Automated Process Control System Research Articles

Test Results of the Full-Scale HTS Transmission Cable Line (2.4 Km) for the St. Petersburg Project

Complex tests of all components of the HTS DC cable line were carried out within the framework of the National project for the implementation of a superconducting DC cable line with a capacity of 50 MW, 20 kV in the power system of St. Petersburg. The tests were carried out at the Research and Development Center of the Federal Grid Company of Unified Energy System, Moscow. The experimental stand consisted of six lengths of cables with five couplings and two current leads, reverse cryostat (no cable inside), dual-circuit cryogenic system with a rated power of 12 kW at 77 K, the rectifier - inverter device and the automatic process control system. In accordance with the approved project for laying the HTS line in Saint Petersburg, the total cable length was 2400 meters. The cryogenic circuit total length exceeds 2700 meters and includes cable in cryostat, reverse cryostat (300 meters), thermal load simulator and measuring equipment. The report describes the scheme of a two-circuit cryogenic unit with a closed cycle and analyzes possible emergency modes of the system. The report presents the results of vacuum and cryogenic tests carried out over several months under power load. The cable protection system and its test results are described. The temperature of liquid nitrogen and its flow rate varied widely during the test. The electrical and hydraulic characteristics of the HTS cable line and reverse cryostat were determined. The connection scheme of substation “Tsentralnaya 330 kV” and substation “RP 9 220 kV” will be presented. The HTS cable line connection to the St. Petersburg network is scheduled for the end of 2021.

Software tools communication process models for Modbus TCP/RTU for diagnostics using machine learning approaches

The work proposes a software solution to the problem of generating data sets that simulate information control processes in microprocessor control systems and automated process control system (APCS) at the lower and middle levels using the Modbus TCP/RTU protocol. Such datasets (dumps) with controlled characteristics, records of computer attacks and information and technical impact (ITI) of various types are advisable to use for training spacecraft recognition systems based on artificial intelligence and machine learning. Also, due to the possibility of introducing records of any types of attacks, it is possible to test intrusion detection systems, intelligent sensors of the spacecraft for their efficiency. The analysis of the existing software, the possibility of its combination to solve the problem is given. The structure of a data transmission system (DTS) fragment of a real VCE ACS and its representation as a set of device identifiers, addresses, registers and data types. The model of communication processes Modbus TCP/RTU was built, the results of modeling are presented. The features and limitations of the software used are discussed, as well as the prospects for improving the model.

Use of Computer Technologies in Animal Breeding

At the present stage of development of agricultural enterprises, one of the conditions for their successful functioning is information support, which includes the collection and processing of information necessary for making informed management decisions. An automated process control system in livestock complexes fulfills up to 80% of all emerging management planning tasks. The tasks set today already have examples of solutions in the Russian Federation. Farms, the management of which timely and accurately assesses the situation and switches to resource-saving innovative technologies, begin to use the various available capabilities of information technologies. Unfortunately, hundreds of managers are «charged» with ideas of modern technologies, but only dozens dare to start their implementation.

From Automated Design to Digital Double of APCS for a TPP

The concept of a digital twin of an automated process control system (APCS) of a thermal power plants (TPPs) is considered. The principles of its formation and use are proposed on the basis of a design database developed within the framework of a computer-aided design (CAD) system for thermal automation and measurements. Examples of design automation systems aimed at solving similar problems are given and the features of the proposed CAD system are indicated. The typical structure of the APCS and the relationship of its main components—sensors, cables, executive and switchboard devices, signal connection tables, as well as the software and hardware complex (composition and distribution of modules of communication devices with an object)—are described. A description of the project database’s structure is given, which provides comprehensive work with both project documentation and information about the main components of the APCS. The sequence in execution of design procedures and links between the design database and the CAD database during their implementation are shown. Methods for increasing the productivity of designers are considered, such as the use of standard solutions in the organization of measurements and control schemes for actuators of thermal power plants, multiple use of information with a single input, and synthesis of text and graphic design documentation based on the project database. It is proposed to use a digital twin at all stages of the object’s life cycle: during design, installation, commissioning, and operation. The effectiveness of working with information thanks to an intuitive interface for navigating through the project was demonstrated. Examples of objects, in the implementation of which the considered CAD system was used, are given.

