Average Education Level Research Articles

DIAGNOSTICS OF OLDER PRESCHOOL CHILDREN’S SENSITIVITY FORMATION LEVELS

The article covers the general issues of the organization and content of the ascertainment experiment and analyzed the results of diagnostics of the state of older preschoolers’ sensitivity formation. The criteria for choosing the diagnostic toolkit for determining the level of preschoolers’ sensitivity formation were age and individual characteristics, as well as the possibility to identify and characterize the indicators of sensitivity formation proposed by us. The toolkit included the development of a questionnaire in the form of a conversation, and the diagnostic game “Who is sensitive?” based on plot diagnostic cards; plots were developed for the organization of role-playing games “Hospital” and “Veterinary Clinic”. Characterization of the levels of older preschool children’s sensitivity formation has been carried out according to the specified criteria and indicators. We have found that, according to the cognitive criterion children of older preschool age have an average and low level of sensitivity formation. We got the highest score for the emotional-motivational criterion because children are prone to showing moral feelings. Yet, they often need additional incentives for charitable activities. And unfortunately, the results of diagnostics according to the activity-behavioral criterion also turned out to be low due to the lack of preschool children’s skills in showing sensitive attitudes toward others. The confirmatory section has proved the necessity of carrying out systematic, planned work in preschool educational institutions on preschoolers’ sensitivity formation. A confirmatory experiment to determine the initial levels of older preschool children’s sensitivity formation in the conditions of the traditional educational process in a preschool education institution according to cognitive, emotional-motivational, and activity-behavioral criteria revealed that the average and low levels of sensitivity education prevailed among children, which caused the need for the search for ways to solve this problem, in the justification and practical approbation of pedagogical conditions for the preschoolers’ sensitivity formation in the conditions of preschool educational institutions.

A Geographically Weighted Regression Analysis of Barriers to Youth’s Participation in Local Development Planning in Gauteng Province, South Africa

With South Africa having a history of youth activism and a predominantly youthful population, this paper investigates why the youth (18-34 years) do not participate in local development planning in Gauteng Province. The main source of data used in this study was the 2015/2016 QoL data of the Gauteng City-Region Observatory (GCRO). Results across Gauteng show that the majority of the youth do not participate in ward committee (WC), community development forum (CDF), and integrated development planning (IDP) meetings. The geographically weighted regression (GWR) approach proved important in allowing us to investigate the spatial variation in non-attendance at WC meetings and the heterogeneity role of the predictor variables over the study area. The GWR results show that the percentage of employed youth, average household income, the percentage of youth who have never interacted with government, the percentage of youth dissatisfied with the local councillor, and the average educational level of the youth emerged as barriers to participation in WC meetings. While results for non-participation in CDF meetings had no significant localised GWR results, compared to those for WC meetings, common barriers (as in the ordinary least squares (OLS) model) to participation in CDF meetings were, for instance, the youth’s educational level and the lack of interaction with local government. Even according to the OLS model, the results of IDP meetings were not robust, and could not therefore be interpreted. Overall, however, these results are useful in spurring spatially-targeted – either region-wide or localised – policies.

Analisis Beberapa Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Produktivitas Dan Pendapatan Peternak Babi Di Kecamatan Kubutambahan Kabupaten Buleleng

In addition to being large in number, the Indonesian workforce also has a low average level of education. This phenomenon makes it difficult for the majority of the Indonesian workforce to work in the formal sector, provided that they have a high level of education and expertise. One alternative to overcome the above problems is by empowering the agricultural sector, one of which is the livestock sector. One of the potential farms to be developed in Bali is pig farming, where pig farming in Bali has played a very important role in supporting the people's economy, especially in rural areas. This study aims to determine the variables of working capital, labor, work experience, and productivity on income and the productivity variables mediate the effect of working capital, labor, and work experience on the income of pig farmers in Kubutambahan District. This study uses a quantitative method in the form of associative. The research locations are in Evidence Village, Kubudindingan Village, Bengkala Village, Bila Village, Tamblang Village, Bulian Village, Tunjung Village, Mengening Village, and Tajun Village, which are in the Kubudindingan District. The data obtained was tested using the method of path analysis or (path analysis) of the data obtained through questionnaires, interviews and observations. The results of the study stated that working capital, labor, and work experience had a significant positive effect on the productivity of pig farmers. Working capital, labor, work experience, and productivity have a significant positive effect on the income of pig farmers. Productivity is able to mediate the effect of working capital, labor, and work experience on the income of pig farmers in Kubudinding District, Buleleng Regency.

