Average Bit Error Probability Research Articles

A performance study on diversity receivers over κ-μ shadowed fading channels

In this study, N-branch selection combining (SC), dual-branch SC and dual-branch maximal ratio combining (MRC) receivers over κ-μ shadowed fading channels are investigated in terms of average bit error probability (BEP), outage probability (OP) and channel capacity (CC). Firstly, a cumulative distribution function (CDF) expression for instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the output of the N-branch SC system over a κ-μ shadowed fading channel is derived. Based on the proposed CDF expression of output SNR for N-branch SC receiver, OP and approximate average BEP expressions are obtained. Secondly, the probability density function (PDF) expression for a dual-branch SC system over κ-μ shadowed channels is derived. Then, two different CC expressions of a dual-branch SC receiver are obtained by using the proposed PDF expression. Thirdly, a PDF expression for a dual-branch MRC system under κ-μ shadowed conditions is proposed and its CC expression with channel inversion with fixed rate for is derived. Effects of the fading parameters and the total number of branches on the system performance are examined with different scenarios. Finally, the obtained results from OP, average BEP and CC expressions are verified with numerical simulations.

Outage and Bit Error Probability Analysis in Energy Harvesting Wireless Cooperative Networks

This study focuses on a wireless powered cooperative communication network (WPCCN), which includes a hybrid access point (HAP), a source and a relay. The considered source and relay are installed without embedded energy supply (EES), thus are dependent on energy harvested from signals from the HAP to power their cooperative information transmission (IT). Taking inspiration from this, the author group investigates into a harvest-then-cooperate (HTC) protocol, whereas the source and the relay first harvest the energy from the AP in a downlink (DL) and then collaboratively work in uplink (UL) for IT of the source. For careful evaluation of the system performance, derivations of the approximate closed-form expression of the outage probability (OP) and an average bit error probability (ABER) for the HTC protocol over Rayleigh fading channels are done. Lastly, the author group performs Monte-Carlo simulations to reassure the numerical results they obtained.

Performance analysis of a wireless energy‐harvesting cooperative system with precoding spatial modulation

An energy-harvesting decode-and-forward cooperative system over correlated Rayleigh fading channels is investigated. Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) technology is employed at the relay to improve energy efficiency. To overcome the spatial correlation among the transmit antennas, precoding spatial modulation (PSM) is formulated. The average bit-error probability (ABEP) upper bound is derived and it matches closely with the Monte Carlo simulation results. The influence of the parameters, such as the power-splitting factor and transmit correlation coefficient, on system performance is studied. The results show that the proposed PSM-SWIPT system can achieve better ABEP performance than SM-SWIPT, space shift keying-SWIPT and multiple-input–multiple-output-SWIPT systems under the same spectral efficiency.

RF mirror media‐based space‐time block coded spatial modulation techniques for two time‐slots

Space-time block coded spatial modulation (STBC-SM) with cyclic structure (STBC-CSM) employs cyclical rotation of activated transmit antenna pairs to transmit Alamouti codewords taken from two different constellation sets to improve the spectral efficiency of STBC-SM. Furthermore, existing literature has shown that media-based modulation (MBM), which employs radio frequency (RF) mirrors demonstrate significant improvement in error performance of wireless systems. Hence, this study proposes the application of MBM to STBC-CSM and STBC-SM in the form of media-based STBC-CSM (MBSTBC-CSM) and MBSTBC-SM, respectively. The theoretical framework of the union-bound on average bit-error probability of M-QAM MBSTBC-CSM and MBSTBC-SM, for the maximum-likelihood (ML) detector is formulated and agrees well with Monte Carlo simulations. Furthermore, due to the large computational complexity of the ML detector, the authors propose a low-complexity near-ML detector for MBSTBC-CSM and MBSTBC-SM, which achieves a near-ML bit error rate performance with reduction in computational complexity.

Sum of Squared Fluctuating Two-Ray Random Variables With Wireless Applications

The fluctuating two-ray (FTR) channel fading offers good fit for small-scale experimental data in millimeter wave communications. We first investigate the statistical characterizations of the sum of independent nonidentically distributed squared FTR random variables. More specifically, the exact and approximate analytical expressions for moment generating function, probability density function, and cumulative distribution function are derived. Then, the performance of the maximal-ratio combining system over FTR fading channels is assessed in terms of the outage probability (OP) and the average bit error probability (ABEP). Moreover, asymptotic OP and ABEP expressions are obtained to obtain physical insights into the impact of the system and channel parameters on the overall performance. Finally, the correctness of our results is verified by simulation results.

