Automatic Ventilation Research Articles

Field experiment examining condensation reduction methods based on underground parking lot types

ABSTRACT In this study, condensation reduction methods with high field applicability to various types of underground parking lots in apartment buildings were selected and tested. The selected methods included floor-insulating drainage plates, induction fans with heating wires, and an automatic control ventilation system based on indoor and outdoor temperatures and humidity. The effectiveness of these methods was evaluated via real-world field experiments. The results indicated that while the insulating drainage plates initially blocked the cold, their long-term effectiveness matched that of normal drainage plates (difference 0.1°C). The induction fan with a heating wire showed average increases of 0.8°C and 2.7°C in wall surface temperature after one and three months, compared to normal induction fans. The absolute humidity of the automatic control ventilation decreased by 1.8 g/kg after 10 h of operation during rainy weather, whereas the manual control ventilation system increased by 0.6 g/kg under the same conditions. This study offers insights into the most effective application of these methods for various parking lot configurations.

Design of proactive management system for residential buildings by using smart equipment

This study's object is an energy efficiency of residential sector. The work is aimed at solving the task to improve the energy efficiency of the housing sector by devising technical solutions for monitoring and managing energy consumption and microclimate parameters of buildings. The proposed proactive management system for residential buildings consists of multi-sensors measuring CO2, temperature and humidity, smart meters of heat and electricity consumption, and smart plugs. The equipment is combined into single system through an integration controller with remote user access through an interactive web interface. A feature of the technical solution is the ability to collect, process, visualize, and archive data on the consumption of energy, as well as on the key parameters of the microclimate of residential premises. The advantages of the system are its flexibility due to the possibility of integrating additional devices during operation, as well as the use of standard communication protocols, which enables the interchangeability of component elements. The implementation and testing were carried out under the conditions of a real pilot site. The use of the system in practice confirmed the efficiency and stability of the operation, making it possible to obtain data on the parameters of energy consumption and microclimate and devising recommendations for reducing energy consumption at the pilot site. It was established that the microclimate meets the requirements of the standards (air temperature is about 22 °С while relative humidity does not exceed 60 %). Decrease in energy consumption can be achieved by reducing the temperature of the heat carrier in the absence of residents, as well as by considering the influence of weather conditions. During periods of residents activity, an excess of the permissible level of CO2 was recorded, therefore, automatic ventilation systems should be provided in the apartments

Reengineering Indoor Air Quality Monitoring Systems to Improve End-User Experience.

This paper presents an indoor air quality (IAQ) monitoring system designed for a better end-user experience. The monitoring system consists of elements, from the monitoring sensor to the monitoring interface, designed and implemented by the research team, especially for the proposed monitoring system. The monitoring solution is intended for users who live in houses without automatic ventilation systems. The air quality sensor is designed at a minimum cost and complexity to allow multi-zone implementation without significant effort. The user interface uses a spatial graphic representation that facilitates understanding areas with different air quality levels. Presentation of the outdoor air quality level supports the user's decision to ventilate a space. An innovative element of the proposed monitoring interface is the real-time forecast of air quality evolution in each monitored space. The paper describes the implementation of an original monitoring solution (monitoring device, Edge/Cloud management system, innovative user monitoring interface) and presents the results of testing this system in a relevant environment. The research conclusions show the proposed solution's benefits in improving the end-user experience, justified both by the technical results obtained and by the opinion of the users who tested the monitoring system.

Histomorphometrical and histochemical study of small intestine development in local chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) and duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) embryos

This study demonstrated for the first time the histomorphometry of the small intestine (SI) and distribution of goblet and Paneth cells, collagen, and smooth muscle fibers in (SI) of the local chicken and duck during embryological development using the combined PAS and Alcian blue (pH2.5), Geimsa, and Masson's trichrome stains. One hundred and four fertilized chicken eggs and one hundred and forty fertilized duck eggs were collected from Mosul city. The sample placed in an incubator with automatic movement, ventilation, and humidity was (60%) and the temperature was (37.7 °C) for chicken and (37.5 °C) for duck. The histomorphometry showed significant differences between chicken and duck embryos at the 19th and 21st days of incubation of the villi's length, width, and apparent surface area. As for the epithelium height and the intestinal crypts, there were significant differences between chicken and duck embryos at the 18th and 20th days of incubation in the ileum and jejunum. Furthermore, the mucosa was thicker in chicken embryos in the day of hatching, the submucosa was thicker in ducks during the 18th day of the incubation in the duodenum. During day 15 of the incubation in chicken embryos in the jejunum and ileum, the muscularis layer was thicker in the duodenum and jejunum and less thick in the ileum, and the collagen fibers were less too in the duck embryos at hatching d. The serosa was thicker in the duck embryos. The percentage of the goblet cells was higher with a larger density in duck embryos than chicken at hatching day. Paneth cells were characterized by acidic granular cytoplasm. The achieved outcomes of histomorphometry and the density variances of the glycoprotein secretion are probably linked with numerous definite roles of (SI) parts in the progressions of nutrient absorption.

