Average Disposable Income Research Articles

Analysis of Factors Influencing Total Retail Sales of Consumer Goods in Hainan Province, China

The total retail sales of social consumer goods is a comprehensive reflection of a country's consumption capacity, consumption structure and living standard, which is of great significance for evaluating a country's economic vitality and social development level. In recent years, with the continuous expansion of the consumer market and the improvement of consumers' purchasing power, the total retail sales of social consumer goods has continued to grow, and its role in the national economy has gradually increased. However, there are many factors that affect the total retail sales of social consumer goods, including economic environment, policies and regulations, consumer behavior and so on. Under this background, this paper takes Hainan Province as the empirical research object, and selects per capita disposable income, rural residents' per capita disposable income, gross domestic product, resident population at the end of the year and local government's general budget expenditure as explanatory variables to analyze the factors affecting the total retail sales of social consumer goods. The results show that the average disposable income of rural residents and the general budget expenditure of local governments are significant factors affecting the total retail sales of social consumer goods in Hainan Province. Finally, the model is analyzed economically, and some conclusions are drawn, and some policy suggestions are put forward.

Spatial spillover effects of fiscal expenditure and economic opportunity on internal migration in Taiwan

The purpose of this study is to understand the determining factors of in-migrant population registration in various counties or cities in Taiwan. Panel data from counties and cities in Taiwan from 2000 to 2021 were adopted, and spatial econometric analysis was conducted using the spatial Durbin model. In terms of spatial spillover effects, the in-migrant population of each county or city is influenced by the fiscal expenditure and economic opportunity factors of neighboring counties or cities, such as (1) expenditure on education, science and culture, (2) number of employed population, (3) average annual regular income per household and (4) average disposable income per household.

Impact of household income on the risk of overweight and obesity over time among preschool-aged children: a population-based cohort study

BackgroundThe temporality of household income level with overweight/obesity in children has not been extensively studied. Little research has been conducted to determine the impact of household income on the risk of childhood overweight/obesity over time. This population-based cohort study aimed to investigate the impact of household income on the risk of overweight/obesity over time among preschool-aged children in Taiwan.MethodsFrom 2009 to 2018, we recruited 1,482 preschool-aged children ( ≦ 7 y of age) from low-income households and selected age- and sex-matched controls from non-low-income households for comparison; All participants were selected from those who consistently participated in the Taipei Child Development Screening Program and were monitored for overweight/obesity using body mass index (BMI) until December 31, 2018. Low-income households were defined as those with an average monthly disposable income < 60% of the minimum standard of living expense in Taiwan. The primary outcome was childhood overweight or obesity in study participants, defined as BMI (kg/m2) ≥ 85th percentile or ≥ 95th percentile, respectively. The generalized estimating equations (GEE) model was used to determine the impact of low-income households on the risk of overweight/obesity in study participants.ResultsOver 21,450 person-years of follow-up, 1,782 participants developed overweight /obesity, including 452 (30.5%) and 1,330 (22.4%) children from low- and non-low-income households, respectively. The GEE model showed that the first group had a significantly higher risk of becoming overweight/obese than the other during the follow-up period (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.29–1.60). Moreover, children of foreign mothers had a higher risk of becoming overweight/obese than those of Taiwanese mothers during the follow-up period (aOR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.24–1.8). The subgroup analysis revealed a significant association between low-income households and an increased risk of overweight/obesity in children aged 2–7 years (P =.01). However, this association was not observed in children aged 0–1 years (P >.999).ConclusionsDuring the follow-up period, there was a notable correlation between low-income households and an increased risk of preschool-aged children developing overweight or obesity. Implementing health promotion initiatives aimed at reducing overweight and obesity in this demographic is crucial.

