels of knowledge and consumption of vitamin c with urine lead levels (Pb-U). We used a brief questionnaire on prevention for lead poisoning, included to measure knowledge (from Chicago Lead Knowledge Test Questionnaire) and daily intake of vitamin C (from Food Frequency Questionnaire) completed by respondents. Pb-U was measured using ICP-OES. The average urine lead levels of the early adolescents was 28,88 μg/L (median: 27,70 μg/L; CI 95% 24,85-32,90) (n=52), and Std. 14,46 μg/L. There was a significant difference between knowledge and the levels of Pb in the urine of early adolescent (p = 0,045). There was no significant difference between the consumption of vitamin c and the levels of Pb in the urine of early adolescent (p = 0,379). The hypothesis proved that the levels of knowledge affects lead levels in the urine of early adolescents. Therefore, it is suggested that government should educate the public about lead and its preventive actions and collaborate with policy makers to be more efficient.

Lead precipitation on the gingival tissue of Iraqi workers in some fuel stations in Baghdad

Abstract Background: Lead usually is precipitated at the gingiva of the fuel station workers. Lead interacts with different molecules, thereby interfering with their function. An excess of lead contents could be toxic to the human body. Objectives: This proposed study was conducted for the evaluation of salivary lead level effect and the severity of gingival pigmentation in Iraqi fuel station workers. Materials and Methods: This study involves 40 individuals, who were asked to answer a questionnaire. The case sheet questions involve the personal details of participants such as gender, age, marital status, and working experience. It was filled by the participants. This is followed by an oral examination to assess the oral hygiene status and color of gingiva, then divided into three groups according to working period. To evaluate the level of lead within the saliva, it was estimated in teaching laboratories in Medical City by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer as well as clinical evaluation of the intensity of gingival discoloration according to the gingival surface and dental sites. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics and descriptive statistics to calculate the absolute and relative frequencies. Result: It was shown that gingival discoloration was noticed in 40% of the total sample with light brown to mixed brown/pink (average lead level = 5.74 mg/dL). In addition, 30% of the sample had a mixed brown/pink pigmentation (average lead level = 6.75 mg/dL) and the rest (30%) presented with mixed brown/pink to dark brown (average lead level = 10 mg/dL). The working periods range from 3 months to 10 years, the lowest value and the highest of lead in saliva were 8.3 and 11.8 mg/dL, respectively. The average of these values is 10.00 mg/dL. Conclusion: The intensity and severity of gingival pigmentation are directly associated with the level of salivary lead. Occupational safeties are essential for workers who are at high risk of exposure to avoid adverse effects of this metal on general health.

Comparing Mineral Concentrations of the Middle Chalcolithic Period Ceramics with Soil of Shahrekord District for Verifying their Origin

Objective: The present research was designed on soil of Shahrekord district to find and compare its mineral concentration with the Middle Chalcolithic period ceramics which found in the same area to determine their similarities in order to verify the origin of potteries.
 Procedure: Eighty composite soil and eight particles of Middle Chalcolithic Pottery were collected from Shahrekord district and the concentration of phosphorus, copper, molybdenum, lead and cobalt were measured by using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), respectively.
 Statistical Analysis: For comparing the mineral concentration of soil and ceramics One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test were used at the significant level of p<0.05.
 Results: The average level of phosphorus, copper, molybdenum, lead and cobalt in the soil of Shahrekord district were 11.31, 12.04, 0.06, 0.79 and 0.126 mg/kg and their average in Middle Chalcolithic Potteries were 2058, 54.11, 0.92, 9.5 and 21.25 ppm, respectively. The statistical analysis showed an obvious and significant difference between soil minerals and ceramics (p<0.01).
 Discussion: This finding indicates that it is not possible to find out the origin of ancient ceramics by using the concentration of soil elements at present time. These significant differences may attribute to the burial place and the type of pottery used in the ancient kitchen.