Indoor Air Quality Monitoring and Automatic Ventilation System

Indoor Air Quality Monitoring and Automatic Ventilation System

RESEARCH OF STRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MEAT AS AN OBJECT OF PROCESSING IN MEAT COMMINUTOR

This work is dedicated to the study of the energy efficiency of using electric heating systems in the classrooms of Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas (IFNTUOG), where the actual state of heating systems and their efficiency in educational building №9 were determined. An experimental study was conducted, which included determining the heating and cooling time of working surfaces and the distribution of temperatures across them in a classroom; determining the distribution of thermal energy at several levels of the room. Experimental data were obtained to evaluate the effectiveness of different electric heating systems in classrooms in standby mode, which allowed selecting the infrared heating system based on ceiling heaters as the most optimal technical solution for providing an acceptable level of comfort and energy efficiency. The effectiveness of using air thermostats for the electric heating system based on infrared heaters, which operates in standby mode, leading to excessive electricity consumption, was also studied. The results confirm that the heating system using infrared panels ensures even heat distribution, maintains comfortable temperature and humidity conditions, and is distinguished by high energy efficiency. In contrast, the use of electric convectors with an inefficient water heating system does not provide adequate air heating, especially in spacious and high rooms, where heat dissipates quickly due to insufficient insulation. The data obtained during the scientific research, along with previous studies, allow for the development of an automatic intelligent heating and ventilation control system that will use the most advanced research results in the field of efficient operation of engineering systems in educational institutions.

Automatic Mechanical Ventilation vs Manual Bag Ventilation During CPR: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

BackgroundThere is insufficient evidence supporting that mechanical ventilation can replace the manual ventilation method during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Research QuestionIs using automatic mechanical ventilation feasible and comparable to the manual ventilation method during CPR? Study Design and MethodsThis is a pilot randomized controlled trial comparing automatic mechanical ventilator (MV) and manual bag ventilation (BV) during CPR of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Patients with medical OHCA arriving at the emergency department were randomly assigned to two groups: an MV group using a mechanical ventilator and a BV group using Ambu-bag. Primary outcome was any return-of-spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Secondary outcomes were changes of arterial blood gas analysis results during CPR. Tidal volume, minute volume, and peak airway pressure were also analyzed. ResultsA total of 60 patients were enrolled and 30 patients were randomly assigned to each group. There were no statistically significant differences in basic characteristics of OHCA patients between the two groups. The rate of any ROSC was 56.7% in the MV group and 43.3% in the BV group, showing no significant (p = 0.439) difference between the two groups. There were no statistically significant differences in changes of PH, PCO2, PO2, HCO3, or lactate level during CPR between the two groups either (p-value: 0.798, 0.249, 0.515, 0.876. and 0.878, respectively). Significantly lower TV (p < 0.001) and minute volume (p = 0.009) were found in the MV group. InterpretationIn this pilot trial, the use of MV instead of BV during CPR was feasible and could serve as a viable alternative. A multicenter RCT is needed to create sufficient evidence for ventilation guideline during CPR.

Smart Public Toilet Management and Monitoring System using IOT

This paper addresses the pervasive issue of inadequate public sanitation in various regions of India and slums, marked by rampant urination and poorly maintained public toilets. Despite significant governmental expenditure and efforts to maintain cleanliness, the absence of a centralized monitoring mechanism renders these endeavors ineffective. To overcome this challenge, the paper proposes an Internet of Things (IOT)-based toilet monitoring system utilizing a web server and a mobile cleaner application. The system aims to simplify monitoring processes for toilet cleaners and administrators by tracking multiple cleaning metrics and providing real-time alerts based on user input. The motivation behind this project stems from the alarming state of hygiene in government schools, where students or teachers often bear the responsibility of cleaning due to labor shortages and insufficient funds. The relevance of the proposed system lies in its potential to revolutionize the maintenance of school and public toilets, addressing the unhygienic conditions prevalent in India. The novelty of the system includes features like automatic water flush, UV sanitization, timely floor cleaning, automatic sanitary pad vending, water monitoring, smell detection, and automatic ventilation, all facilitated through IOT technology. By presenting a cost-effective and efficient solution, this research contributes to the improvement of public sanitation in various settings, including homes, schools, colleges, hospitals, businesses, and industries, thereby promoting urban sanitation in the contemporary environment