코로나19 전후 고령가구 주거이동 실태 비교연구

This study aimed to analyze changes in the housing mobility patterns of elderly households nationwide before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the determinants influencing their intention to move, using microdata from Korea housing survey. The analysis utilized binary logistic regression, considering the characteristics of the dependent variable. The main findings of this study are as follows. First, there were significant differences in the determinants influencing the elderly households’ intention to move before and after COVID-19. The determinants include the number of household members, monthly average total disposable income and residential environment satisfaction. Second, after COVID-19, elderly households tend to have an increased preference for urban areas with relatively good residential environments. Third, a polarization in housing mobility between urban and non-urban areas was observed among the elderly after COVID-19. This study aimed to interpret the implications and motivations of residential mobility choices through a micro-level analysis of the residential mobility of the elderly, which has been discussed collectively due to the small number of cases. This study also confirmed that in order to ensure housing stability for the elderly, senior employment policies should be implemented concurrently. According to the findings, it is it is necessary to implement localized senior housing alternatives that reflect the changing residential mobility needs of the elderly. Furthermore, the reconfiguration of urban infrastructure to accommodate the aging population should be prioritized in elderly housing policies, in line with the pace of population aging.

The research of influence factors that possibly lead to the change in house prices

With the significant increase in housing prices, more research on the factors that influence housing prices is urgently needed. Most of the previous research focuses on the number data, such as the average disposable income of the population, property management fees, and the total number of the population in specific areas. In this research, the multiple linear regression model is used to judge the relationship between 10 independent variables (Carpet area, Floor, Total floor, Transaction, Furnishing, Facing, Bathrooms, Balconies, Car parking, and Ownership) and the amount of housing prices based on 910 cases. It is concluded that the ten independent variables all have strong linear relationship with the Amount. With the factors that were studied before, like the ages of the house and the policy for buying homes, these studies indeed give some ideas for the government to come up with the approach to control the increase in housing prices.

Influences of Income on Luxury Products Consumption

This report is aimed to investigate the influences of incomes on consumers consumption and demands of luxury vehicles in China. This study uses the summary of the sales performance of these four brands in China in each year to represent the sales performances of luxury vehicles in China. This report uses the units sold to represent the sales performances. This study uses the national data from the Chinese National Bureau of Statistics to collect the average disposable income data to represent the income conditions of Chinese consumers Based on secondary data collected about the sales performances of luxury vehicles and disposable income conditions of Chinese consumers, this study found that incomes have huge influences on consumers demands of luxury vehicles. Just as expected by theory, the income elasticity of demand for luxury vehicles is larger than 1. In China, as the increasing incomes of consumers, the demands of luxury vehicles are also increased and the percentages of increase in demands are larger than the percentages of increase in incomes. Moreover, this study found that the negative expectation of consumers to future incomes also seriously influence the demand of luxury vehicles.

The eHealth usage during COVID-19 pandemic 2020 year-Case of Poland.

According to the DESI 2022 digital economy and society ranking, Poland still ranks in one of the last position. Although, in digitising healthcare Poland has made significant progress over the last five years, some inequities in the usage of eHealth have been recognised. This has become an especially important topic after the COVID-19 pandemic. Suddenly, eHealth innovations were much needed to maintain the accessibility of healthcare. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore determinants of eHealth usage by Poles and identify existing potential barriers. Data was collected from the databases of Statistic Poland and statistical methods were employed in this research. The results showed that five variables such as Internet access, Internet use, Internet skills and average monthly disposable income per capita in PLN, along with the number of practicing physicians per capita were important determinants explaining eHealth usage by the analysed Poles between the age of 16-74. The findings showed to increase the usage of eHealth, health policy makers should ensure that Poles acquire and improve Internet skills. Based on results of the research an extended model of eHealth development in Poland, consisting of a central governmental institution and local facilities coordinating remote electronic services, collecting statistical data and providing educational campaigns, was proposed as well.

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Open Government Data Platforms: A Data Analysis of 61 Prefecture-Level Cities in China

Information disclosure, participatory governance, and collaborative innovation are open government data’s (OGD) main goals. Understanding the preconditions that enable the efficient and effective implementation of OGD initiatives is essential for achieving their overall objectives. Therefore, determining its influencing factors helps improve platform quality, prevent misunderstanding, and realize the purpose of OGD. Based on the literature, this study established a user-oriented conceptual model of OGD into which technology acceptance theory was integrated. This model constructed a data analysis model with the number of downloads of OGD platform data as the response variable and the explanatory variables comprising OGD quality score, linked data density, time to inception, and five others. Sixty-one cases of OGD platforms in Chinese prefecture-level cities were analyzed. The results indicated that the effectiveness of OGD was positively correlated with OGD quality score, time to inception, and the number of employees in the case cities. Network density and average disposable income of citizens had non-significant impacts on effectiveness. Strategies for improving the effectiveness of OGD platforms in China were discussed.