Association between lead poising and chronic kidney disease in a sample of Iraqi population

High environmental exposure to lead is associated with kidney failure, but the effect of low-level environmental exposure has not been well studied .Objective : The aim of the study was to evaluate the blood lead levels in the serum of patients with renal failure and compare it with those in the control group, as well as to verify its relationship with kidney function. Subjects and Method : The study included 87 people, their ages ranged (17-72 years), 45 of them were diagnosed with chronic kidney disease, while 32 of them were diagnosed with good health. Samples were collected from December 2022 to May 2022 and blood lead levels were estimated using atomic absorption Shimadzu in China, biochemical parameters were measured weight calculated for body mass index divided by height squared in meters, serum creatinine and blood urea by colorimetric methods using Spectrophotometer from Genway company . Results : The average levels of lead in the blood in the group of chronic kidney patients were much higher than it was in the control group (p≤ 0.01).

Pollution characteristics, risk assessment, and source apportionment of potentially toxic elements in road dust at two industrial parks in Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies.

Potentially toxic elements can enter the environment through natural and anthropogenic processes, with the latter considered the primary contributor. Road dust samples from two industrial parks on the island of Trinidad were investigated for heavy metal content, and the pollution status, potential health risks, and source apportionment were evaluated. Samples were acid-digested and analysed by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. The average levels of cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead, and zinc in road dust at the Frederick Settlement Industrial Park were 1.14 μg/g, 15.13 μg/g, 66.42 μg/g, 768.49 μg/g, 37.95 μg/g, 55.90 μg/g, and 573.04 μg/g, respectively, while average concentrations at the O'Meara Industrial Park were 1.20 μg/g, 16.97 μg/g, 42.72 μg/g, 482.65 μg/g, 21.12 μg/g, 136.77 μg/g, and 358.70 μg/g, respectively. Contamination assessments evaluated both Fredrick Settlement and O'Meara as typically uncontaminated to moderately polluted, with the overall ecological risk deemed low at all locations. Hazard index values at all sampling areas were lower than 1, indicating no potential non-carcinogenic risks to children or adults, while the carcinogenic exposure risks for cadmium, chromium, and nickel were considered low. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis revealed two main sources of contamination for Fredrick Settlement, and three main sources for O'Meara. Based on the groupings obtained, the presence of potentially toxic elements was attributed primarily to specific anthropogenic activities within the industrial parks, with lesser contributions from vehicular-related sources.

Lead poisoning from contaminated flour

Lead widespread use has resulted in extensive environmental contamination, human exposure and significant public health problems in many parts of the world. Young children are particularly vulnerable to the toxic effects of lead and can suffer profound and permanent adverse health impacts. Lead also causes long-term harm in adults, including increased risk of high blood pressure and kidney damage. Exposure to lead can occur by contaminated air, water, dust, food, or consumer products. Lead is a cumulative poison, which produces a series of effects on blood forming tissues, the digestive and nervous systems, and the kidneys. The aim of this paper was the determiation of lead in blood of poisoning persons, as well as on contaminated flour and in contaminated milk. Between 1992 and 1998 some rural districts of north and southern Albania reported several massive outbreaks of lead intoxication. Intoxications were associated with the use of contaminated flour originating from rural old mills, whose cracked grindstones were repaired by using lead as a filling material. Almost 6,000 individuals living in the affected areas were exposed to the toxic pollutant. However, only 236 individuals were checked for lead blood exposure levels. Of these, almost half revealed clinical signs of lead poisoning. Lead analytical determinations were performed in blood, milk, and flour samples from the area population by using atomic absorption spectrometry. Lead levels in blood varied from 7.1 μg/dl to 91.6 μg/dl. Mean blood lead concentrations according to the age-groups varied from 39.18 μg/dl to 44.99 μg/dl, whereas the average lead levels in flour samples were 42 ppm, while in blended bovine milk 0.6 ppm. The levels of lead in blood samples, as well as in flour and milk have resulted higher than TLVs levels acceptable by WHO.

