Average Growth Pattern Research Articles

Modeling Tree Diameter Growth of Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. in the Brazilian Amazon

Modeling the growth of Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. (B. excelsa) trees in natural forests is important for understanding the species’ ecology and for better defining site-specific management. In this sense, this study aimed to model the diameter growth rate of B. excelsa trees in contrasting forest environments in the Brazilian Amazon. This study was conducted in the Extractive Reserve Rio Cajari (RESEX Cajari). Growth models were fitted at species level to predict diameter growth rate in the two Amazonian forest environments. Subsequently, the age at which the B. excelsa tree in each forest environment reaches the minimum diameter for seed production was calculated by integrating the growth models. In each forest environment, the negative exponential behavior of the diametric growth rate of the tree species was fitted by an appropriate model. The time required for B. excelsa trees to reach the minimum diameter was shorter in the secondary forest environment when compared with that of the old growth terra firme forest (47 and 78 years to reach the diameter of 25 cm in the secondary and old growth terra firme forest, respectively). While the average growth pattern indicated higher diameter growth rates of B. excelsa in the secondary forest environment, the high level of uncertainty in the model’s estimation makes this inference complex. In conclusion, the secondary forest seems a favorable forest environment for the growth of B. excelsa trees, which may be an indicator of the potential for secondary forest environments to produce B. excelsa seeds in the future.

Penja fish (Genus: Sicyopterus) from Karama River, West Sulawesi, Indonesia: Growth Pattern and Habitat Characteristics

Sicydiinae gobies have been widely collected and identified throughout tropical indo-pacific, except in Karama River, Mamuju, West Sulawesi, Indonesia. Penja was the Gobi fish’s local name, where the pelvic disc is adherent to the belly. This study aims to describe the habitat and growth patterns of genus Sicyopterus in Karama river, which passes through three sub-districts from upstream to downstream. The research was conducted in Karama River from four sites: Kalumpang, Bonehau, Arassi, and Kalonding. Fish growth was described by Deroberts and William model, and continued with habitat characteristics. The total number of fish from four sites about 71 adults Gobiidae fish, identified as family Gobiidae: Sicyopterus longifilis and Sicyopterus pugnans. The average growth pattern in all sites is isometric negative (b<3), except in the Kalumpang sites, growth pattern for Sicyopterus longifilis is isometric (b=3) whereas in Sicyopterus pugnans in the Kalumpang sites growth pattern is positive allometric (b>3).

Average Models and 3-dimensional Growth Patterns of the Healthy Infant Cranium.

Background:Treatment of cranial deformity is often performed during infancy in cases such as craniosynostosis and deformational plagiocephaly. To acquire morphologic standards for the treatment goals of these conditions, we created cranial average models and elucidated the growth patterns of the cranium of healthy infants in 3-dimension (3D) using homologous modeling.Methods:Homologous modeling is a technique that enables mathematical analysis of different 3D objects by converting the objects into homologous models that share the same number of vertices with the same spatial relationships. Craniofacial computed tomographic data of 120 healthy infants ranging in age from 1 to 17 months were collected. Based on the computed tomographic data, we created 120 homologous models. Six average 3D models (20 individuals each for 6 different age groups) were created by averaging the vertices of the models. Three-dimensional growth patterns of the cranium were clarified by comparing the 6 average models.Results:We successfully created 6 average models and visualized the growth patterns of the cranium. From 1-month-old to 5-month-old infants, the entire cranium except for the occipital region grows, and the cranium tended to be brachycephalic (cephalic index at 4–5 months: 87.1–97.3), but the growth was thereafter localized to specific areas.Conclusions:Three-dimensional growth patterns of the cranium of healthy infants were clarified. These findings will support the understanding and treatment of the conditions that cause cranial deformity. To our knowledge, this is the first report to visualize the growth patterns of the entire cranium of healthy infants in 3D.

Management of a Skeletal Class II Malocclusion Using 2-Phase Treatment: An Indian Board of Orthodontics Case Report

PK, a 12-year-old female patient, was diagnosed with skeletal Class II due to retrognathic mandible, average growth pattern, Angle’s Class II, Division I malocclusion with Class II canine relation, mild upper anterior spacing, upper anterior proclination, uprighted lower anterior, lingually tipped 35, increased overjet and overbite, scissor bite Irt 24, 25, acute nasolabial angle, tongue thrust habit, incompetent lips, and lower lip trap. The nonextraction approach to orthodontic treatment was involved. The skeletal malocclusion was corrected using the twin-block appliance, followed by upper and lower pre-adjusted edgewise appliances (0.022 × 0.028 slot) with the MBT prescription.