Compressive Sensing Assisted Generalized Quadrature Spatial Modulation for Massive MIMO Systems

A novel multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) transmission scheme termed as generalized quadrature spatial modulation (G-QSM) is proposed. It amalgamates the concept of quadrature spatial modulation (QSM) and spatial multiplexing for the sake of achieving a high throughput, despite relying on a low number of radio frequency (RF) chains. In the proposed G-QSM scheme, the conventional constellation points of the spatial multiplexing structure are replaced by the QSM symbols, hence the information bits are conveyed both by the antenna indices as well as by the classic amplitude/phase modulated (APM) constellation points. The upper bounds of the average bit error probability (ABEP) of the proposed G-QSM system in high throughput massive MIMO configurations are derived. Furthermore, an efficient multipath orthogonal matching pursuit (EM-OMP)-based compressive sensing (CS) detector is developed for our proposed G-QSM system. Both our analytical and simulation results demonstrated that the proposed scheme is capable of providing considerable performance gains over the existing schemes in massive MIMO configurations.

Performance Analysis of SSK-NOMA

In this paper, we consider the combination between two promising techniques: space-shift keying (SSK) and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) for future radio access networks. We analyze the performance of SSK-NOMA networks and provide a comprehensive analytical framework of SSK-NOMA regarding bit error probability (BEP), ergodic capacity and outage probability. It is worth pointing out all analysis also stand for conventional SIMO-NOMA networks. We derive closed-form exact average BEP (ABEP) expressions when the number of users in a resource block is equal to i.e., $L=3$. Nevertheless, we analyze the ABEP of users when the number of users is more than i.e., $L\geq3$, and derive bit-error-rate (BER) union bound since the error propagation due to iterative successive interference canceler (SIC) makes the exact analysis intractable. Then, we analyze the achievable rate of users and derive exact ergodic capacity of the users so the ergodic sum rate of the system in closed-forms. Moreover, we provide the average outage probability of the users exactly in the closed-form. All derived expressions are validated via Monte Carlo simulations and it is proved that SSK-NOMA outperforms conventional NOMA networks in terms of all performance metrics (i.e., BER, sum rate, outage). Finally, the effect of the power allocation (PA) on the performance of SSK-NOMA networks is investigated and the optimum PA is discussed under BER and outage constraints.

Performance analysis of dual-hop AF relaying over [formula omitted]-[formula omitted] fading channels

This letter investigates the error performance of dual-hop amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying over α-μ fading channels. Specifically, making use of the Fox’s H-function, closed-form exact expressions for the n-th moment of the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and average bit error probability (ABEP) are derived for arbitrary parameter values of the α-μ distribution. To gain insights into the error performance, a closed-form ABEP expression for the case of asymptotically high SNR at the second hop is also derived. The analytical expressions are validated through simulations.

ABEP Performance of AF System Employing QSSK over IoT Network

Quadrature space shift keying (QSSK) modulation in cooperative communication, combined with cooperative relaying, improves the reliability in communication and enhances the overall spectral efficiency. Here, QSSK scheme is analyzed for complete uplink and downlink transmission system between a base station and a connected device for Internet-of-Things (IoT) application with dual-hop amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying systems using a single relay, multiple relays and relay selection techniques. Analytical expressions for cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio are derived and used to evaluate the average bit error probability (ABEP) of QSSK modulation in mixed Rayleigh-Rician fading channel. The obtained ABEP expressions are in the form of Whittaker function which can be numerically evaluated using its numerical or series representation. Numerical and simulation results are presented to illustrate the impact of fading parameters on the system performance.

Quadrature space shift keying performance with dual‐hop AF relay over mixed fading

SummaryQuadrature space shift keying (QSSK) modulation combined with cooperative relaying improves the reliability in communication and enhances the overall spectral efficiency. Here, QSSK scheme is analyzed for multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) wireless communication system with dual‐hop amplify‐and‐forward (AF) relaying systems over asymmetric mixed Rayleigh/Rician and symmetric Nakagami‐m/Nakagami‐m fading channels. Analytical expressions for cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the end‐to‐end signal‐to‐noise ratio are derived and used to evaluate the average bit error probability (ABEP) of QSSK modulation in mixed asymmetric and symmetric fading channels. The obtained ABEP expression is in the form of Whittaker function, which can be numerically evaluated using its numerical or series representation. Numerical and simulation results are presented to illustrate the impact of fading parameters on the system performance.

