Automatic Biochemical Analyzer Research Articles

Effect of different delivery modes on the level of protein, glucose and blood lipids in cord artery and vein blood

To explore whether there are differences in the levels of protein, glucose and blood lipids in umbilical vein and umbilical artery blood of newborns with different delivery modes, and to evaluate their value as indicators of fetal intrauterine nutrition and nutritional support. A total of 89 pairs of mothers and infants who were delivered in Danyang People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province from June to September 2021 were selected as the study subjects, including 38 cases of spontaneous delivery and 51 cases of cesarean section. The basic information of pregnant women, pregnancy information, newborn delivery and physical examination information were extracted from the medical record information system of the hospital. According to the mode of delivery, HITACHI 7600 automatic biochemical analyzer was used to measure the levels of protein, glucose and blood lipids in umbilical vein and umbilical artery blood, including total protein(TP), albumin(ALB), glucose(GLU), total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C). The data were statistically analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0 statistical software. The levels of TP, ALB, GLU, TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C in the umbilical vein blood of the spontaneous delivery group were(56.40±5.83)g/L, (38.41±3.43)g/L, (4.55±1.53)mmol/L, (1.68±0.42)mmol/L, (0.25±0.11)mmol/L, (0.84±0.17)mmol/L and(0.69±0.23)mmol/L, respectively. The levels of TP, ALB, GLU, TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C in umbilical artery blood were(56.49±9.91)g/L, (37.72±4.77)g/L, (4.07±1.52)mmol/L, (1.60±0.42)mmol/L, (0.24±0.10)mmol/L, (0.80±0.18)mmol/L and(0.68±0.24)mmol/L, respectively. The levels of TP, ALB, GLU, TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C in umbilical vein blood of cesarean section group were(52.08±4.12)g/L, (36.12±2.13)g/L, (3.45±1.16)mmol/L, (1.61±0.39)mmol/L, (0.19±0.08)mmol/L, (0.82±0.18)mmol/L and(0.61±0.20)mmol/L, respectively. The levels of TP, ALB, GLU, TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C in umbilical artery blood were(51.49±7.59)g/L, (35.40±3.60)g/L, (3.09±1.15)mmol/L, (1.48±0.40)mmol/L, (0.19±0.08)mmol/L, (0.78±0.18)mmol/L and(0.60±0.20)mmol/L, respectively. The levels of TP, ALB, Glu and TG in cord vein blood and cord artery blood in spontaneous labor group were significantly higher than those in cesarean section group(P<0.05); The levels of Glu, TC, TG and HDL-C in cord vein blood were significantly higher in spontaneous labor group and cesarean section group than those in cord artery blood(P<0.05). The levels of protein, glucose and blood lipids in umbilical vein and umbilical artery blood were different among different delivery modes.

The value of gene Xpert MTB / RIF, ADA, TB-DNA in the early diagnosis of TB meningitis.

This study was to explore the expression and correlation between gene Xpert MTB / RIF, ADA, and TB-DNA in TB meningitis. For this purpose, we selected 102 patients in the TB meningitis progression diagnosed and treated in our hospital from January 2019 to December 2020, and another 100 patients in the non-TB meningitis group were selected for the control experiment. Two sets of CSF samples were taken to analyze the gene Xpert MTB / RIF positive rate and the correlation between the expression and the progression of tuberculous meningitis by testing the levels of ADA and TB-DNA in the patient body using an automatic biochemical analyzer. Research indicated that The levels of gene Xpert MTB / RIF, ADA, and TB-DNA in the non-tuberculous meningitis group were lower than those in the tuberculous meningitis group (P<0.05; Levels of gene Xpert MTB / RIF, ADA, and TB-DNA were higher (P<0.05) in patients with group III tuberculous meningitis compared with those under grades I-II tuberculous meningitis, and levels of gene Xpert MTB / RIF, ADA, and TB-DNA were higher (P<0.05) in patients with group VI tuberculous meningitis compared with group III tuberculous meningitis; Gene Xpert MTB / RIF, ADA, TB-DNA) as factors occurring in TB meningitis progression, and all three were associated (P<0.05) with TB meningitis progression; Gene Xpert MTB / RIF, ADA showed a positive correlation (r = 0.296, P = 0.002); Gene Xpert MTB / RIF, TB-DNA showed a positive correlation (r = 0.422, P = 0.001); ADA, TB-DNA showed a positive correlation (r = 0.366, P = 0.001). It was concluded that Gene X-Pert MTB / RIF, ADA, and TB-DNA showed high levels in TB meningitis progression, and as the disease worsened, all three showed a positive association in TB meningitis progression.