Correlation of cognitive function with intracranial lesions and the degree of depression and anxiety in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders

Objective: To investigate the correlation of cognitive dysfunction with intracranial lesions and symptoms of depression and anxiety in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). Methods: Thirty-one NMOSD patients (7/24 males/females) were enrolled in the Department of Neurology of the Sixth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital from August 2019 to August 2022. The average age was 42±13 years, and the average education level was 12 (9, 12) years. There were 30 healthy controls, 11/19 males/females, with an average age of 47±9 years and an average education of 12 (9, 15) years. The general clinical data and imaging data were collected, and the subjects were assessed on their cognition, anxiety and depression using the assessment scale approved at home and abroad. A cross-sectional study was conducted on them. The t-test or Wilcoxon test was used for inter-group comparison, and Pearson test or Spearman test was used to explore the correlation between the cognition of NMOSD patients and their intracranial lesions, depression and anxiety. Results: Compared with the healthy control group, NMOSD patients had significantly lower scores on MoCA (Z=-3.10,P=0.002), CRAVLT-N7 (Z=-5.12, P<0.001), CRAVLT-N8 (t=-4.40, P<0.001), ROCF-R (t=-3.10,P<0.01), ROCF-C (Z=-2.72,P<0.01), PASAT-3 (Z=-2.71,P<0.01), PASAT-2 (Z=-3.14,P<0.01), and CWT-A (Z=-3.10,P<0.01)scales. Frontal lobe lesions were negatively correlated with PASAT-2 (r=-0.448, P=0.012) scores, temporal lobe lesions were negatively correlated with CRAVLT-N9 (r=-0.564, P=0.001), and parietal lobe lesions were negatively correlated with MoCA (r=-0.374, P=0.038), PASAT-3 (r=-0.426, P=0.017), and PASAT-2 (r=-0.459, P=0.009) scores; The scores of MoCA (r=-0.392, P=0.029), CRAVLT-N6 (r=-0.396, P=0.028), CRAVLT-N7 (r=-0.415, P=0.020), CRAVLT-N8 (r=-0.406, P=0.023), PASAT-3 (r=-0.537, P=0.002) and PASAT-2 (r=-0.495, P=0.005) scales were negatively correlated with the scores of HAMD assessment, and the scores of PASAT-3 (r=-0.499, P=0.004) and PASAT-2 (r=-0.452, P=0.011) were negatively correlated with the scores of HAMA. Conclusions: The cognitive function of patients with NMOSD is significantly reduced, involving multiple cognitive domains. The cognitive function is affected by the distribution of intracranial lesions and the degree of depression and anxiety.

Model Pengelolaan Dana KUM (Kredit Usaha Mandiri) oleh Petani Perempuan di Subak Guama, Tabanan Bali

KUM Fund Management Model (Independent Business Credit) by Women Farmers in Subak Guama, Tabanan Bali&#x0D; This research aims to describe the utilization model of KUM (Kredit Usaha Mandiri or Independent Business Credit) funds by female farmers, identify the types of businesses developed, and understand the profiles of female farmers managing KUM funds in Subak Guama. Data was collected through structured interviews, online (WhatsApp) interviews, and documentary studies. The respondents consisted of 25 female farmers who participated in the utilization of KUM credit in KUAT Subak Guama, selected through proportional random sampling. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive-interpretive, qualitative, and quantitative approaches. The research findings indicate that the KUM fund management model includes the utilization of credit as productive business capital by 67%, while 33% of the KUM funds are used for consumptive or non-productive purposes. The types of businesses developed include primary, secondary, and tertiary businesses. The profile of the female farmers consists of an average age of 46.48 years, an average education level of 10.56 years, a family burden of 4 individuals, and an average land ownership of 32.28 ares.