Performance Analysis of a Selection Combining System That Uses the Minimal Interference Algorithm

In this paper, a new combining algorithm for selection combining (SC) receiver based on selection of diversity branch with the lowest interference is proposed. The system used for analysis consists of dual-branch SC diversity that operates over correlated Weibull fading channels. Closed-form expressions for joint probability density function (PDF) of desired signal and interference at the output and PDF of instantaneous signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) at the output are obtained and used to investigate important system performance indicators. System performance is analyzed using outage probability, average bit error probability (ABEP) and average output SIR. The obtained results are compared with the previously published for the SIR algorithm employed by the same system.

Spatial and directional modulation with scrambling

In this paper, a novel spatial and directional modulation scheme with scrambling (SDM-S) is proposed toward secure wireless transmission. Compared to the conventional directional modulation scheme with cooperative receivers (DM-CR), the proposed SDM-S scheme is capable of increasing the throughput without degrading the secrecy performance. Specifically, we introduce a scrambling matrix to impose barrier for the eavesdropper and introduce the concept of spatial modulation (SM) to directional modulation (DM) systems for the sake of increasing the system throughput. Furthermore, an upper bound is derived to theoretically analyze the average bit error probability (ABEP) of the proposed scheme. Our performance results demonstrate that, the proposed SDM-S scheme is capable of increasing the throughput than its conventional DM-CR counterpart, while guaranteeing the information security regardless of the location or direction of the eavesdropper.

Golden codeword–based modulation schemes for single‐input multiple‐output systems

SummaryThe Golden code has full rate and full diversity. The Golden codeword matrix contains two pairs of super symbols. Based on one pair of super symbols, two modulation schemes, Golden codeword–based M‐ary quadrature amplitude modulation (GC‐MQAM) and component‐interleaved GC‐MQAM (CI‐GC‐MQAM), are proposed for single‐input multiple‐output (SIMO) systems. Since the complexities of the maximum likelihood detection for the proposed GC‐MQAM and CI‐GC‐MQAM are proportional to O(M2) and O(M4), respectively, low complexity detection schemes for the proposed GC‐MQAM and CI‐GC‐MQAM are further proposed. In addition, the theoretical average bit error probabilities (ABEPs) for the proposed GC‐MQAM and CI‐GC‐MQAM are derived. The derived ABEPs are validated through Monte Carlo simulations. Simulation and theoretical results show that the proposed GC‐MQAM can achieve the error performance of signal space diversity. Simulation and theoretical results further show that the proposed CI‐GC‐16QAM, ‐64QAM, and ‐256QAM with three receive antennas can achieve approximately 2.2, 2.0, and 2.1 dB gain at a bit error rate of 4 × 10−6 compared with GC‐16QAM, ‐64QAM, and ‐256QAM, respectively.

SSK-Based SWIPT With AF Relay

The performance of space shift keying (SSK) modulation using energy harvesting amplify and forward (AF) relaying is analyzed over the Rayleigh fading channel. Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer technique eliminates the need of power supply at the relay in cooperative communication. However, energy tapped from an information signal for harvesting would degrade receiver performance. At the same time, the distance between the relay and the receiver can be increased due to the power splitting-based relay with the SSK modulation. New closed-form expressions for average bit error probability (ABEP) is derived with a single AF relay and an upper bound expression for multiple relays with a direct link. Furthermore, the ABEP is analyzed for a partial relay selection operation. The numerical and computer simulation results are presented with the discussion.

Constellation Design for Quadrature Spatial Modulation

Quadrature space modulation (QSM) was proposed recently as a viable multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication technique for next generation wireless system. QSM achieves the more spatial gain than spatial modulation (SM) due to transmitting more additional information bits by the freedom of transmit antennas. In this paper, without increasing the complexity of detection at the receiver, an improved M-ary quadrature amplititude modulation (I-MQAM) signal constellation for the QSM system is proposed to further increasd the squared Minimum Euclidean distance (MED) between the transmitted spatial vectors (TSVs). Then an upper bound on the average bit error probability (ABEP) is elaborately analyzed. Simulation results using Monte Carlo demonstrate that the QSM system with the proposed I-MQAM has better bit error ratio (BER) performance than the QSM system with M-QAM/PSK in wireless network.