INFLUENCE OF COUMARIN ON PRODUCTIVITY, IMMUNITY AND ANTIOXIDANT STATUS OF HEALTHY BROILERS

Background. Coumarins are natural compounds (secondary metabolites of plant origin) that have a wide range of biological activity, mainly due to their ability to interact with various enzymes and receptors in living organisms. The relevance of their use in feeding poultry is obvious, in view of the active search for alternatives to feed antibiotics.&#x0D; The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of coumarin on the productivity and antioxidant status of broiler chickens.&#x0D; Materials and methods. Objects of study: broiler chickens of the Arbor Acres cross, 7-hydroxycoumarin. The experiment was carried out on 180 heads of 7-day-old broiler chickens (n=45). Control - the main diet (OR), 1 experimental – OR + coumarin (at a dose of 1 mg/kg of feed/day, 2 experimental – OR + coumarin at a dose of 2 mg/kg of feed / day, 3 experimental – OR + coumarin in at a dose of 3 mg/kg feed/day. Hematological parameters (number and type of leukocytes) were taken into account on an automatic hematological analyzer URIT-2900 Vet Plus (URIT Medical Electronic Group Co., Ltd, China). Biochemical analysis of blood serum was performed on an automatic biochemical analyzer CS-T240 (Dirui Industrial Co., Ltd, China).&#x0D; Results. The inclusion of 7-hydroxycoumarin in the diet contributed to an increase in live weight in the experimental groups by 8,6–19,4%; (by 9,2–21,1%), slaughter yield (up to 4,76%), against the background of a decrease in feed consumption per 1 kg of live weight gain (by 3,5–15,7%). showed a decrease in total protein, albumin, ALT (groups 1 and 2 (p≤0,05)), bilirubin (by 38,3–68,6%), cholesterol (in group 3 by 16,4% (p≤0,05)), triglycerides (groups 1 and 2, p≤0,05), urea (41,8–65,1%; p≤0,05), against the background of elevated iron levels (groups 1 and 2, p≤0,05). Depending on the dose of 7-hydroxycoumarin, a decrease in the number of leukocytes (group 1, p≤0,05), neutrophils (groups 1 and 2, p≤0,05), monocytes, eosinophils and basophils (p≤ 0,05). Antioxidant indicators were characterized by a decrease in the level of malondialdehyde (by 63,7–77,3%), superoxide dismutase activity (22,4–71,5%) and an increase in catalase activity (by 24,3–46,1%).&#x0D; Conclusion. Thus, the inclusion of 7-hydroxycoumarin (2 mg/kg feed/day) in the diet contributed to an increase in the live weight of broiler chickens, feed intake, slaughter yield, against the background of a lower feed consumption per 1 kg of live weight gain; had a positive effect on the parameters of the liver (ALT, total bilirubin), lipid and nitrogen metabolism (triglycerides, urea), the antioxidant status of the body of broiler chickens.