Long way to go: Progress of orphan drug accessibility in China from 2017 to 2022.

Introduction: Over 400 million patients worldwide suffer from rare diseases. Access to orphan drugs is, therefore, crucial for this population. China has been actively working on improving orphan drug accessibility in the past decades, especially since 2018 when the First National List of Rare Diseases was announced. This study aimed to evaluate the current status of orphan drug accessibility in China regarding availability, daily cost, and affordability. Methods: Market availability of orphan drugs in China was based on their approval status in China up to May 2022. Information on drug availability in hospitals and the cost of each drug from 2017 to 2021 was obtained from the database of the Science and Technology Development Center of the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association. Affordability was assessed by comparing the disposable daily income per capita to the cost of the defined daily dose of each drug. Results: Market availability rate was 44.3% by May 2022, and the average delay in drug approval in China compared to its orphan approval in the United States of America was 5.9 ± 6.07years. Drug availability in hospitals showed an upward trend, with availability in tertiary hospitals significantly higher than in secondary hospitals (~20%, p <0.0001). The eastern area was significantly higher in availability from 2019 onwards. Fifty-eight percent of the orphan drugs were still considered to have very low availability (<30%). The national median cost of the defined daily dose across all available orphan drugs had increased to 254.97 RMB in 2021. Only 34.98% of the orphan drugs were considered affordable when compared with the national average disposable daily income in 2021, and drug affordability decreased during the past 5years. Discussion: Changes in orphan drug regulations in China have enabled progress regarding the drugs' market availability, but the current status of drug availability at hospitals, drug cost, and affordability were not optimal. Legislation for encouraging domestic drug development and novel payment schemes for high-value drugs are essential to further improve the availability and cost burden of orphan drugs in China.

Comparatively Analysis of Chinese and Foreign Coffee Brands in China: Starbucks and MANNER COFFEE

The average disposable income in China is obviously rising in recent years, leading to the increase and diversity of people's consumption behavior. More and more coffee brands are appearing in the Chinese market to segment their clients to keep up with this trend. This paper investigates the current marketing strategy of Starbucks and MANNER COFFEE using the marketing theory of the 4Ps. Also, through some comparison in data, it is obvious to find distinct development ways of these two brands. The study concluded that these two brands are conducting significantly different management models in China coffee market. Starbucks takes the advantages of its awareness and place, and MANNER COFFEE is better in product and price. To continue increasing the market share, Starbucks is suggested to explore the tier-3 and tier-4 cities and MANNER COFFEE is better to adjust the store model to match other cities, not like Shanghai. No matter using which management model, the other coffee brands in China could learn from these two brands and develop their own management strategy from the analysis approaches in this paper.

Changes of the Types and Daily Costs of Topical Antiglaucoma Medications from 2006 to 2021 in China

Purpose. To investigate the changes of the types and daily costs of topical antiglaucoma medications from 2006 to 2021 in China, providing evidence for optimizing treatment regimen and medical insurance policy. Methods. The types of topical antiglaucoma drugs except complementary and traditional medicines and associated price information were collected from the largest pharmaceutical database in China (YAOZH database). The daily costs of each drug, the average income level, and the daily cost of topical antiglaucoma medications relative with daily disposable income were calculated and compared between 2006 and 2021. Results. The options of topical antiglaucoma drugs increased remarkably to 32 types in 2021, of which prostaglandin analogs comprised the largest proportion (31.25%). There were 10 types of the same brand drugs available in 2006 and 2021, the mean daily cost of which decreased from $0.39 ± 0.30 to $0.28 ± 0.23 ( p &lt; 0.001 ). As the average daily disposable income of Chinese residents grew greatly, the proportion of the daily cost of topical antiglaucoma medications in daily disposable income in 2021 declined significantly from 32.52% to 5.78% (all the drugs, p &lt; 0.001 ) and 3.94% (without unit dose package, p &lt; 0.001 ) in rural areas and from 9.95% to 2.31% (all the drugs, p &lt; 0.001 ) and 1.57% (without unit dose package, p &lt; 0.001 ) in urban areas. Conclusions. Topical antiglaucoma medications available become much more abundant in China. With the increase of residents’ disposable income and reduction of daily costs of topical antiglaucoma medications, the drug treatment for glaucoma becomes more affordable both in rural and urban areas.