Control of the servo drive and the regulating body of the software

This paper presents control of the servo drive and the regulating body of the software complex “Automated process control system for the associated production of concentrates of nanostructures MD1 and MD2”. The developed algorithm is designed to control a two-position valve with an electric drive by “open / close” commands. It allows to carry out: control in manual and automatic mode, control of extreme positions and excess torque on the drive shaft; blocking of work in automatic mode with a command to close; determination of the priority of the close command; delay when reversing to stop the drive.

Применение технологий Industry 4.0 при создании автоматизированных промышленных комплексов

The article examines the creation of automated industrial systems with the use of Industry 4.0. Describes the main stages of development of the concept of "Industry", technology of the present stage of Industry 4.0 technologies and the use of "digital twins" BIM 3D modeling of buildings and structures. The areas of application of these technologies, as well as their advantages and disadvantages, are presented. An example of designing the elements of the automated process control system of the processing plant "Mine No. 12" (Kiselevsk, Kemerovo region) using Industry 4.0 technologies is given.

Application of Adaptive Three-Position Control in the System of Automated Control of a Thermal Object

Purpose of research. The control object was considered to be a thermal unit in the form of a modified two-tier tunnel furnace designed for the production of foam glass blocks. The main goal of this work was to improve the quality of products, reduce defects, and ultimately increase productivity by developing an automated system for controlling the thermal field of a technological unit for the production of foam glass blocks using an adaptive three-position control law with adaptation to the load of the average position of the regulator. Methods. At the initial stage, a functional automation scheme for a modified two-tier tunnel furnace was developed. To model dynamic discrete systems, a mathematical apparatus was used in the form of labeled Petri nets, which resulted in algorithmization of the technological process for the production of foam glass blocks. This solution to the problem should be used as a method of algorithmization and programming of the logic controller that is part of the automation system structure. The developed functional automation scheme can be converted into a mnemonic circuit, thereby implementing a SCADA system designed for control and visualization, diagnostics and monitoring of the process at a centralized control point, which is part of the automated workplace of the operator-technologist. The described approach to the development of an automated process control system has a generalized representation. The solution is methodological in nature, demonstrating the usability of the model in the form of a labeled Petri net. Results. In the course of research, a graph of operations of the production process with discrete adaptive threeposition control of the average position under load was developed. To check the correctness of the graph of operations, a tree of achievable markings was built, and its analysis was performed for compliance with security conditions and network liveliness. A block diagram of the main algorithm and the algorithm for adapting the controller's control program is developed. Conclusion. The described approach to the development of an automated process control system for the production of foam glass blocks has a generalized character, although it is illustrated by applying it to a specific object , since it allows changing both the number of variables xi , zi, and their functional purpose, that is, instead of sensors, pushers, valves, parameter values, for example, temperature, other automation elements and other physical variables and their parameters can be used. Thus, the presented solution is methodological in nature, demonstrating the convenience of using the model in the form of a Petri net and a tree of achievable markings for algorithmization and programming of a logic controller that is part of the automation system structure.

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE INFORMATION AND MEASUREMENT SUBSYSTEM OF THE AUTOMATED PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM OF SYNTHESIZED GRAIN MOISTURE MONITORING DEVICES

The problems of drying grain products are Analyzed, and the issues of instrument support for monitoring the humidity of the cheese and its processed products as part of an automated process control system are considered.

Thermochemical gas analyzer readiness assessment model

Introduction. The importance of fire safety (FS) measures at fuel and energy industry facilities, in particular over the course of continuous technological processes of oil refineries (OR), is highlighted in the article. Decision makers are able to manage the process of planning and implementing these measures thanks to special software integrated into automated process control systems. The fire and explosion prevention subsystem designated for managing gas analyzing equipment and its control processes was chosen as the object of research. Theoretical framework. The fire safety of oil refineries, that entails the maintenance of gas analyzer sensors, is characterized by such random subprocesses as climate and weather changes at refineries. It is proposed to split this process into two opposite subprocesses, destructive and productive ones. Events related to calibration, verification or replacement of sensitive elements of thermochemical sensors are at the core of the recovery subprocess. Destructive subprocess events are associated with the appearance of deviations in thermochemical sensors from nominal values as registered by a shift on duty. It is proposed to describe the randomness of this subprocess as a Markov process. The sensor system behavior is simulated as the two streams. Thermochemical sensors have two modes: ready and not ready. Research results. The readiness model of gas analyzers is calculated as a ratio of the number of thermochemical sensors which are potentially ready for use in accordance with the regulatory and engineering documentation, to their total number, taking into account the randomness of events that make thermochemical sensors unready. A special case used to illustrate the Markov model building is studied. The possible number of modes for sets of thermochemical sensors is calculated for such a situation. The transition between modes of sets in a fire alarm subsystem is determined using the proposed system of differential Kolmogorov equations, which has five equations for a specific case. The calculation can be generalized for any number of remote sensors. Conclusions. The readiness assessment method applied to thermochemical sensors of gas analyzers in open areas of refineries is studied. The method can be applied in the process of automated fire and explosion prevention system operation.