Potential indicators for hyperparathyroidism progression: Calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, 25 hydroxyvitamin D and hemoglobin

Purpose: To compare the differences in perioperative biochemical indices between patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PH) and secondary hyperparathyroidism (SH).&#x0D; Methods: One hundred and ten patients with hyperparathyroidism who were treated in The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, from June 2016 to April 2021, were enrolled and divided into two groups, viz, PH group (50 patients) and SH group (60 patients). Automatic biochemical analyzer was used to determine the levels of calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and 25-hydroxyvitamin D, while hemoglobin was determined by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry in the perioperative period.&#x0D; Results: Compared to PH group, SH group had higher levels of indicators (p &lt; 0.05). There were significant differences in body mass index (BMI), somatic cell index and blood albumin in patients from 18 to 70 years (p &lt; 0.05). BMI and blood albumin increased significantly with age (p &lt; 0.05). The complication rate was higher in SH than PH group (p &lt; 0.05). The scores of pruritus and bone pain of patients after surgery were lower than those before the operation (p &lt; 0.05). Blood calcium levels increased significantly with age, while ALP and iPTH levels decreased significantly (p &lt; 0.05). SH group showed lower scores of physiological, emotional, social, and cognitive functions than PH group (p &lt; 0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: Patients with PH and SH have differences in perioperative biochemical indicators. Furthermore, the levels of calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, 25 hydroxyvitamin D, and hemoglobin may be used as indicators of disease progression, and this may facilitate the development of suitable therapeutic measures.

Benefits of sea buckthorn juice consumption in women of productive age with hypercholesterolemia.

Sea buckthorn contains almost 200 nutrients and bioactive substances, including phenolic compounds such as flavonoids, vitamins, proteins, amino acids, minerals, alkaloids, chlorophyll derivatives, amines, organic acids, fatty acids and phytosterols. Human and animal studies suggest that sea buckthorn may have a variety of beneficial effects: cardioprotective, antiatherogenic, antioxidant, anticancer, immunomodulatory, antibacterial, antiviral and antiinflammatory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of regular consumption of 100% sea buckthorn juice on the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in women of productive age with hypercholesterolemia. A clinical study involved 19 women with a mean age of 54.06 ±2.97 years who consumed 50 mL of sea buckthorn juice daily for 8 weeks. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters in blood serum were monitored before the start of sea buckthorn consumption and after 8 weeks of consumption. Body composition was determined using an multifrequency analyzer InBody720. Routine biochemical analyzes were performed by standard methods in an accredited laboratory of the University Hospital by automatic biochemical analyzer BioMajesty JCA-BM6010/C. Statistical comparison between individual measurements was performed using a paired t-test, using Statistica Cz version 10 (TIBCO Software, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA). We observed significant decrease of body weight, body mass index (P<0.05), body fat and visceral fat (P<0.001) after 8 weeks of consumption of 100% sea buckthorn juice. In this intervention study, we observed a significant decrease in low-density cholesterol (P˂0.05) and a significant increase in high-density cholesterol (P˂0.001). The level of triglycerides was similar at the end of the study (P>0.05). After the intervention, we observed decrease of orosomucoid, immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M (P<0.001) and C-reactive protein (P<0.01). The obtained results support the hypothesis that the daily consumption of sea buckthorn juice for eight weeks could contribute to the beneficial effects of reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as the reduction of body and visceral fat, LDL-C, CRP and the increase of HDL-C.

Multimetallic nanoparticles decorated metal-organic framework for boosting peroxidase-like catalytic activity and its application in point-of-care testing

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a sort of promising peroxidase-like nanozyme but face the challenge that the inorganic nodes in most of the MOF structures are generally blocked by the organic linkers. Further enhancement or activation of their peroxidase-like activity plays an important role in developing MOF-based nanozymes. Herein, a multimetallic nanoparticle (NP) decorated-MOF, Cu/Au/Pt NP decorated-Cu-TCPP(Fe) nanozyme (CuAuPt/Cu-TCPP(Fe)) was synthesized in situ and served as a peroxidase-like nanozyme. The peroxidase-like activity of this stable CuAuPt/Cu-TCPP(Fe) nanozyme was enhanced due to the decreased potential barriers for *OH generation in the catalytic process. Owing to the remarkable peroxidase-like activity, a CuAuPt/Cu-TCPP(Fe)-based colorimetric assay was established for the sensitive determination of H2O2 and glucose with the limit of detection (LOD) of 9.3 µM and 4.0 µM, respectively. In addition, a visual point-of-care testing (POCT) device was developed by integrating the CuAuPt/Cu-TCPP(Fe)-based test strips with a smartphone and was employed for a portable test of 20 clinical serum glucose samples. The results determined by this method agree well with the values deduced by clinical automatic biochemical analysis. This work not only represents an inspiration for the usage of MNP/MOF composite as a novel nanozyme for POCT diagnosis, but also provides a deeper insight and understanding into the enhanced enzyme-mimic effect of MNP-hybrid MOF composites, which in turn will guide the engineering of MOF-based functional nanomaterials.Graphical