Body image perception among breast cancer patients after mastectomy: A phenomenology study

Background: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among all cancers. Most breast cancer treatments involve surgery, which leads to changes in body shape. These changes can have an impact on body image after mastectomy, affecting the patients’ quality of life. Objective: This study aimed to explore the perception of body image of breast cancer patient after mastectomy. Methods: A qualitative phenomenological approach was employed in this study. A total of 15 post-mastectomy clients were recruited through purposive sampling technique. Data collection involved semi-structured interviews, which were recorded. The data were analyzed using the Van Mannen approach with the assistance of NVivo 12 Plus software. Results: The majority of the participants were in the elderly phase, with an average education level of junior high school. Most had a history of stage IIB breast cancer and, on average, had undergone mastectomy three years ago. This study identified the theme of body image, which consisted of four categories and eleven sub-categories. Conclusions: The description of body image in post-mastectomy clients includes beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. This response is influenced by the belief in the importance of breasts, optimism regarding achieving one’s ideal self, thoughts about changes in the body, acceptance of oneself and those around us, enthusiasm for healing and comfort, and social roles.

Psikiyatride Yaygın Olarak Kullanılan Antidepresan İlaç Prospektüslerinin Okunabilirliğinin Değerlendirilmesi

The understanding of a written text is directly related to the readability level of that text. Readability can be measured objectively using specific formulas. In this study, we aimed to determine the readability level of the drug package inserts of antidepressant drugs. A total of 51 drug package inserts were grouped according to antidepressant types. Title and drug license information was removed from the texts for standardization. These were evaluated using the Ateşman, Bezirci–Yılmaz and Çetinkaya–Uzun readability formulas, applicable to Turkish texts. The average Ateşman readability score was determined as 71.4. Accordingly, it was seen that the drug package inserts require a grade 7-8 of education for readability. The readability level of the Bezirci-Yılmaz formula was, similarly, of grade 7-8 (primary education) level. The Çetinkaya-Uzun readability score was calculated as 45.4 and an 8-9th grade level was determined. It was ascertained that the drug package inserts were readable at the secondary education (7th-9th grade) level on average. Considering the average education level in Turkey, it was established that the readability level was therefore high. We believe that writing the drug package inserts based on the average education level will increase readability and therefore intelligibility.

Pengetahuan Ibu tentang Pemberian Imunisasi di Desa Rumpa Kecamatan Mapilli Kabupaten Polewali Mandar

Immunization is one way to actively increase a person's immunity against antigens so that when they are exposed to similar antigens, disease will not occur. The high infant and under-five mortality rate in Indonesia causes a decline in the degree of public health, one of the efforts to overcome this problem is the complete basic immunization program for infants and toddlers. The type of research used is descriptive research method. This research method is a study conducted to describe or describe phenomena that occur in society. This research aims to describe the mother's knowledge about basic immunization at the age of 0-12 months in Rumpa village, Mapilli sub-district. The results of the study showed that most of the respondents had very good knowledge, 50% (15 respondents), but those who had sufficient knowledge, 33% (10 respondents), and had less knowledge, 17% (5 people). Factors that support the knowledge of respondents is the level of education of respondents is the average level of education of respondents SMK/equivalent 50%, SMP 33%, and SD 17%.

How do top management team characteristics affect digital orientation? Exploring the internal driving forces of firm digitalization

The top management team (TMT) plays a key role in the process of the firm digital transformation. However, few studies have focused on the impact of TMT characteristics on the digital orientation of firms. In this paper, we simultaneously explore the impact of the dispersion, aggregation, and background characteristics of TMT on the digital orientation of firms. Based on the upper echelons theory and strategic orientation theory, we propose that the diversity and average education level of TMT positively impact firms' digital orientation. The average age and tenure of TMT have a negative impact on the digital orientation of firms. The overseas and financial backgrounds of TMT members have a positive impact on the digital orientation of firms. Our hypothesis was tested using large-scale longitudinal data and computer-aided text analysis methods from Chinese listed companies. This paper provides useful supplements to early research on digital driving factors and digital orientation in emerging economies, and also provides more universal suggestions for digital practices in firms.