Prevalence of Average, Horizontal and Vertical Growth Pattern in Patients with Class I Malocclusion -A Retrospective Study

Prevalence of Average, Horizontal and Vertical Growth Pattern in Patients with Class I Malocclusion -A Retrospective Study

Modification and validation of the SWAT model based on multi-plant growth mode, a case study of the Meijiang River Basin, China

With the aim of simulating non-point source pollution of the agroforestry system, we established a forest growth model featuring variable density and mixed vegetation types to address the drawbacks of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in estimating the accumulated biomass, based on the average forest vegetation density and single plant growth pattern. In addition, a dominant vegetation abundance remote sensing inversion model and leaf area index (LAI) and extinction coefficient remote sensing inversion model were set up to obtain relevant parameters of the forest growth model. Moreover, based on radiant energy under intercropping, we used the Keating equation with the intercropping index as the variable to modify the original SWAT single biomass accumulation model. This was done to explore the intercropping growth model as well as the remote sensing inversion method, considering the multiple cropping and intercropping indexes. We selected the Meijiang River basin as the study area, a sub-basin of the Poyang Lake basin in China in a subtropical humid monsoon climate zone and red soil region, to explore the validity of the modified SWAT based on field data. The results show that the modified SWAT outperformed the original model in terms of simulated flow and nutrient load, using variables such as vegetation coverage, different forest components (e.g., coniferous forest, broadleaf forest, and sparse shrubs), and LAI. As for simulated flow, the validity of the modified SWAT was increased by 7.8%, and simulation of the average, maximum, minimum, and total flow rates were closer to the measured values, better reflecting the actual surface water storage. In the simulation of nutrient load, validity was increased by 6.4% (total phosphorus) and 6.1% (total nitrogen), better representing macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the forest vegetation landscape.

Non-Extraction Management of Class II Malocclusion by Molar Distalization: A Report of Two Cases

A case series of two females, who reported to the Department with Angle's Class II molar relationship and bucally placed upper canines, lip strain and a straight profile with average growth pattern. Pendulum appliance was used to distalize the upper molars and Class I molar relationship was achieved in less than 4 months and 4–5 mm of space was created. The space gained was used in the correction of the maxillary anterior crowding, correcting the lip strain in the process.

Airway Analysis in Skeletal Class I and Class II Subjects with Different Growth Patterns: A 2D Cephalometric Study.

ABSTRACTObjective:A two-dimensional cephalometric study was carried out to assess the airway among individuals with Class I and Class II skeletal base.Materials and Methods:Class II subjects were further categorized into horizontal and vertical growers and average growth patterns to check the possible relationship between the facial skeleton and pharyngeal airway. Lateral cephalograms of 150 subjects were obtained using standard protocol in natural head position (NHP). Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal linear, and angular and nasopharyngeal area measurements were obtained using standardized tracing technique. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), level of significance, and post hoc Turkey’s test were performed to assess the correlation between skeletal pattern of the individual and airway dimension. Gender discrimination was assessed using independent sample t test.Results:In linear measurements, significant differences were observed among upper pharynx (0.039), adenoid tissue 1 (0.036), and adenoid tissue 2 (0.01). In angular measurements, differences were observed with angle of nasopharynx (0.008). The nasopharyngeal area measurements were also associated with significant difference (0.038) with Class II vertical growers less than those with Class I average and Class II horizontal groups.Conclusion:Class II vertical growers had significantly reduced nasopharyngeal airways.