Active Two-Way Backscatter Modulation: An Analytical Study

Backscatter modulation (BM), usually used for radio frequency identifications, has the potential to be exploited in a wider range of applications such as the Internet of Things and wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we leverage the BM by increasing its down-link (from reader to tag) and up-link (from tag to reader) ranges. We propose two active two-way BM tag configurations, named parallel and series. For both configurations, we use active loads in the tag modulators to maximize the BM range and implement the desired backscattered constellation, subject to no data loss in the down-link path. Contrary to most existing BM studies, we use Thevenin/Norton equivalent circuit, only to calculate the received power at tag, while we derive the tag backscattered power using the antenna scatterer theorem. Moreover, we obtain a closed-form expression of the average bit error probability (BEP) at the reader in Rician fading channel environment for both tag configurations. We compare the proposed active BM tags with the conventional passive BM tags. The simulation results prove that for an average BEP equal to $10^{-{4}}$ , an SNR improvement of up to 19 and 24 dB can be achieved for parallel and series configurations, respectively.

SSK modulation performance with relay selection and selection combining

In this letter, the performance of space shift keying (SSK) modulation is analyzed with partial amplify and forward (AF) relay selection (RS) from multiple numbers of relays and selection combining (SC) at the receiver. This scheme selects a single radio frequency (RF) chain from the transmitter to the relay using the RS as well as relay to the receiver using the SC technique. Closed‐form expression for average bit error probability (ABEP) is derived and Numerical and computer simulation results are presented with the discussion. The result derived is compared with the best RS where the best link between the transmitter to the receiver is selected with SC at the receiver. It is revealed that there is an interesting trade‐off between partial RS and best RS with SC at the receiver. However, it is shown that partial RS with SC has almost equal ABEP performance in comparison to best RS with SC with low hardware complexity.

Adaptive OFDM-IM System Over Faded Shadowing Channel

Spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE) play major roles in evaluating the quality of service (QoS) of a wireless communication system. Designing an efficient wireless communication system requires trade-off between these two parameters. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing technique with Index Modulation (OFDM-IM) has been introduced in the literature to increase the SE compared to traditional OFDM. In this paper, an adaptive technique with OFDM-IM is introduced in an M-QAM based scheme to maintain a guaranteed level of average bit error probability (ABEP) with enhanced SE. It has been demonstrated that by adaptively varying the number of active subcarriers and modulation levels in M-QAM scheme, maximum EE can also be achieved for an acceptable ABEP. The closed-form expressions of ABEP and pairwise error probability (PEP) for OFDM-IM with M-ary QAM modulation are derived and examined over the composite Nakagami-m Gamma (NG) fading channel model using greedy detection (GD). In addition, the performance of adaptive OFDM-IM with M-QAM Modulation scheme is evaluated in terms of efficiency metrics, outage probability, and ABEP. The obtained results show that the adaptive scheme offers high potential for accomplishing significant improvement in SE and EE while maintaining acceptable ABEP even under severe channel impairment.

New Design of Constellation and Bit Mapping for Dual Mode OFDM-IM

Dual mode orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation (DM-OFDM-IM) is recently proposed, where the subcarriers within each subblock are divided into two groups, which are modulated by two distinguishable signal constellations. That is, the DM-OFDM-IM activates all subcarriers to convey data and eliminate the limits of spectrum efficiency in OFDM with index modulation (OFDM-IM). However, the conventional constellation pair in the DM-OFDM-IM is naively designed and thus induces much power increase. Also, there has been no discussion on symbol-to-bit mapping in the constellation pair. In this paper, a new constellation pair design and the corresponding bit mapping for the DM-OFDM-IM is proposed based on the average bit error probability (ABEP). Since the optimization problem of minimizing the ABEP is difficult to solve, we propose a suboptimal constellation pair through three steps; First, the shape of the constellation pair is design based on only the pairwise error probability (PEP) term in the ABEP. Second, a good bit mapping for the constellation pair is proposed. Third, we further modify the constellation pair by considering the ABEP. The simulation results show that the proposed constellation pair with the bit mapping substantially enhances the bit error rate (BER) performance of the DM-OFDM-IM compared with the conventional DM-OFDM-IM system.

BER analysis of EGC receiver over correlated Nakagami-m fading channels with phase error and asynchronous CCI

Performance analysis of an L-branch Equal Gain Combining (EGC) receiver with phase estimation error and asynchronous Co-Channel Interference (CCI) over correlated Nakagami-m fading channel is presented. Both the desired and interfering signals are assumed to be Nakagami-m distributed. The output Signal to Noise Ratio (SINR) of the EGC combiner is derived. Closed form expression for the n-th moment of the output SINR is derived. Using the n-th moment expression, Average Bit Error Probability (ABEP) for Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation is derived using Moment Generating Function (MGF) and Pade approximation method. Numerical and simulation results of ABEP for various desired and interfering signal parameters are obtained. ABEP results for various degrees of phase errors are also obtained. The results for special cases are verified with the available results.