Polydatin protects against atherosclerosis by activating autophagy and inhibiting pyroptosis mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome.

Polydatin is a bioactive ingredient extracted from the roots of the Reynoutria japonica Houtt, and it is a natural precursor of resveratrol. Polydatin is a useful inhibitor of inflammation and acts as a regulator of lipid metabolism. However, the specific mechanisms of action of polydatin in atherosclerosis (AS) remains poorly explained. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of polydatin on inflammation induced by the inflammatory cell death and autophagy in AS. Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks to induce the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. The ApoE-/- mice were then randomly divided into the following six groups: (1) model group, (2) simvastatin group, (3) MCC950 group, (4) low dose polydatin group (Polydatin-L), (5) medium dose polydatin group (Polydatin-M), (6) and high dose polydatin group (Polydatin-H). The C57BL/6J mice were treated as controls and administered a standard chow diet. All mice were gavaged once daily for 8 weeks. The distribution of aortic plaques was observed by En Oil-red-O staining and hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E). Oil-red-O staining was used to observe lipid content in the aortic sinus plaque; Masson trichrome staining was used to gauge collagen content in the plaque; and immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and CD68 macrophages marker expression levels in the plaque, which were used to assess the vulnerability index of the plaque. The lipid levels were measured using an enzymatic assay with an automatic biochemical analyzer. The level of inflammation was detected by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Autophagosomes were detected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Pyroptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)/caspase-1 and other proteins related to the expression levels of autophagy and pyroptosis were detected by Western blot analysis. Nucleotide oligomerization (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation leads to pyroptosis, including the cleavage of caspase-1, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 production, and the co-expression of TUNEL/caspase-1-all of these are inhibited by polydatin, whose inhibitory effect is similar to that of MCC950, a specific inhibitor of NLRP3. Further, polydatin decreased the protein expression of NLRP3 and the phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR), and increased the number of autophagosomes as well as the increased the cytoplasmic microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3)/autophagosome membrane-type LC3 ratio. Moreover, the protein expression levels of p62 decreased, suggesting that polydatin can increase autophagy. Polydatin can inhibit the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and cleavage of caspase-1, thereby inhibiting pyroptosis and secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and promoting autophagy through NLRP3/mTOR pathway in AS.

Effects of Tongmai Yangxin pills on ventricular remodeling in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion rats

Objective: This study aimed to determine whether Tongmai Yangxin pills (TM) can attenuate ventricular remodeling (VR) and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Methods: After the myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury model has been established, the rats were divided into seven groups: control, Sham, I/R, TM (1.0 g/kg), TM (2.0 g/kg), TM (4.0 g/kg), and Tongxinluo capsules, respectively. Experimental parameters were assessed on days 3 and 28 after drug administration. Cardiac structure and function were assessed by echocardiography. Myocardial ischemia was quantified using triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining, and the cardiac pathology was evaluated using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Myocardial enzyme and oxidant activities were detected using an automatic biochemical analyzer and kit, respectively. Masson’s trichrome staining was used to analyze the degree of collagen deposition. The expression levels of inflammation and fibrosis-related proteins were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: After 3 days of administration, TM improved cardiac function and morphology. It effectively reduced the area of myocardial infarction in I/R rats, inhibited the abnormal activity of myocardial enzymes, and significantly reduced superoxide dismutase activity, as well as C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β expression at the protein level. TM administration inhibited oxidative stress, inflammation, and myocardial pathological damage. After 28 d of administration, TM improved heart function; inhibited ventricular dilation and the thinning of the ventricular wall; significantly reduced the protein expression of connective tissue growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase 2, and matrix metalloproteinase 9; and decreased the degree of myocardial fibrosis. Conclusions: TM can effectively reduce the infarct size, improve the cardiac structure and function, reduce myocardial collagen deposition, and attenuate VR. The underlying mechanisms involve the inhibition of inflammatory responses in the early stages and a reduction of myocardial fibrosis in the late stages. Graphical abstract: http://links.lww.com/AHM/A60