Marginal Gentrification and Racial Capitalism in a Post-chocolate City

Researchers have found that gentrification is less likely in Black neighborhoods than in White or Latinx neighborhoods, and that gentrification looks different in Black neighborhoods. For example, researchers have found that Black neighborhoods experience marginal gentrification—changes in the educational level but not the income of residents. This study uses Census and National Historical Geographic Information System (NHGIS) data to explore the relationship between gentrification and racial change in Washington, DC between 2000 and 2019. We measure gentrification using four distinct but related measures: change in home value, rent, average educational level, and household income. The results show a positive association between changes in the percentage of residents with college degrees and the percentage of White residents in neighborhoods that were majority Black in 2000. We also find a positive association between changes in the percentage of Latinx residents and the average rent. We do not find a significant relationship between racial change and changes in home value and average income. Our findings point to the importance of including race in models of gentrification as well as using different measures of gentrification to capture it more fully.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL BURNOUT LEVELS AMONG TEACHERS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS IN MIDDLE AND SECONDARY STAGES (ALGERIA-EL BAYADH)

The objective of the study is to determine the degree of extent of the phenomenon of psychological exhaustion among teachers of physical education and sports at the secondary and middle levels of education. For this study, the researchers relied on the descriptive approach for it fits the subject of the study. The sample consisted of (60) teachers, including (40) of the average level of education chosen at random. The researchers opted for the burnout scale introduced by Seidman and Zager 1994 and translated into Arabic by Adel Abdullah (1994). After statistical treatment, the results showed that teachers of physical education and sports are characterized by moderate degrees of psychological exhaustion. The study also revealed statistically significant differences in favor of middle school teachers. Keywords: Burnout, physical education and sports teachers, middle level, secondary level

Analisis Kreatifitas Produk Klanting Terhadap Keberhasilan Perkembangan UKM di Tahai Baru Kecamatan Maliku Kabupaten Pulang Pisau

Improved quality and creativity of workers, as reflected by the average level of education which is getting better, has a positive impact on work productivity. Likewise, efforts to improve skills and workforce training accompanied by the application of appropriate technology have an impact on increasing work productivity. Every business or business wants to get business success that utilizes local potential, namely local wisdom in the area, a business is said to be successful if it earns profit, even though profit is not the only aspect that is assessed from the success of a business, but the reason profit is an important factor is because profit is the goal of people who do business. If there is a decrease or instability in profits, the business will find it difficult to operate its business activities and maintain its business resilience. The purpose of this study was to analyze and describe Production Creativity on the Success of Small and Medium Enterprises (UKM) of Klanting in Tahai Baru Village, Maliku District, Pulang Pisau Regency. This type of research is qualitative research. This study involved 4 (four) informants. The results of the study show that production creativity influences business success. Overall there was an increase in sales and turnover. The new production creativity is more advanced than the old creativity. Creative ideas often arise when entrepreneurs see something old and think something new and different. Therefore creativity is creating something from nothing.

Prevalence of Disability by Occupation Group — United States, 2016–2020

In 2020, approximately 21.5 million employed U.S. adults aged 18-64 years had some form of disability. Although 75.8% of noninstitutionalized persons without disability aged 18-64 were employed, only 38.4% of their counterparts with disability were employed (1). Persons with disability have job preferences similar to persons without disability but might encounter barriers (e.g., lower average training or education levels, discrimination, or limited transportation options) that affect the types of jobs they hold (2,3). CDC analyzed 2016-2020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data from 35 states and Guam to estimate disability prevalences, by type and occupation group, among currently employed U.S. adults aged 18-64 years. The highest adjusted disability prevalences were among workers in three of the 22 major occupation groups: food preparation and serving-related (19.9%); personal care and service (19.4%); and arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media (17.7%). Occupation groups with the lowest adjusted disability prevalences were business and financial operations (11.3%), health care practitioners and technicians (11.1%), and architecture and engineering (11.0%). The distributions of persons with and without disability differ across occupations. Workplace programs that address the training, education, and workplace needs of employees with disability might improve workers' ability to enter, thrive in, and advance in a wider range of occupations.