Integration features of control systems in multi-complex distributed production

Different options of the structure of automated process control system (APCS) are considered using the example of the coal preparation plant with a single automation platform Omron Sysmac, as well as with heterogeneous devices connected by industrial networks Ethernet/IP at several levels with physical separation. The general APCS structure is proposed. It is suitable for the end-to-end control of objects with variable structure, built from various technological complexes of coal preparation plants.

Перетворювач інформаційного сигналу в опір для системи автоматичного контролю

Potentiometric sensors are widely used in the construction of automatic and automated process control systems. In potentiometric sensors, resistance is the output signal and is values depend on the magnitude of the input signal. As the input signal, voltage, current, digital code, angle of rotation, displacement or other signal is usually used. In practice, the task of simulating of the signal which is coming from the built-in potentiometric sensor is often appeared. An additional potentiometric sensor can be used to simulate the signal of the built-in sensor, which allows to set the required resistance value by changing any external parameter. The principle of constructing an information signal-to-resistance converter which allows to simulate the potentiometric sensor of the state of the system which is controlled is considered in this article. Two photoresistors are used to make an information signal to resistance converter, which are selected with similar parameters and set so that they are optically connected to the optical radiation source, and the illumination on the sensitive areas of the photoresistors was almost the same varying in proportion to the change in the brightness of the optical radiation source. In this case, the values of the resistances of both photoresistors will be almost the same at any values ​​of the brightness of the optical radiation source. A calculator that measures the resistance value of the second photoresistor, compares it with the required resisstance value and sends a signal to the control device of an optical element with a remotely variable transmittance, which, influencing the luminous flux, synchronously changes the illuminance of the sensitive areas of both photoresistors, thus changing their resistance is used in this circuit. The change is occurring till the equality between the measured value of the resistance of the second photoresistor and the specified value. And since the resistances of both photoresistors change synchronously, the resistance of the photoresistor, measured by the consumer of information, will correspond to the required value.

Directions for Improving Apcs in the Oil and Gas Production Industry

The paper discusses automated control systems for technological processes (APCS) of oil and gas producing enterprises of the Russian Federation. The history of the development of automated process control systems in oil and gas production is described. At the moment, the efficient operation of technological facilities is not possible without the use of automated control systems. Special attention should be paid to the fact that almost all oil production facilities are currently characterized by a high level of depletion and are mainly at the late (third or fourth) stages of operation. Under these conditions, the average production rate falls, the costs of technological procedures for oil and gas production increase significantly. In this regard, in the current conditions, the effective development of process control systems for oil and gas enterprises is an extremely urgent task. The paper provides a typical block diagram and classification of automated systems that provide control of technological processes in oil and gas production. The necessity of using an automated dispatch control system (ADCS) is substantiated and its main tasks are considered. The need for an automated process control system in oil and gas production to reach the next level of functional development, which can be provided by modern automation and communication means, is clearly demonstrated, thereby giving a new impetus to the digital transformation process. The concept of "smart" well is considered, comparative characteristics of different levels of oil fields are presented: standard, digital and intelligent. The concepts of big data (Big Data), cloud technologies (Cloud Storage), augmented reality are considered in relation to the specifics of the industry. A qualitative assessment of the readiness and development prospects of the APCS in the context of the transition to digital technologies in oil and gas production is carried out. The digital transformation of the industry must be economically substantiated and justified.