Determination of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein reference intervals for apparently healthy children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Objective: Since then, the reference intervals of serum hsCRP in apparently healthy Ethiopian children are unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the reference intervals of serum hsCRP for apparently healthy children. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 492 apparently healthy children aged 5–17 years were recruited from residents of Addis Ababa. Well-trained professionals took anthropometric measurements. The biochemical analysis was performed with the automatic biochemical analyzer Cobas Integra 400 Plus from Roche. The 2.5th and 97.5th percentile limits were calculated using a non-parametric method as per the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guide. A box plot was used to show the distribution of hsCRP by age and gender. Furthermore, bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were carried out to evaluate factors associated with elevated hsCRP levels. Percentiles were displayed by age subgroup and sex. p-values &lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The study included 245 boys and 247 girls. For the age group of 5–11 years, the combined 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles, which can be used as a reference interval for children in Addis Ababa, were 0.15–6.78 mg/L, while for the older age group (12–17 years), the determined percentile was 0.14–4.40 mg/L. Likewise, the current study shows that never or occasionally eating vegetables and/or fruits (AOR = 2.28, 95% CI, 0.84–4.97), and being obese (AOR = 3.63, 95% CI, 1.14–11.53) were independent risk factors for elevated serum hsCRP concentrations. Conclusion: This study is the first to determine the reference intervals of hsCRP concentrations among apparently healthy Ethiopian children. Notable differences were observed in the established percentiles of hsCRP in comparison with published literature.

A smartphone-connected point-of-care photochemical biosensor for the determination of whole blood creatinine by differential optical signal readout

The level of creatinine in the human body has clinical implications with regard to a potential association with kidney, muscle, and thyroid dysfunction, hence necessitating fast and accurate detection, especially at the point-of-care (POC) level. This paper presents the design, fabrication, and feasibility of a compact, low-cost and reliable POC photochemical biosensor connected to a smartphone for the determination of whole blood creatinine by differential optical signal readout. Disposable, dual-channel paper-based test strips were fabricated using stackable multilayer films pre-immobilized with enzymes and reagents for the identification and conversion of creatinine and creatine, resulting in dramatic colorimetric signals. A handheld optical reader was integrated with dual-channel differential optical readout to address endogenous interferences in the enzymatic assay of creatinine. We demonstrated this differential concept with spiked blood samples, obtaining a wide detection range of 20–1483 μmol/L and a low detection limit of 0.03 μmol/L. Further interference experiments displayed the differential measuring system's excellent performance against endogenous interference. Furthermore, the sensor's high reliability was confirmed through comparison with the laboratory method, with the results of 43 clinical tests consistent with the bulky automatic biochemical analyzer, with its correlation coefficient R2 = 0.9782. Additionally, the designed optical reader is Bluetooth-enabled and can connect to a cloud-based smartphone to transmit test data, enabling active health management or remote monitoring. We believe the biosensor has the potential to be an alternative to the current creatinine analysis conducted in hospitals and clinical laboratories, and it has promising prospects for contributing to the development of POC devices.

No association between MTHFR gene C677T/A1298C polymorphisms, serum folate, vitamin B12, homocysteine levels, and prostate cancer in an Algerian population.