Public Decision Policy for Controlling COVID-19 Outbreaks Using Control System Engineering

This work is a response to the appeal of various international health organizations and the Automatic Control Community for collaboration in addressing Coronavirus/COVID-19 challenges during the initial stages of the pandemic. Specifically, this study presents scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of three primary non-pharmacological strategies for pandemic mitigation. We propose a control system to aid in formulating a public decision policy aimed at managing the spread of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, commonly known as coronavirus. The primary objective is to prevent overwhelming healthcare systems by averting the saturation of intensive care units (ICUs). In the context of COVID-19, understanding the peak infection rate and its time delay is crucial for preparing healthcare infrastructure and ensuring an adequate supply of intensive care units equipped with automatic ventilators. While it is widely recognized that public policies encompassing confinement and social distancing can flatten the epidemiological curve and provide time to bolster healthcare resources, there is a dearth of studies examining this pivotal issue from the perspective of control system theory. In this study, we introduce a control system founded on three prevailing non-pharmacological tools for epidemic and pandemic mitigation: social distancing, confinement, and population-wide testing and isolation in regions experiencing community transmission. Our analysis and control system design rely on the susceptible-exposed–infected–recovered–deceased (SEIRD) mathematical model, which describes the temporal dynamics of a pandemic, tailored in this research to account for the temporal and spatial characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 behavior. This model incorporates the influence of conducting tests with subsequent population isolation. An On–off control strategy is analyzed, and a proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller is proposed to generate a sequence of public policy decisions. The proposed control system employs the required number of critical beds and ICUs as feedback signals and compares these with the available bed capacity to generate an error signal, which is utilized as input for the PID controller. The control actions outlined involve five phases of “Social Distancing and Confinement” (SD&amp;C) to be implemented by governmental authorities. Consequently, the control system generates a policy sequence for SD&amp;C, with applications occurring on a weekly or biweekly basis. The simulation results underscore the favorable impact of these three mitigation strategies against the coronavirus, illustrating their efficacy in controlling the outbreak and thereby mitigating the risk of healthcare system collapse.

Application of floating recirculation coefficient in automatic mine ventilation control design

Application of floating recirculation coefficient in automatic mine ventilation control design

152 Automatic Mechanical Ventilation versus Manual Ventilation during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

152 Automatic Mechanical Ventilation versus Manual Ventilation during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Research and Design of Arc Welding Parameters Control and Environment Monitoring System Based on DSP

In the process of the welding operation, a large number of welding smoke, toxic gas, and other pollutants will be produced, which can cause a variety of respiratory diseases. Therefore, the welder’s health is affected and the atmospheric environment is polluted. To monitor the detrimental soot substances produced in the arc welding process, an arc welding parameters control and environmental monitoring system was built by taking high-performance DSP (Digital Signal Processor) TMS320F2812 as the control core, which uses wireless communication technology. Multi-information sensing and welding parameters control can be carried out through the system in the arc welding process. The concentration of welding smoke, harmful gas, and other substances in the arc welding environment can be monitored in real time and the real-time environmental conditions are displayed visually. The functions of audible and visual alarms, automatic ventilation, and telecommunication are provided by the system. A lot of experimental verification and debugging results show that parameters control in the arc welding process and the monitor welding environment in real time could be realized by the built system and is running well.

Automated ventilator prototype for COVID-19 patient treatment: the design and development of the electronic system

&lt;p&gt;The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created an urgent global demand for ventilators, respirators and various resuscitation devices. Various research and development organizations, private companies and individual engineers have collaborated and carried out the development of low-cost ventilation prototypes. In turn, doctors and nurses are collapsed due to the exponential increase in COVID-19 cases. This scenario worsens more when the tasks are manual in nature. The article`s objective to describe the electronic system designed, developed and implemented in a functional prototype of an automatic ventilator in order to be evaluated by a team of health professionals to be later used in cases of health emergencies. This system automates the manual ventilation task aided by a few medical resources in a scenario of scarce resources and is a temporary solution when a respirator is not available.&lt;/p&gt;