Research of the impact on the ecology of the state of cybersecurity of the critical infrastructure objects

The analysis of the impact on the ecology of the state of cybersecurity of critical infrastructure objects and the factors influencing the state of cybersecurity of the information system of the critical infrastructure object is performed. An explanation is given of why cybersecurity violations in automated process control systems can lead to consequences in the industrial sector and environmental impact. The need to develop effective and adequate proposals and measures for cybersecurity of information systems of the critical infrastructure objects is shown. The classification of assets that are the objects of cyberattacks by attackers and the categories of impact on the critical infrastructure objects are given. Approaches to determining the cyber threat risk factor of the critical infrastructure object and the relevance of threats are presented. The method of assessing the degree of possible damage from the implementation of information security threats is considered. The results of this analysis can be used to develop proposals and measures to avoid the effects of cyberattacks on the critical infrastructure objects. The prospect of further research is to develop a methodology for determining the relationship between specific cyberattacks and possible quantitative damage.

HIGH-PRECISION REMOTE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT METHOD

The article considers the issues of improving the accuracy of temperature measurement with the help of infrared devices. A new method of remote measurement of body temperature by infrared devices, developed and patented by the authors, is described, in which a reference sensor in the form of a thin plate with a high coefficient of thermal conductivity is applied to the measuring surface. The method eliminates the main problems and factors that affect the accuracy of measurement. This is the coefficient of radiation of the surface of the research object, its physical condition, the presence of contamination of the surface of a solid body and, thus, allows you quickly and accurately measure the surface temperature of any body. The method also allows measuring the temperature of the gaseous medium by inserting a sensor into the area of contact with the measuring object in the form of a reference thin plate for heating, unlike all known methods of remote temperature measurement by infrared devices. To measure the temperature field of the gas flow, the sensor is inserted at an angle into the measurement area so that the infrared radiation is directed perpendicular to the receiving element of the pyrometer. The results of measurements of the surface temperature of various bodies in the process of their heating in comparison with existing methods are given. Possible errors that occur during the thermal inspection of the object and significantly affect the measurement results are considered. The presence of sufficient accuracy of the method allows its application within the automatic process control system. The use of the device based on the proposed method in the automatic process control system for measuring the integrated parameters of thermal processes by processing infrared fluxes from the surface of products and its integration into a separate link in the overall automated control system. The possibility of using the proposed method of measuring the temperature in the ACS technological processes is shown.

ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ КІБЕРБЕЗПЕКИ АСУ ТП ШЛЯХОМ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ПЛІС-ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ

In modern conditions, cybersecurity issues are moving from the level of information protection at a separate object of computer technology to the level of creating a single cybersecurity system of the state, as part of the information and national security system responsible for protecting not only information in the narrow sense, but also all cyberspace. In the process of forming global cyberspace, military and civilian computer technologies are converging, new means and methods of influencing the information infrastructure of a potential adversary are being developed, and specialized cyber centers are being created and implemented on high-tech platforms. At present, the cybersecurity procedure does not fully reflect the issues related to the cybersecurity of the ACS TP. This is due to the fact that the ACS PA was originally developed based on the ideology of physical isolation from external networks and strict delimitation of access by service personnel, using specific software, information exchange via industrial communication protocols Modbus, Profibus, etc., which often work on top of the TCP / IP protocol. Accordingly, there are many vulnerabilities in the ACS TP, the probability of which in various cyber incidents is directly proportional to the importance and significance of the object. Given the fact that the ACS TP have become an integral part of our existence, respectively, the problem of cybersecurity of the systems under consideration is today an urgent and timely task. The article discusses an approach to ensuring the cybersecurity of automated process control systems (APCS) by creating intelligent cybersecurity systems (ISCs). It is assumed that the construction of the proposed systems should be based on the concept of "evolution (development)", that is, the ability of the system to adapt through changes in parameters under the influence of external and internal cyber threats (cyber attacks), through the applied technologies, to counter cyber attacks throughout the entire life cycle. Technically, it is proposed to implement the ISCs by means of using an expert system and disaster-tolerant information systems (DIS), a characteristic feature of which, in contrast to fault-tolerant systems, is the continuation of work in conditions of massive and, possibly, consecutive failures of the system or its subsystems as a result of cyberattacks. These properties (catastrophic properties – system survivability) are possessed by programmed logic integrated circuits (FPGA) – a class of microprocessor systems, a characteristic feature of which is the ability to implement a multiprocessor (parallelized) structure that can withstand external influences (cyber attacks). By themselves, FPGA are an integrated circuit, the internal configuration of which is set by programming using special languages for describing hardware

Application of the basic principles of "Industry 4.0" in the intellectualization of automated control systems of modern thermal power plants