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is an important enzyme involved in folate and homocysteine metabolism, which are necessary for DNA methylation and nucleotide synthesis. Genetic polymorphisms that reduce MTHFR activity have been linked to several diseases, including prostate cancer. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether MTHFR polymorphisms, along with serum levels of folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine, are associated with prostate cancer risk in the Algerian population. A total of 106 Algerian men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer and 125 healthy controls were included in this case-control study. The MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms were analyzed using PCR/RFLP and Real-Time PCR TaqMan® assays, respectively. Serum levels of folate, total homocysteine, and vitamin B12 were measured using an automatic biochemistry analyzer. We found no significant differences in the genotype frequency of A1298C and C677T between prostate cancer patients and controls. Moreover, serum levels of folate, total homocysteine, and vitamin B12 were not significantly associated with prostate cancer risk (p > 0.05). However, age and family history were identified as significant risk factors (OR = 1.178, p = 0.00 and OR = 10.03, p = 0.007, respectively). Our study suggests that MTHFR C677T and A1298C, as well as serum levels of folate, total homocysteine, and vitamin B12, are not associated with prostate cancer risk in the Algerian population. However, age and family history are significant risk factors. Further studies with a larger sample size are required to confirm these findings.

Цитокиновые реакции при дислипопротеинемиях у взрослых жителей Европейского Севера России в зависимости от индекса массы тела

An increase in proinflammatory cytokine content in the blood is a stereotypical inflammatory response, regardless of the etiology or type of inflammation. Since cytokines exhibit pleiotropy, they serve as signalling molecules in intercellular interactions and stimulate the functional activity of cells, their proliferation and differentiation. The purpose of this study was to identify the frequency of elevated cytokine levels in dyslipoproteinemia in adults with different body weight living in the European North of Russia. Materials and methods. The study involved 313 residents of Arkhangelsk aged 45–60 years: with normal body weight (211 subjects; body mass index up to 30 kg/m2) and obesity (102 subjects; body mass index 31–40 kg/m2). The enzymatic and turbidimetric methods were applied to evaluate lipid profile parameters using an automatic biochemical analyser; cytokine levels were determined using solid-phase enzyme immunoassay. Results. In subjects with normal body weight, elevated blood concentrations of the cytokines under study coinciding with dyslipoproteinemia were detected in 2–11 % of cases. In obesity, elevated cytokine levels were 2–7 times more frequent; the sharpest differences were observed regarding IL-6, whose elevated concentrations reached 44 % of cases. A significant increase in IL-1ß concentrations in the blood of the subjects is associated with an increase in the levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) as well as triglycerides (TG). The frequency of increased TNF-α levels was the most significant (36.28 %) at abnormally high TG concentrations. Elevated IL-6 levels were most often associated with an increase in the blood concentration of several transport forms: LDL, VLDL, oxidized LDL, and TG. In over 40 % of cases, increased IL-10 was observed in the blood of individuals with abnormally high levels of LDL and VLDL. Thus, obese residents of the European North of Russia are characterized by a more pronounced cytokine response. At the same time, cytokine response (irrespective of the body mass) is primarily associated with an increase in the blood levels of LDL, VLDL and oxidized LDL.

Evaluation of the efficacy of aparatinib and carrilizumab combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in the treatment of primary hepatocellular carcinoma.