Cumulative Lead Exposure Resulting from Coal Power Plants in India

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Coal pollution can lead to a myriad of toxic exposures and toxicity resulting from coal power generation has not been well-defined. As part of this study, we sought to identify cumulative lead exposure measured as bone lead in communities living near coal power plants. METHODS: We chose three communities at 1 km (n=50), 9 km (n=50), and 38 km (n=50) from coal power plants near Chennai, India and measured their bone lead using a portable x-ray fluorescence device. RESULTS:The bone lead identified in all participants was significantly higher than that found in typical occupationally exposed populations in the United States. We identified a dependency on location with the community living within 1 km of coal power plants experiencing higher cumulative lead exposure than the community farthest from the coal power plants. Lead exposure decreased at a rate of 0.92 ug/g/km. From our models, a 40-year-old adult at 1 km from a coal power plant would have an average bone lead level of 22.3 ug/g, whereas a 40-year-old at 10 km would have an average bone lead level of 14.3 ug/g. Further, we identified a population of over 704,185 that would be living in communities within 1 km of a coal power plant, equivalent to our highest exposure group. CONCLUSIONS:Our study was the first to identify a relationship between cumulative lead exposure and coal pollution, demonstrating a dramatic increase in lead exposure for communities near coal power plants. The community within 1 km of the coal power plants experienced bone lead on average 1.5 times higher than our control group. The control group had higher cumulative lead exposure than typical occupational exposures in the United States. These exposures would lead to drastic consequences throughout the body including cardiovascular and neurologic health impacts while ultimately increasing mortality from all causes. KEYWORDS: Coal, lead, cumulative, xrf, India, bone lead

Biocontamination in Metal Traces (Pb, Cd) of Waters, Sediments and Fish from Urban and Periurban Marine Perimeters in the Community of Lokossa in Benin

In Benin, market gardening has become a new profession and plays an important role in the supply of fresh vegetables. In the coastal regions, fish farming is practiced on the outskirts of market gardening sites. However, poorly regulated cultivation practices and increasing pollution do not necessarily guarantee the sanitary quality of the products delivered. This study aims to evaluate the physico-chemical qualities of the water used for watering and, secondly, the lead and cadmium contamination of the water used for watering, the soil (sediment) and the fish products (fish) on the urban market gardening perimeter in the commune of Lokossa in Benin. These various samples taken for this purpose were analysed at the Ministry of Health’s Water and Food Quality Control Laboratory. We noted pollution of organic elements through the physico-chemical parameters measured such as temperature, NTK, COD, BOD and total phosphorus and confirmed by average lead and cadmium levels of 0.42 mg/L in water, 0.52 mg/L in sediment and 0.31 mg/L to 0.76 mg/L in fish tissue (Carp and Catfish) for lead and 0.07 mg/L in water, 0.1 mg/L in sediment and 0.5 mg/L in fish for cadmium. These rates are well above the normal values accepted by the GESAMP, PNEC INERIS and FAO standards. The consequences of this contamination are health risks for consumers.

Lead pollution status and exposure level in cereals and related products in Zhejiang Province from 2014 to 2019

To investigate the level of lead in cereals and related products from Zhejiang market, and to provide the preliminary assessment. Lead was detected in 4855 samples of cereals and related products during 2014-2019, food consumption data was taken from Zhejiang residents' consumption survey in 2015-2016. The total detection rate of lead in cereals and related products was 59. 03%, and the acceptance rate was 99. 3% when compared to the national food safety standards(GB 2762-2017). The average lead level in cereals and related products was 0. 031 mg/kg, high mean level was found in millet with 0. 049 mg/kg, low mean level was in grain cans with 0. 020 mg/kg. The average dietary exposure to lead via cereals and related products was 0. 16 μg/(kg·d), and 0. 45 μg/(kg·d) for high consumer(P97. 5). Lead in cereals and related products are at very low contamination levels, residents' average daily intake of lead from grains and products was low in Zhejiang Province, but measures are still needed to reduce lead in cereal products considering the adverse health effects of lead.