Behaviors associated with seeking medical care from surgical patients with different levels of disposable income

The purpose of the study: to analyze behavioral patterns associated with seeking medical care for surgical patients with different levels of disposable income. Materials and methods. Disposable income was calculated as the sum of the income of each household member in monetary terms. This amount was calculated as the average monthly income in a family (household) per each of its members, regardless of their personal income. The household was considered as an economic category – a set of people running a joint household, within which market principles of the distribution of economic benefits do not apply. The first (main) group included respondents whose average monthly disposable income was no more than 30 thousand rubles (low level of disposable income). The second (control) group included respondents whose average monthly disposable income was more than 30 thousand rubles (a high level of disposable income). The numerical composition of the main group was 249 people, the control group 253 people. The groups were comparable in demographic characteristics. When assessing the reliability of the differences, the nonparametric criterion ꭕ2 was used. The reliability of the denial of the "null" hypothesis was accepted at the level of 95%. The strength of the dependence was estimated by the value of the Ка association coefficient. Results. The frequency of registration of an active behavior model in terms of seeking medical help is more common in the group of patients with a high level of disposable income, however, the most common form of behavior was delaying the moment of treatment and the frequency of using this approach did not depend on the level of disposable income. Uncertainty of behavior was more common among patients with low disposable income. Patients with a higher income level are more likely to comply with the doctor's recommendations, while patients with lower incomes fully comply with them less often. The use of self-medication is a widespread model of behavior among surgical patients, however, patients with a higher level of disposable income more often refuse to use it and less often use it in an obligate mode in comparison with patients whose disposable income is lower than the value used as a separation criterion for the purposes of this study.

Consumers’ choice of private label considering reference price and moderating effect

Retailers frequently place private labels (PLs) next to the top-moving sales national brands (NBs) and utilize comparative pricing that is related to the national brands. There is thus always an external reference price between the private labels and the national brands. In this study, two categories of products were selected, and a hierarchical non-linear model used to study the impact of external reference prices on consumers’ choice of private labels. In addition, the effects of package size and average disposable income (ADI) were introduced into the analysis for the relationship between external reference price and consumers’ choice of private label. The findings show an inverted U-shaped curve between consumers’ choice of private labels and the external reference price discrepancy. Consumers in areas with high ADI are more likely to buy private labels. Package size and ADI have different direct and moderating effects on two categories of products. This study contributes to reference dependence theory and category management.

The cost of healthy versus current diets in the Netherlands for households with a low, middle and high education

The cost of food is an important driver of food choice and most evidence suggests that healthier diets are more costly than less healthy diets. However, current attempts to model the cost of healthy and current diets do not take into account the variation in diets or food prices. We calculated the differential cost between healthy and current diets for households with a low, medium and high education in the Netherlands using the DIETCOST program. The DIETCOST program accounts for variations in dietary patterns and allows for the calculation of the distribution of the cost of bi-weekly healthy and current household diets. Data from the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey 2012–2016 was used to construct commonly consumed food lists for the population as a whole and for households with a low, medium and high education and linked to a local food price database. The average cost of current household diets was €211/fortnight (SD 8.9) and the healthy household diet was on average €50 (24%) more expensive. For households with a low, medium and high education, healthy diets were on average 10% (€17), 26% (€50) and 36% (€72) more expensive compared to current diets, respectively. All healthy diets could be classified as affordable (i.e. requiring less than 30% of the average disposable income) as diets required around 20% of the income. To conclude, while healthy diets were found to be affordable, we found that these were more expensive than current diets, especially for those with a higher educational level. This suggests that individuals will need to spend more money on food if they aim to adhere to dietary guidelines under the assumption that they will minimally adjust their diet. Bridging the gap between the cost of healthy and less healthy foods could be an important strategy for improving population diets.