Assessment of Facial Asymmetry in Patients Reporting for Orthodontic Treatment

Aim and Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of facial symmetry in patients and its correlation with different morphometric and skeletal malocclusions among those reporting for orthodontic treatment. Background: Facial asymmetries exist in all individuals. It is commonly stated that the right side of the face is not an ideal replica of the left side. Facial asymmetry can be associated with different types of malocclusion and growth patterns. Significant facial asymmetry causes both functional as well as aesthetic problems. Hence this study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of asymmetry in patients reporting for orthodontic treatment. Materials and Method: This study was conducted on 162 patients in the Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, within the age group of 14 to 26 years. Extra-oral photographs of the frontal view of patients were taken in a standardised manner. The Rule of fifth was modified and a midline was marked through the sagittal section of the face. The parts on the left and right side of the face were measured in pixels and compared. The deviations were noted in each part and statistically analysed to correlate with the type of malocclusion and growth pattern. Results: All the three parts in the face were not equal on either side. Facial asymmetry was more concentrated on the lateral part when compared to the other two parts. Asymmetry is seen more in patients with class II malocclusion, horizontal and average growth patterns when compared to other malocclusion and growth patterns.

Meristic characters and length-weight relation of climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) from wetlands in Sigi District, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

The climbing perch, Anabas testudineus Bloch 1972, is a valued freshwater fish with a wide distribution in South and Southeast Asia. This study examined the meristic counts and length-weight relation of climbing perch from Sigi District, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, close to the eastern extremity of the species distribution. Specimens collected from wetlands in Sigi District were weighed and measured (total length) to derive length–weight relation (n = 265) and meristic counts (n = 140). Length (L, in mm) – weight (W, in g) relation (W = a·Lb) parameter b = 2.98 overall; for females b = 3.06 while for males b = 2.88. Maximum length Lmax was 163 mm. The meristic formula using median values was D, XVII+8; A, X+9; P, 13; V, I+5; C, 16. Mean scale counts for both male and female climbing perch were: longitudinal 31 and vertical 15. There was no significant between-sex difference in meristic characters. Although the average growth pattern was isometric, males exhibited a slight allometric negative tendency. Low maximum size is consonant with other indications of a population under pressure, reinforcing the need for sustainable, holistic wetland management. In the context of domestication, high variability in meristic characters may indicate high genetic diversity and/or plasticity, which could provide scope for selective breeding.

Using a 10-Year Radar Archive for Nowcasting Precipitation Growth and Decay: A Probabilistic Machine Learning Approach

AbstractMachine learning algorithms are trained on a 10-yr archive of composite weather radar images in the Swiss Alps to nowcast precipitation growth and decay in the next few hours in moving coordinates (Lagrangian frame). The hypothesis of this study is that growth and decay is more predictable in mountainous regions, which represent a potential source of practical predictability by machine learning methods. In this paper, artificial neural networks (ANN) are employed to learn the complex nonlinear dependence relating the growth and decay to the input predictors, which are geographical location, mesoscale motion vectors, freezing level height, and time of the day. The average long-term growth and decay patterns are effectively reproduced by the ANN, which allows exploring their climatology for any combination of predictors. Due to the low intrinsic predictability of growth and decay, its prediction in real time is more challenging, but is substantially improved when adding persistence information to the predictors, more precisely the growth and decay and precipitation intensity in the immediate past. The improvement is considerable in mountainous regions, where, depending on flow direction, the root-mean-square error of ANN predictions can be 20%–30% lower compared with persistence. Because large uncertainty is associated with precipitation forecasting, deterministic machine learning predictions should be coupled with a model for the predictive uncertainty. Therefore, we consider a probabilistic perspective by estimating prediction intervals based on a combination of quantile decision trees and ANNs. The probabilistic framework is an attempt to address the problem of conditional bias, which often characterizes deterministic machine learning predictions obtained by error minimization.

Impact of temperature on the growth of a Neotropical tree species (Hymenaea courbaril, Fabaceae) at its southern distribution limit.

Widely distributed tree species usually face different growth conditions across gradients of climate variables. Hymenaea courbaril inhabits most of Neotropical lowlands, where its growth is limited by low precipitation under seasonal precipitation regimes. However, it is still unclear what are the drivers of growth variability at its distribution limits, where populations are most vulnerable to climate change. We evaluated the role of precipitation and temperature variability on the growth rate of two populations of H. courbaril at the southern limits of its occurrence. Sampling sites comprise two semi-deciduous forest fragments with weathered and chemically poor soils, similar temperature conditions, only differing in size and in precipitation regime. To achieve that goal, we built two tree-ring chronologies using standard dendrochronological methods, one with 21 trees (37 radii) and the other one with 13 trees (24 radii). First, we evaluated if site conditions would affect average growth patterns, and then, we tested the climate-growth relationships and the teleconnections with the Equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature (SST). The results show that trees display similar average growth rates throughout life without evidence of influence from differing fragment sizes. Nonetheless, precipitation positively influences annual growth in the drier site, while it has a negative effect on growth in the wetter site. In contrast to previous studies, temperature has a stronger influence than precipitation on the growth of these trees. Monthly, seasonal, and annual mean temperatures showed a negative influence on trees growth. The variability of the regional temperature and, consequently, of the growth rate of the trees is partially dependent on the SST of the Equatorial Pacific. In conclusion, this study shows that temperature is a key limiting growth factor for this species at its southern distribution limits and periods with warmer temperature will likely reduce annual growth rate.