The study aimed to analyze the efficacy of aparatinib and carrilizumab combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in the treatment of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A total of 150 patients with primary HCC admitted to our hospital from March 1, 2019, to March 1, 2022 was chosen and randomized as the control and treatment group. The control group went through TACE treatment, and the treatment group experienced apatinib + karilizumab + TACE treatment. The near and long-term efficacy of the two groups were compared. The total survival time (OS), time to progression (TTP), and hospital costs were compared between the two groups. Fasting venous blood was collected before and one month after treatment in the two groups, and liver and kidney functions were tested using automatic biochemical analyzer. The levels of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ were detected by flow cytometry, and CD4+/CD8+ was calculated. The levels of cysteinyl aspartate specific protease-8 (Caspase-8), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and alpha fetoprotein (AFP) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The patients' conditions were closely observed and the adverse reaction rates of diarrhea, hand foot syndrome, bone marrow suppression, proteinuria, fever and pain were compared between the two groups. The disease control rate (DCR) of short-term treatment in the treatment group was 97.33%, which was much higher than 88.00% in the control group. The survival ratios of the treatment group in September and December were 65.33% and 42.67% respectively, which were also much higher than 48.00% and 20.00% in the control group (p < 0.05). The TTP and OS of patients in the treatment group were significantly longer than those in the control group (p < 0.05), and the hospital expenses were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05). The levels of liver function indicators such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and total bilirubin (TBIL) were largely decreased in both groups after treatment, and more significant difference was detected in the treatment group (p < 0.05). Renal function between the two groups had no significant difference after treatment (p > 0.05). After treatment, the levels AFP and VEGF were strongly decreased and the level of Caspase-8 was markedly increased in both groups, and the treatment group had lower levels of AFP and VEGF and higher level of Caspase-8 than the control group (p < 0.05). The CD3+ and CD4+/CD8+ levels in two groups were dramatically elevated after treatment, and the treatment group had much higher CD3+ and CD4+/CD8+ levels than the control group (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the rates of adverse reactions such as diarrhea, hand-foot syndrome, bone marrow suppression, proteinuria, fever, and pain between the two groups (p > 0.05). The combination of apatinib and carrilizumab with TACE had better near- and long-term efficacy in the treatment of primary HCC by effectively inhibiting tumor vascular regeneration, inducing tumor cell apoptosis, and improving patients' liver function and immune function with higher safety, which could be widely used in clinical practice.

Irisin Alleviates Inflammatory Injury in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy by Regulating NF-κB Pathway

To investigate the protective effect of irisin in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) and its mechanism. A mouse model of DCM was established by high-fat diet combined with the injection of streptozotocin. The mice were assigned to a control group, a DCM group, a DCM+low-dose irisin group, a DCM+high-dose irisin group, and a DCM+pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) (nuclear factor [NF]-κB inhibitor) group. Then, the mice received irisin intervention for 3 weeks after successful modeling. Myocardial morphologic changes were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and Masson staining. The levels of serum creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase isoenzyme CK-MB were examined by automatic biochemical analyzer. H9c2 cells were divided into the control group, high glucose and high lipid (HG/HL) group, HG/HL+low-dose irisin group, HG/HL+high-dose irisin group, and HG/HL+PDTC group. CCK-8 assay was conducted to determine cell viability. The expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in the myocardial tissue and the cells were determined by ELISA. In addition, nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 protein and the protein expression level of NF-κB inhibitor protein α (IκBα) in the myocardial tissue and the cells were determined by Western blot. According to the results of animal experiment, low and high doses of irisin could alleviate the pathological injury and fibrosis of myocardial tissue to varying degrees. Irisin inhibited the levels of CK, CK-MB, and inflammatory factors, up-regulated IκB protein expression, and diminished NF-κB nuclear translocation. According to the results of cell experiment, low and high doses of irisin could enhance H9c2 cell viability to varying degrees, increase the level of intracellular IκB proteins, and inhibit NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation and inflammatory factor expression. The changes in these aspects in the DCM+low-dose irisin group and the DCM+high-dose irisin group were similar to those in the DCM+PDTC group. Through inhibiting NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation, irisin may reduce the inflammatory response in the myocardial tissue of DCM mice and H9c2 cells of myocardial injury induced by high glucose and high fat, thereby exerting a protective effect on myocardium.