Cadmium, Cobalt, Lead and Zinc Levels in Soil and Edible Vegetables in Yala Urban Area of Cross River State, Nigeria

The average level of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in the soil and edible vegetables samples collected randomly in Yala Urban Area of Cross River State was determined using flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. The samples were digested and analyzed for the metals level or concentration in Chemistry Laboratory, University of Calabar. The eight vegetables selected for the study were Amaranthus spp., Corchorusolitorius, Murraya koenigii, Ocimum grattissimum, Solanum melongena, Talinum triangulare, Telferia occidentalis and Vernonia amygdalina. The results indicated that the average level of the metals in the soil in mgkg-1 ranged from (0.005-0.021) and (0.004-0.019) in rainy and dry seasons respectively for Cadmium, (0.162- 0.475) and (0.163- 0.472) in rainy and dry season respectively for Cobalt, and (0.434-1.030) and (0.432-1.027) in rainy and dry season respectively for Zinc. Also, the average level of the metals accumulated by the vegetables in mgkg-1 ranged from (0.002-0.009) and (0.001- 0.007) in rainy and dry season respectively for Cadmium, (0.050-0.198) and (0.048-0.195) in rainy and dry season respectively for Cobalt, and (0.158-0.383) and (0.156-0.380) in rainy and dry season respectively for Zinc. The level of Lead in the soil or vegetables was not detected. The average level of metals accumulated by the vegetables and that present in the soil was in the order: Zinc > Cobalt > Cadmium > Lead. These results revealed that there is no significant difference between the level of metals in the soil or that accumulated by the vegetables in rainy and dry seasons of the year. Also the level of metals accumulated by most of the vegetables was directly proportional to the amount present in the soil where they are planted. The Target Hazard Quotients of these metals was less than 1. These results imply that the concentration of Cadmium, Cobalt, Zinc and Lead in the soil and vegetables were still low and within the permissible limits of World Health Organization. Thus, the consumption of the vegetables in the area may not pose any health risk for now.
 Keywords: Heavy metals, Concentration, Soil, Edible vegetables.

Survey of aflatoxin B1 and heavy metal contamination in peanut and peanut soil in China during 2017–2018

Peanut, as a nutritious, healthy and delicious food, is susceptible to contamination by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and heavy metals, which has an adverse impact on the healthy development of peanut industry in China. This research was to evaluate the contamination of AFB1 and heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, lead, tin, copper and zinc) in peanut, to analyze the difference of AFB1 and heavy metal contamination in peanut in the four main peanut producing regions (Northeast area, Yellow River basin, Yangtze River basin and Southeast coast), and to analyze and discuss the difference of heavy metal content in peanut kernel, peanut shell and peanut soil. The results showed that the mean concentration of AFB1 in peanut was 1.08 μg/kg, and the detection rate of AFB1 was 33.80%. There was no significant difference in AFB1 contamination of peanut between 2017 and 2018. The most serious AFB1 contamination region was the Yangtze River basin, followed by the Southeast coast, the Yellow River basin and the Northeast area. The average levels of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), tin (Sn), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in peanut kernel were 0.18, 0.44, 0.03, 0.01, 9.24 and 31.42 mg/kg, respectively. There was a significant difference in the mean content of heavy metals (Cr, Sn, Cu and Zn) in peanut kernels between 2017 and 2018. The mean content of Cd in peanut kernel was the highest in Northeast area, and there was no significant difference in the mean content of Pb in the four main peanut producing regions. The average concentration of other heavy metals (Cr, Sn, Cu and Zn) in peanut kernel in south of China (Yangtze River basin and Southeast coast) was higher than that in north of China (Northeast area and Yellow River basin). Due to the different bio-accumulation ability of peanut kernel and peanut shell to different heavy metal, the average levels of heavy metals in peanut kernel and peanut shell were different. The ability of peanut kernel to bio-accumulate Cd, Cu and Zn was stronger than that of peanut shell, and the ability of bio-accumulate of Cr, Pb and Sn was weaker than peanut shell. There was a significant positive correlation between heavy metal pollution of peanut and heavy metal content in soil. In conclusion, the situation of AFB1 and heavy metal contamination in peanut in China was not optimistic, and the pollution of peanut in south of China was more serious than that in north of China. Therefore, the control and prevention of AFB1 and heavy metal in peanut should be strengthened.