Developing of an open-source low-cost ventilator based on turbine technology

The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed numerous global health system deficits, even in developed countries. The high cost and shortage of treatment, health care, and medical devices are the reasons. Aside from new mutations, the availability of respirators is an urgent concern, especially in developing countries. Even after the pandemic, respiratory diseases are among the most prevalent diseases. Researchers can help reduce treatment costs by offering scalable, open-source solutions that are manufacturable. Since March 2020, serious efforts have been made to reduce the problems caused by the lack of respirators at the lowest possible cost. In this research paper, a unique and integrated solution for a fully automatic ventilator is presented and described. The design considers the cost, speed of assembly, safety, ease of use, robustness, portability issues, and scalability to fit all requirements for emergency ventilation. Furthermore, the device was developed using turbine technology to generate air pressure. The work describes a low-cost alternative ventilator that uses a novel proportional-valve approach to control oxygen mixing process, control circuit, and control algorithm. The current software supports pressure mode controllers, and it can be upgraded to volume-mode or dual mode without any modifications in the hardware. In addition, the hardware, particularly the electronic circuit, has idle input/output ports for further development. Based on the evaluations of the developed ventilator using an artificial lung, the system exhibited acceptable accuracy regarding to the pressure, leak compensation, and oxygen concentration levels. The designated safety conditions have been met, and the safety alarms tripped according to any violations. Moreover, all design files are provided with clear instructions to rebuild the device, despite the complexity of electronics assembly. The system can be described as a development kit, which can shorten the time for researchers/manufacturers to develop a device equivalent to the expensive devices available in the market.

Strategy of mine ventilation control in optimal mode using fuzzy logic controllers

The issues related to improving the efficiency of automatic ventilation control systems of mines that regulate the air supply to the mine in accordance with the need are considered. During the tests of such a system in the 3RU mine of OAO Belaruskali, the shortcomings of its existing, implementation, associated with the incorrect choice of the most difficult-to-ventilate direction, were revealed. The possibilities of implementing a control strategy, in which the system automatically determines the optimal configuration of the operating modes of fans and regulators, are demonstrated. As an alternative to the implemented algorithms, it is proposed to use a fuzzy control device to account for the nonlinearity of the dependence of the input and output parameters of ventilation equipment and to set the conditions for the optimal operating mode of the system in a declarative form. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed approach, the data of simulation modeling of the current ventilation mode and the transition from one ventilation mode to another are analyzed with comparison with the actual data of the system operation. The simulation results show that the use of an upgraded control scheme for the main ventilation fan based on fuzzy logic in the implementation of automatic ventilation control systems makes it possible to eliminate the possibility of a shortage of fresh air in the regulated directions of its movement, as well as excessive power consumption of the main ventilation fan.

Autonomic heart rate modulation in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in mechanical ventilation.

Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 on automatic mechanical ventilation have greater heart rate modulation with greater parasympathetic modulation. To analyze the autonomic modulation of heart rate in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 on invasive mechanical ventilation. A cross-section study was carried out with 36 individuals divided into two groups. The control group included patients of both genders, in orotracheal intubation with invasive mechanical ventilation under controlled assisted mode, hospitalized in the intensive care unit for another 24 h. In the non-COVID group, patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 in the same condition mentioned in the control group. There was a significant increase in heart rate variability (standard deviation of all normal RR intervals recorded at an interval of time; p=0.001; triangular interpolation histogram of RR intervals; p=0.048; and SD2; p=0.014) in the coronavirus disease group compared to the non-COVID group. Successively, the parameters that demonstrate parasympathetic modulation are shown to be higher in the group of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (root mean square of the square of differences between adjacent normal RR intervals in an interval of time; p<0.001; pNN50; p<0.001; SD1; p=0.002; and high frequency; p=0.022). There was a greater autonomic modulation of heart rate with a greater parasympathetic modulation in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 on mechanical ventilation.

Will Smart Improvements to Child Restraints Increase Their Popularity?

In developing countries, child safety seat use remains low, which contributes to the consistently high rate of child injuries and deaths in traffic accidents. In order to protect the safety of child passengers, it is necessary to improve the public acceptance of child restraints. We improved the shortcomings of the traditional child restraints by adding some new features: 1, tightening Isofix automatically; 2, using temperature sensing, a high-temperature alarm, automatic ventilation, and cooling; 3, using pressure sensing, if the child is left alone it will set off the car alarm; 4, voice control to adjust the angle of the backrest; 5, the seat can be folded into the trunk. These functions make human-computer interaction more humane. The authors collected changes in parental acceptance of child restraints using the interview method and questionnaires. We found that acceptance increased significantly after making intelligent improvements to the child restraints. The authors used the Technology Acceptance Model to identify the key caveats influencing users' use of intelligent child restraints. Performance expectations, effort expectations, social influence, convenience, and hedonic motivation positively and significantly impacted the willingness to use intelligent child restraints, so the authors suggest that these points should be emphasized when promoting the product. The current study findings have theoretical and practical implications for smart child restraint designers, manufacturers, sellers, and government agencies. To better understand and promote child restraint, researchers and marketers can analyze how people accept child restraint based on our research model.