Acoustic pharyngometry vs lateral cephalometry: A comparative evaluation of pharyngeal airway dimensions in patients with skeletal class I and skeletal class II malocclusion

PurposeThe objective of this study was to study the difference in upper airway parameters using two different techniques, i.e. with lateral cephalometry vis-a-vis acoustic pharyngometry in skeletal class I and class II subjects and to find any correlation in airway parameters recorded on cephalogram and acoustic pharyngometer. Materials and methodsSixty orthodontic patients with average growth pattern (FMA=22–28°) were divided in to two groups based on sagittal jaw relationship. Pharyngeal airway dimensions were measured by two different techniques, i.e. on lateral cephalogram and acoustic Pharyngometry. The airway dimensions were compared across both the groups using these techniques. ResultsThe linear airway parameters and total oropharyngeal area measured on lateral cephalogram (P-value 0.008) were significantly higher in skeletal class I patients. Total oropharyngeal area measured using acoustic pharyngometry was significantly higher in skeletal class I patients (P=0.009). The average area on lateral cephalogram and on acoustic pharyngometry did not differ significantly in skeletal class I group (P=0.590). The comparison of average area in skeletal class II malocclusion group on lateral cephalogram and acoustic pharyngometry also did not differ significantly (P=0.603). The average area on lateral cephalogram obtained by digital planimeter and acoustic pharyngometry did not differ significantly in both the classes of malocclusion (P=0.405). ConclusionThe null hypothesis is rejected as there is significant difference in airway dimensions in skeletal class I and class II subjects and there is a positive correlation in airway parameters as recorded on lateral cephalogram and acoustic pharyngometer.

Correlation of soft palate morphology to growth pattern: A retrospective cephalometric study.

Aim:The aim of the present study was to evaluate the radiographic length of velum (LV), width of velum (WV), velum angle (AV), depth of pharynx (PD), Need's ratio (NR), inclination angle (AI) in different morphological types of soft palate according to growth patterns in skeletal class I individuals.Methodology:80 pretreatment lateral cephalograms of patients with skeletal class I malocclusion (ANB 2--4°) were divided on basis of six types of soft palate and further into three subgroups according to growth pattern and evaluation of LV, WV, angle with the palatal plane, and NR was done. Kruskal--Wallis test was used for the comparison between the groups.Results:Statistically significant difference was verified among all groups for measurement of NR. The highest NR was seen in Crook type of soft palate (mean 0.9). Similarly, the vertical growth pattern in all the six types of soft palate exhibited a higher NR than the average and horizontal growth pattern group; the highest being exhibited by vertical group in type VI (crook shaped). Velopharyngeal insufficiency is directly related to NR.Conclusion:Vertical growth pattern has the highest susceptibility to velopharyngeal insuffiency and speech and sleep apnea disorders.

Evaluation of Tongue Pressure in Cases with Horizontal, Vertical, and Average Growth Patterns using an Innovative Flexi Force Palatovision Appliance: An In Vivo Study

Evaluation of Tongue Pressure in Cases with Horizontal, Vertical, and Average Growth Patterns using an Innovative Flexi Force Palatovision Appliance: An In Vivo Study

Adequacy of molar distalization after second and third molar eruption- a case report

Adult patients with class II malocclusion can be treated routinely by extraction therapy. In the recent decades there was increasing popularity towards non-extraction treatment. Distalization of maxillary molars is one of the prime treatment modality to correct mild to moderate class II malocclusion cases with esthetically acceptable profile. A 16 years old female patient reported with irregularly placed upper front teeth and was diagnosed as Angle’s Class II malocclusion with orthognathic maxilla and mandible, average growth pattern. Treatment was planned to distalize the entire maxillary arch using mini implants as skeletal anchorage. 4.0 mm of maxillary molars were distalized, class I molar and canine relation were achieved bilaterally within span of 10 months without altering the patient’s existing profile. Â