The Role of Environmental Conditions and Purchasing Power Parity in Determining Quality of Life among Big Asian Cities

This article has examined the role of environmental conditions and purchasing power parity in deciding the quality of life among big Asian cities. The study has constructed an index for quality of life with the help of housing, crime rates, death rate, average life expectancy, environmental degradation, and level of education. Quality of life has been selected as the dependent variable and the level of pollution, availability of health care facilities, local purchasing power, availability of groceries, level of democracy, cost of living, restaurants, level of traffic, and level of rents are selected explanatory variables. For empirical analysis, this study uses data for the years 2017, 2018, and 2019. The estimated results show that pollution has a negative and significant impact on the quality of life in the case of Asian cities. Local purchasing power has a positive and significant relationship with the quality of life in the cities of Asia. Groceries and democracy are very important parts of the daily life of human beings but they have insignificant impacts on the quality of life in Asian cities. Restaurants have a positive and significant impact on quality of life. This study finds that level of traffic and the level of rent have a negative and significant impact on the quality of life in the case of Asian cities. The overall results conclude that selected indicators play a significant role in determining the quality of life in Asian cities.

Language learning environments for Arabic-speaking children in New Zealand: Family demographics and children’s Arabic language exposure

ABSTRACT The language-learning environments of children growing up bilingual are highly variable. For speech and language therapists (SLTs), understanding the features of these environments can enhance the quality of services. In New Zealand (NZ), the language learning environments for children in Arabic-speaking families are largely unresearched. Participants from 85 Arabic-speaking families living in NZ completed an online survey (with each participant representing one family). The survey collected information about some of the factors which are known to affect children’s bilingual language development. Analysis focused on education levels, parents’ language proficiencies, years in NZ, and language exposure. The Arabic-speaking population in this survey provided a high proficiency Arabic language-learning environment for their children. They had higher than average education levels and reported greater proficiency in Arabic than English. English proficiency in the parents was associated with education levels and length of time in NZ. Exposure to Arabic was predominantly within the home context. The consistent use of Arabic at home combined with a lack of formal teaching of Arabic literacy suggests that these children will be able to speak Arabic but may exhibit limited ability to read and write in Arabic. This information on a sample of Arabic families in NZ may be useful for service and educational planning purposes. SLTs are advised to investigate the individual linguistic environments of children growing up bilingual in Arabic and English in NZ as part of their practice.

Gender diversity as a CSR tool and financial performance in China

We utilize stakeholder, critical mass, and upper-echelon theories to investigate the effect of female representation on boards as corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices and firm performance of A-share listed companies in China. The indicators used were the proportion of female board members, the average age of female board members, the educational background of female directors, TOBIN Q, asset size, and leverage. We used fixed effects estimates and stationarity, stability, cointegration, and Hausman tests to analyze the data. We find that the proportion of female directors, the average age of female directors, and average educational level of female directors have a significant impact on CSR performance and financial performance, while CSR performance has a significant impact on financial performance. Given that emerging societies and their environments are usually the most susceptible to unethical corporate practices, our findings that female directors have a strategic role in enabling firms to manage their social responsibilities ethically and sustainable practices have important policy implications for regulators and stakeholders.

Village Development Sustainability Analysis: A Case Study in Cijeruk, Bogor Regency

Having abundant natural resources, the village is the foundation of the city. Villages have the potential to develop various natural, physical, social, demographic, and cultural resources that have not been optimally utilized. Therefore, sustainable village development is necessary to improve villagers' welfare and quality of life. This study aims to identify the status of village sustainability and sensitive attributes in village development through a case study in Cijeruk Village, Cijeruk District, Bogor Regency. The study examined four aspects of sustainability, ecology, economy, socio-culture, and legal and institutional dimensions using a Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis called Rap-BUSAJI (Rapid Appraisal of Cijeruk Village Development). The study found that Cijeruk Village has a relatively sustainable status, with an overall index of 53.29%. The study also identified ten sensitive attributes that could be used to evaluate development. These ten attributes include three ecological dimension attributes (clean water sources for communal MCK, availability of clean water, and availability of MCK in every house); 3 attributes of the economic dimension (marketing range of main commodities, types of main commodities, and availability of supporting industries for main commodities); 3 attributes of the socio-cultural dimension (average community education level, number of agricultural workforces, and number of unemployment); and one attribute of legal and institutional dimensions (maps of disaster-prone areas availability).