Wearable CNTs-based humidity sensors with high sensitivity and flexibility for real-time multiple respiratory monitoring

Sensors, such as optical, chemical, and electrical sensors, play an important role in our lives. While these sensors already have widespread applications, such as humidity sensors, most are generally incompatible with flexible/inactive substrates and rely on conventional hard materials and complex manufacturing processes. To overcome this, we develop a CNT-based, low-resistance, and flexible humidity sensor. The core–shell structured CNT@CPM is prepared with Chit and PAMAM to achieve reliability, accuracy, consistency, and durability, resulting in a highly sensitive humidity sensor. The average response/recovery time of optimized sensor is only less than 20 s, with high sensitivity, consistent responsiveness, good linearity according to humidity rates, and low hysteresis (− 0.29 to 0.30 %RH). Moreover, it is highly reliable for long-term (at least 1 month), repeated bending (over 15,000 times), and provides accurate humidity measurement results. We apply the sensor to smart-wear, such as masks, that could conduct multi-respiratory monitoring in real-time through automatic ventilation systems. Several multi-respiratory monitoring results demonstrate its high responsiveness (less than 1.2 s) and consistent performance, indicating highly desirable for healthcare monitoring. Finally, these automatic ventilation systems paired with flexible sensors and applied to smart-wear can not only provide comfort but also enable stable and accurate healthcare in all environments.

Numerical analysis of the performance of a PID control based real-time mechanical ventilation system to prevent smoke back-layering in tunnel fires

Longitudinal mechanical ventilation systems are widely employed to prevent smoke back-layering in tunnel fires. Correlations for the critical velocity of ventilation in tunnels have already been extensively studied, for given fire and tunnel (cross-sectional) dimensions. This work describes the potential of a novel concept of an automatic ventilation system based on a PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controller for preventing smoke back-layering under a priori unknown fire size. A few different tunnel dimensions and heat release rates (HRR) are addressed in order to illustrate how the ventilation velocity adapts automatically. Two methods to identify the location of the smoke front are proposed, based on temperature information. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can control the smoke well, preventing back-layering in real-time. It has excellent adaptability for the unknown fire size, which is considered an advantage compared to a system based on constant ventilation velocity. The smoke front becomes stable more quickly for higher HRR, while it takes longer to stabilize for increased tunnel height. This relates to the flame height: sufficiently high flames (compared to the tunnel height) induce a fast rise in temperature, which is the input parameter for the PID system. The tunnel width therefore has little impact. The values for the critical velocity and for the ventilation velocity at maximum smoke back-layering length (BL), as obtained with the proposed method, agree well with existing correlations. The influence of the set-point value for temperature is briefly discussed.

TECHNICAL ISSUE &amp; SERVICE SUPPORT OF 7000 ANESTHESIA VENTILATOR MULTI-VOLTAGE ELECTRONIC

Anaesthesia ventilators are an integral part of all modern anaesthesia workstations. Automatic ventilators in the operating rooms, which were very simple with few modes of ventilation when introduced, have become very sophisticated with many advanced ventilation modes. Several systems of classication of anaesthesia ventilators exist based upon various parameters. Modern anaesthesia ventilators have either a double circuit, bellow design or a single circuit piston conguration. In the bellows ventilators, ascending bellows design is safer than descending bellows. Piston ventilators have the advantage of delivering accurate tidal volume. They work with electricity as their driving force and do not require a driving gas. To enable improved patient safety, several modications were done in circle system with the different types of anaesthesia ventilators. Fresh gas decoupling is a modication done in piston ventilators and in descending bellows ventilator to reduce th incidence of ventilator induced volutrauma. In addition to the conventional volume control mode, modern anaesthesia ventilators also provide newer modes of ventilation such as synchronised intermittent mandatory ventilation, pressure-control ventilation and pressure-support ventilation (PSV). PSV mode is particularly useful for patients maintained on spontaneous respiration with laryngeal mask airway. Along with the innumerable benets provided by these machines, there are various inherent hazards associated with the use of the ventilators in the operating room.