Evaluation of Tongue Pressure in Cases with Horizontal, Vertical, and Average Growth Patterns using an Innovative Flexi Force Palatovision Appliance: An In Vivo Study

Evaluation of Tongue Pressure in Cases with Horizontal, Vertical, and Average Growth Patterns using an Innovative Flexi Force Palatovision Appliance: An In Vivo Study

Nonsurgical, Nonextraction Management of Impacted Maxillary Canine

NS, a 12 year 2 months old female patient, presented with the chief complaint of irregular teeth. Diagnosis revealed skeletal Class II jaw base relation, with average (toward vertical) growth pattern, dentoalveolar angles Class I molar relationship with severe crowding in upper and moderate crowding in the lower arch, normally positioned maxillary incisors but proclined lower incisors, “V” shape constricted maxillary arch with first premolar in crossbite, overretained deciduous molar and a high placed buccoversion canine in the first quadrant and an impacted canine in the second quadrant, constricted mandibular arch with first premolar blocked out in the third quadrant. Treatment with a nonsurgical, nonextraction treatment plan by expansion of the upper arch and taking advantage of natural eruptive forces of the tooth was planned. The final outcome solved the patient's complaints and achieved an esthetically pleasing and functionally adequate occlusal result.

GLOBAL RECESSION & GLOBAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS: EVIDENCE FROM TOP 100 GLOBAL BRANDS (2001 – 2015)

This paper aims to present the brand equity trends among top banks and financial brands during 2001-15. The research uses the data published by world’s leading brand consultancy Interbrand. During 2001-2015, a total of 19 financial brands from seven countries appeared in the top 100 global brands list. Analyses were made on the basis of cumulative brand equity, average brand equity and growth patterns. Some major trends presented in this paper are; (a) global economic recession (2008-2009) affected the financial brands more than other sectors; (b) different clusters of financial institutions moved differently during recession and afterwards (c) dominance of American financial brands remained the key observation. JEL: D02, E02, G21, F01 Article visualizations:

A study of comparison and correlation between antegonial notch depth, symphysis morphology, and ramus morphology among different growth patterns in angle's Class II Division 1 Malocclusion

Introduction: In orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, a thorough knowledge of the skeletal and dental components that contribute to Angle's Class II Division 1 malocclusion is essential because these elements may influence the approach to treatment. Orthodontic treatment planning is greatly influenced by prediction of mandibular growth pattern. The purpose of this study was to compare and correlate between antegonial notch depth, symphysis morphology, and ramus morphology in different growth patterns in Angle's Class II Division 1 malocclusion. Objective: (1) To compare antegonial notch depth, symphysis morphology, and ramus morphology in different growth patterns in Angle's Class II Division 1 malocclusion. (2) To find a correlation between these factors in different growth patterns in Angle's Class II Division 1 malocclusion. Materials and Methods: In this study, lateral cephalograms of total 90 patients (43 males and 47 females) with Angle's Class II Division 1 malocclusion patients were traced. The sample was divided into average, horizontal, and vertical growth pattern based on jarabak's ratio. Antegonial notch depth, symphysis height, depth, ratio (height/depth) and symphysis angle, and ramus height and width were evaluated and analyzed statistically. Results: A significantly high proportion of subjects were having lesser ramus height and ramus width in vertical growth pattern than horizontal growth pattern in Angle's Class II Division 1 malocclusion with sexual dichotomy in favor of males. The correlation coefficient within groups was calculated. In horizontal growth pattern, antegonial notch depth was correlated with anterior facial height, posterior facial height, and ramus height. In vertical growth pattern, antegonial notch depth was correlated with ramus height. In horizontal growth pattern, symphyseal height was found out to be correlated with anterior facial height, posterior facial height, ramus height and width. Symphyseal depth was also found to be correlated with ramus width, ramus height was correlated with symphyseal depth and symphyseal angle in horizontal growth pattern. Conclusion: The antegonial notch depth, symphysis morphology, and ramus morphology are significantly correlated with different growth patterns in Angle's Class II Division 1 malocclusion but was highly significant in horizontal growth pattern.