Correlation of lead (Pb) content towards the number of stomata on the plant Dracaena marginata tricolor in some places of Surabaya City

This research is an observational study that aims to determine the characteristics of stomata in the leaves of Dracaena marginata tricolor. This research is descriptive analysis. Sampling was carried out at three locations which had different levels of motor vehicle density, the location at Bundaran Dolog, Jl.Gading Ketabang and Kebun Bibit 2.The calculation of the average lead level in the Dracaena marginata tricolor leaf from the highest was obtained at the Bundaran Dolog Surabaya 2.01 µg / g. Calculation of the average lead level atDracaena margata tricolor leaf of Jl. Gading Ketabang was obtained at 1.06 µg / g and at Kebun Bibit 2 Surabaya obtained an average lead level in the leaves of Dracaena marginata tricolor of 0.82 µg / g. The highest calculation of the number of leaf stomata at the Bundaran Dolog Surabaya of 21. At the location of Jl. Gading Ketabang obtained an average number of stomata of 18 and at the location Kebun Bibit 2 Surabaya the results of the calculation of the average number of stomata were 16.

Lead Hair Level Impact on Mongolian Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Background: High-prevalence disorders among children are attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and lead exposure. The purpose of this study was to find out the relationship between ADHD symptoms and hair lead levels and neurocognitive function among Mongolian children. Methods: This was the case study to investigate the relationship between hair lead and ADHD in Mongolian school kids. We conducted a pair-matching case-control study with 30 ADHD cases and 30 non ADHD controls for 7 - 12 years of age school children, based on the same age, and sex. Recruitment process was conducted from June 2018 to December 2019. The case and control study children were systematically selected by structured diagnostic interviews, including caregiver interviews based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed (DSM-IV). Results: The average level of hair lead of the ADHD group was 1.45 ± 2.93 ppm and the control group’s lead level was 0.7 ± 1.59 ppm. We found ADHD-Combined (ADHD-C) patients showed the highest lead levels (p −0.329 and −0.242, for original and log10 transformed, p < 0.001). The lead was linked with vulnerability to ADHD and symptom severity among those school-age children. Conclusions: The child hair lead exposure is one of the risk factors of the development of ADHD and decreasing FSIQ (Full Scale Intelligent Quotient) and EQ level of children and linked with susceptibility to ADHD and symptom severity in school-age children.

KADAR TIMBAL (Pb) DALAM URINE TERHADAP LAMANYA PEDAGANG KAKI LIMA BERJUALAN DI PASAR 45 KOTA MANADO

Lead is a metal that is very dangerous and toxic to humans, which can be derived from the act of consuming food, drink or inhalation from the air, dust contaminated with Pb, contact with skin, contact with eyes and through parental. Lead can cause air pollution due to motor vehicle emissions gas. Street vendors are one of the groups that can be exposed to Pb. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of lead levels (Pb) in urine to the length of street vendors selling at the 45 markets of Manado City. This research uses observational analytic method with cross sectional design. The sample in this study were all street vendors selling from zero points to the front of jumbo in Pasar 45. Purposive Sampling was carried out by sampling. The results of this study showed that the average length of work was 12 hours, the average lead level in urine for all samples was 0.8461 mg / L which had exceeded the threshold value of 0.15 mg / L. Statistical test results using Pearson Product Moment correlation show there is no significant relationship between work duration and levels of Pb in urine (r = -0.024, p = 0.899). The conclusion of this study is that there is no relationship between lead levels (Pb) in urine with the length of street vendors selling at the 45 markets of Manado City.