Causal Effect of Education on Tobacco Use in Low-and-Middle-Income Countries.

The prevalence of smoking is unequally distributed across certain groups. One significant dimension is education inequality, where higher smoking prevalence is generally observed in lower-educated groups. However, studies investigating educational inequality are mostly associative. Meanwhile, studies carrying out a causal investigation focus typically on developed countries. In this study, we consider a panel of low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) to investigate the causal link between education and smoking behavior. We use detailed micro-level household surveys for 12 LMICs where the duration of compulsory schooling has been extended. By identifying the individuals subject to higher compulsory schooling and using the exogenous variation in education caused by the increase in the duration of compulsory schooling, we estimate the causal impact of education on tobacco consumption. We rely on regression analysis to estimate the effect. Our results reveal that those subject to higher years of compulsory schooling have lower smoking-related outcomes, suggesting that higher education significantly lowers tobacco consumption in LMICs. The effect is primarily observed for women, where, for instance, higher compulsory schooling reduces the probability of smoking by 23% and the number of cigarettes smoked by 27%. The study's results establish the causal link between education and smoking behavior in LMICs. This significant impact suggests that education policy is still an important tool to help reduce tobacco consumption, especially in settings where the average level of education is not high initially. Moreover, discouraging men from smoking requires other measures to complement education policy. Education might help reduce tobacco consumption. However, studies-primarily for developed countries-find mixed results. This paper investigates the causal role of education on smoking in LMICs. Education reduces tobacco consumption, especially for women. Thus, education policy can be effective in low-education settings. Nonetheless, education policy should be accompanied by other policies to discourage men from smoking.

Acceptance, hesitancy and refusal towards COVID-19 vaccination

ProblemThe determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, hesitancy, and refusal remain poorly understood. We assessed the general population of Pune after visiting tertiary care hospital for their willingness to accept the vaccine and the reason for their hesitancy and refusal. MethodologyA six-month descriptive cross-sectional study with 386 community members over the age of 18 who visited the Tertiary Hospital OPD was conducted. The vaccine acceptance and hesitancy was assessed using a self designed detailed questionnaire with a one-time face-to-face interview. ResultsAcceptance for vaccine was observed in 235 (60.8%) participants, while 151 (39.2%) hesitated and refused. Participants with lower education (P < 0.00001), no employment did not readily accept the vaccine (P < 0.00001). Pregnant, breast-feeding women (21.8%) hesitated vaccine because of lack of evidence regarding vaccine safety. Participants (73.6%) were readily accepting (third dose) booster dose of vaccine when available. The reason for vaccine hesitance was the concern about side effects (58.2%) and reason for acceptance was to get immunity against COVID-19 (76.1%). Vaccine information source appears to be an influential aspect, as participants who obtained vaccination information from healthcare providers had no concerns regarding vaccination. ConclusionThe study has found a link between average education level, unemployment and vaccine acceptance and hesitancy. Factors influencing vaccine hesitancy include lack of vaccine information, vaccine side effects, and misinformation spread via social media. Clinical pharmacists can play an important role in boosting up vaccine acceptance by providing appropriate information in community.

Economic and Psychological Well-being in Pandemic Times

The pervasive role of the COVID-19 pandemic in the economy and subjective well-being is the focus of this research study. There is extensive evidence suggesting a relationship between psychological well-being and income. In this study, we make use of data collected during the pandemic in the fall of 2021 from a cross-sectional online survey of Albanian adults living and working in the country. This study examines the association between average income level, age, civil status, and level of education with psychological well-being during the pandemic. We examined the data through descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests. We synthesize a wide range of information from the literature on well-being and economy and use the Wellbeing Index as a standardized scale. According to the study's findings, income level is relatively related to happiness. The general well-being of the population under investigation is below average. Young and single people have a higher quality of life. In conclusion, economic and social variables are essential and related to psychological well-being.