Abstract The description of the basic principles embodied in the concept of Industry 4.0 and the possibility of their use in the development of measures aimed at increasing intelligence of modern control system of thermal power plants (TPP) the results of the analysis of the level of intelligence and efficiency of modern control system on the basis of program-technical complexes (PTС). It is shown that, despite the widespread introduction of modern PTС in the construction of new and modernization of existing ACSTPs of TPP, the improvement of the quality of technological processes, optimization of their modes and parameters, occurs mainly at the level of equipment and power unit and to a much lesser extent - at the level of power plants and as a result-an insufficient level of automation and low technical and economic efficiency. Another conclusion from the analysis - when implementing control algorithms in automated process control systems based on modern PTC, their wide information and software capabilities are not fully used. The main ways of further improvement of ACSTPs in order to increase their efficiency and the level of intelligence of ACSTPs of power plants based on PTC are given The assessment of the level of increase in intelligence and economic effect from the implementation of the proposed solutions is given.

Когнитивное моделирование вектора кибератак на основе меташаблонов CAPEC

Purpose: automation of complex attack vector modeling based on formalized CAPEC meta-pattern based on fuzzy cognitive maps. Methods: modeling a tool in the form of a graph with a further form of development in the form of a hierarchical fuzzy cognitive map for analysis using the potential level of detail and quantitative assessment of cybersecurity risks. Practical relevance: a scenario approach to modeling complex multistep targeted cyberattacks is proposed based on the draft Methodology for modeling security threats of the FSTEC of Russia and the base of meta- pattern for attacks CAPEC. The algorithm for “folding” a detailed fuzzy cognitive map of the attack vector is shown using the example of the threat of interception of control of an automated process control system of an oil company with an assessment of the probability of implementation, considering the severity level of exploited vulnerabilities. The main software modules of the system have been developed. Computational experiments were carried out to assess the effectiveness of its application. It is shown that as a result of analyzing the vector of cyberattacks in a fuzzy cognitive basis, an expert can rank possible scenarios of implementation, considering the vulnerabilities used, assess the level of danger of the implementation of each scenario separately and cyberattacks as a whole.

The upgrade of security of automated process control systems

The article is devoted to the main problems of protecting the network interaction of critical information infrastructures and the lines of solving the ones. An approach is formulated that allows on...

Снижение влияния неопределенности исходной информации в интеллектуальных автоматизированных системах управления тепловыми процессами при обеспечении надежной эксплуатации энергетического оборудования

The uncertainty of the source information is used to solve key tasks in an intelligent automated thermal process control system affects the calculation of control actions, the implementation of equipment optimal operating modes and, as a result, leads to degraded reliability. As a rule, this type of information can be qualitative (the use of expert knowledge) or quantitative in nature. In this regard, it is extremely important to reduce the impact of uncertainty. The aim of the study is to identify the types and origins of uncertainty in the source information used by an intelligent automated process control system and to develop approaches to reduce its impact on the reliability of power equipment operation. The approaches used to ensure the specified indicators of reliability, efficiency and environmental friendliness in modern intelligent automated process control systems are based on predictive strategies, according to which the technical condition of equipment and specific degradation processes are predicted. This means that various types of uncertainty can have a significant negative impact. To reduce the influence of uncertainty of the initial information that affects the reliability of power equipment operation, the use of artificial neural networks is proposed. Their application opens the possibility to predict the occurrence of equipment defects and failures based on retrospective data for specified forecast time intervals. A method for reducing the impact of anomalies contained in the source information used in an intelligent process control system for energy facilities is demonstrated. Data omissions and outliers are investigated, the elimination of which reduces the impact of uncertainty and improves the quality of solving key problems in intelligent automated process control systems. Experimental studies were carried out that made it possible to identify the mathematical methods for removing omissions and anomalies in the source information in the best way. Methodological aspects of eliminating various types of uncertainty that exist in managing of power facilities by means of intelligent automated process control systems at the key stages of the power equipment life cycle are described.

How to implement an asset management system in an enterprise

The main idea of asset management is to find a balance between the performance of assets, the risks and costs associated with assets. This is not an easy optimization task that requires continuous solution, since the point of this balance shifts during the asset lifecycle. To solve it, the company needs an asset management system. About the introduction of an automated asset management system, processes of diagnostics of automated process control system equipment