Research on the impact of digital inclusive finance on the quality of life of residents

In recent years, digital inclusive finance has developed rapidly, which has a certain impact on alleviating relative poverty and improving the quality of life of residents. Based on the county data from 2014 to 2019, this paper takes 40% of the average resident disposable income as the relative poverty line, and the samples are divided into relatively poor counties and relatively non-poor counties. The fixed effect model and intermediary effect model are used to empirically test the direct and indirect impact of digital inclusive finance on the quality of life of Chinese residents. The results show that digital inclusive finance has a significant effect on improving the quality of life of all residents. Later, the research will focus on relatively poor counties and find that digital inclusive finance can improve the quality of life of residents in relatively poor counties by promoting the transmission path of county economic growth.

Cervical cancer rates in relation to the Roma population distribution in Slovakia in 2013 – 2020

Abstract Background Globally, more than 300 000 women die due to cervical cancer (CC) each year despite its high preventability and treatability in its early stages. This study aimed to analyse CC rates at the regional level in Slovakia from 2013 to 2020 in relation to the distribution of the Roma population. Methods An ecological study was conducted using data obtained from the relevant national and regional authorities in Slovakia. Mortality, incidence, precancerous lesions incidence and the number of colposcopy and oncocytology examinations per 100 000 females 15 years and older were calculated. Linear regression models were performed in the R Project to assess associations between the rates and the estimated percentage of the Roma population at the regional level after adjusting for the unemployment, at-risk-of-poverty rate, and average disposable household income per month. Results CC mortality in Slovakia declined from 10.0 in 2013 to 7.1/100 000 in 2020 (p &amp;lt; 0.05). Average mortality ranged from 5.9 in the Presov region to 10.7 in Kosice. Incidence varied from 108 in 2019 to 160/100 000 in 2017, with the highest average rates in Bratislava and the lowest in Banska Bystrica (194 and 89/100 000). Precancerous lesions incidence rates significantly differed between the regions (400 in Kosice, 984/100 000 in Trnava). The average colposcopy and oncocytology examinations rates were found to be lower in Presov (177 and 226) and Kosice (166 and 223) compared to the other regions (318 and 283/100 000 on average). After adjusting for the selected factors, CC mortality (p &amp;lt; 0.05), incidence (p &amp;lt; 0.05) and both preventive examination rates (p &amp;lt; 0.01) were statistically significantly associated with the percentage of the Roma population. Conclusions Substantial differences in CC rates and preventive examinations were identified at the regional level in Slovakia. To eliminate CC in line with the WHO Global Strategy, suitable approaches to reaching those at the highest risk should be implemented. Key messages • Substantial regional differences in preventive examination and cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates were identified in Slovakia in relation to the distribution of the Roma population. • Strategies to eliminate cervical cancer should be adjusted to the regional differences and seek alternative approaches for implementing screening in hard-to-reach communities at the highest risk.

The Spatial Spillover Effects of Fiscal Expenditures and Household Characteristics on Household Consumption Spending: Evidence from Taiwan

The main purpose of this study is to explore the determinants of average household consumption spending in counties and cities from the two aspects of government fiscal expenditure and household characteristics. A spatial econometric model, the spatial Durbin model, was used to analyze Taiwan’s county-level and municipal panel data from 2000 to 2020. Global spatial autocorrelation and local spatial autocorrelation were applied to examine the overall degree of spatial agglomeration of average household consumption spending in Taiwan and the agglomeration status of specific counties and cities. The empirical results show that the average consumption spending per household of all counties and cities in Taiwan presents spatial autocorrelation, and the agglomeration of specific counties and cities is affected by different ruling parties of the central government. In terms of direct effects, the average consumption spending per household in local counties and cities is influenced by household characteristics, including average disposable income per household, average number of employees per household, and average living area per capita. In terms of the spatial spillover effect, the average consumption spending per household in local counties and cities is influenced by household characteristics of the neighboring counties and cities, including the average disposable income per household and the average living area per capita. Surprisingly, local economic development expenditure and local expenditure on education, science, and culture have no significant impact on the average consumption spending per household in counties and cities. The results of this study can be taken as a reference for government policymaking.

Interactions among electricity consumption, disposable income, wastewater discharge, and economic growth: Evidence from megacities in China from 1995 to 2018

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development clarifies Goal 11 to make cities sustainable. Understanding the interacting relationships is the key to effective policies and addressing sustainable urban development. This paper aims to expand the research on the interactions between electricity consumption, disposable income, wastewater discharge, and economic growth. We apply the fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and vector error correction model (VECM) in a panel of 14 Chinese megacities from 1995 to 2018. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The decrease in efficiency of electricity consumption in these cities will reduce average disposable income and increase the intensity of wastewater discharge; (2) In turn, the increase of wastewater discharge intensity will also reduce the power efficiency; (3) The development of these cities is still at the cost of polluting the water environment; (4) There is a sign of decoupling of economic growth and electricity consumption in these cities; (5) The Environmental Kuznets Curve can be established in these cities for industrial wastewater discharge. Accordingly, we propose policy implications in avoiding negative interactions that hinder sustainable development.

Application of reduced social welfare functions for estimating household insurance expenditures in Poland

Due to the role of insurance in economy, the factors determining the demand for insurance (e.g. income) have been the subject of many studies. On the other hand, income inequalities significantly affect many purchasing decisions and the perception of income among individuals. The aim of this study is to verify the relationship between social welfare and insurance expenditure. This verification was carried out on the basis of data on various socio-economic groups in Poland by using reduced social welfare functions such as: the Sen Index, Kakwani Index, Dagum indexes and the ‘naïve’ welfare function (income). As part of the research, a linear regression was applied between the dependent variable (average monthly expenses on insurance per 1 person in households by socio-economic groups) and the explanatory variable (reduced welfare functions) for a given social group. Reduced social welfare functions was determined on the basis of the average monthly disposable income per capita in households and the Gini coefficient for this group. Social welfare in the form of reduced welfare functions turned out to be a statistically better predictor of insurance expenditure than the income itself for social groups with relatively small income disparities (low Gini coefficient). For the group of farmers in Poland, where the income disproportions were statistically the largest, income turned out to be a better predictor.

STUDY OF INDICATORS OF THE LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF MATERIAL WELL-BEING OF THE POPULATION, THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY AND POVERTY IN UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF STATISTICAL EVALUATION

The wealth gap between rich and poor countries, which is growing, causes poor countries to be pushed to the margins of the world economy, the growth of unemployment in them, and the impoverishment of the population. The income inequality that exists in Ukraine has negative economic and social consequences. Currently, there is a need to use statistical analysis to study the dynamics of indicators of the level of well-being of the population, the problems of inequality and poverty in Ukraine in the context of the performance by the state of its functions as a subject of social policy in the face of modern challenges and risks. The purpose of this article is to study inequality, assess the extent and trends of this phenomenon in Ukraine, determine the relationship between economic development and socio-economic inequality and develop proposals to reduce it. The dynamics and structure of the main indicators of the level of development of material well-being of the population in the context of statistical evaluation for the period 2000-2020 were analyzed. To analyze the dynamics of the Gini coefficient in Ukraine, the quintile coefficient of differentiation of aggregate income of the population and the quintile coefficient of funds (by aggregate income), the average annual growth/decline in the indexes of physical volume of GDP, real wages, employment and the number of unemployed population, the dynamics of the share of spending on social protection and social welfare in the structure of total budget expenditure and in the GDP of the country. An in-depth statistical analysis of the relationship between average monthly disposable income and the number of people with an average per capita equivalent gross monthly income below the legal subsistence minimum was conducted. In developing the state targeted social program to overcome and prevent poverty in Ukraine, the focus is on ensuring economic growth, stimulating employment and others, increasing money incomes, conducting anti-inflationary policies, investments and targeted assistance for the economic development of certain sectors of the economy.