Impact of particulate matter 2.5 on the liver function of mice.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) on liver function at the animal level and to study its impact targets. 60 male and female BALB/c mice of SPF grade, aged 6-8 weeks, were randomly divided into four groups, with 15 mice in each, including the normal saline control group, the PM2.5 low dose group [2 μg/(100 g/d)], the PM2.5 medium dose group [8 μg/(100 g/d)] and the PM2.5 high dose group [16 μg/(100 g/d)]. Each day, 0.9% saline or PM2.5 particles were administered through the nasal route, and samples were taken after 3 weeks of continuous exposure. Hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) was used to observe the liver damage caused by PM2.5. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were detected by using an automatic biochemical analyzer to detect the content of liver glycogen and blood glucose. Multiple indicators were observed, including plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, oxidative stress response indicators reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) detection, RT-PCR and Western blot detection of glycogen synthase (GS), glucokinase (GK), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression and phosphorylation level of phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinases (p-JNK). PM2.5 can cause damage to the liver by increasing PM2.5 concentrations, raising the metabolic rate of liver cells, resulting in a substantial amount of inflammatory infiltration and vacuolar degeneration of cells, and increasing the liver/body weight. TNF-α and IL-6 inflammatory factor expression increased (p<0.05). An increase in the serum ALT and AST levels were also observed. The blood glucose of mice increased, whereas the content of liver glycogen declined (p<0.05). ROS, MDA, and SOD levels all increased considerably. PM2.5 can drastically lower the expression of GS and GK, increase the expression of Nrf2, and raise the phosphorylation level of p-JNK (p<0.05). PM2.5 can induce oxidative stress in mouse liver through the Nrf2/JNK pathway, induce liver inflammation in mice, and inhibit glycogen synthesis.

Establishment of a new arrhythmia model in SD rats induced by isoproterenol

Background The main purpose of this study was to establish an ideal arrhythmia model using isoproterenol and explore its mechanism. Methods Fifty healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into the following groups: control (CON), subcutaneous injection (SC; 5 mg/kg ISO for 2 consecutive days), intraperitoneal injection (IP; ISO 5 mg/kg for 2 consecutive days), 2 + 1 (5 mg/kg ISO by SC for 2 consecutive days and then 3 mg/kg ISO by IP for 1 day), and 6 + 1 (5 mg/kg ISO by SC for 6 consecutive days and then 3 mg/kg ISO by IP for 1 day). Electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded using a BL-420F system, and the pathological changes in myocardial tissue were observed by HE and Masson staining. The serum cTnI, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β levels were detected by ELISA, and serum CK, LDH and oxidative stress-related indicators were detected with an automatic biochemical analyser. Results The cardiomyocytes of the rats belonging to the CON group were normal, whereas those of the rats in the other groups, particularly the 6 + 1 group, showed signs of disorder, unclear borders, and lysis and necrosis. The incidence of arrhythmia, arrhythmia score, and levels of serum myocardial enzymes, troponin, and some inflammatory factors were higher in the 2 + 1 and 6 + 1 groups than in the single injection group (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05). The indicator levels found for the 6 + 1 group were generally higher than those found for the 2 + 1 group (p < 0.01), and the 6 + 1 group exhibited a lower SOD level and higher MDA and NO levels compared with the CON group (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05). Conclusion The combined mode of ISO injection (SC with IP) was more likely to induce arrhythmia than a single ISO injection. The “6 + 1” method of ISO injection can establish a more stable arrhythmia model and cardiomyocyte damage induced by oxidative stress and inflammation was an important mechanism.

The effect of sitagliptin combined with rosiglitazone on autophagy and inflammation in polycystic ovary syndrome by regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR and TLR4/NF-κB pathway

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine and metabolic disorder. Sitagliptin (Sit) and rosiglitazone (Ros) are widely used to treat PCOS, but the mechanism is unclear. This study explored the mechanism that Sit and Ros inhibited autophagy and inflammation in PCOS. In this study, 50 female SD rats were divided into 5 groups (n = 10): control, PCOS, Sit, Ros, and Sit+Ros group. The body weight and ovarian weight were measured 2 h after the last administration, and fasting blood glucose, insulin levels were determined. Lipid metabolism and pathological changes were detected by an automatic biochemical analyzer and HE staining. Sex hormone, oxidative stress and inflammatory levels were detected by ELISA. PCR detected IL-18, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, ATG3, and ATG12 mRNA. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR, TLR4/NF-κB pathway and autophagy-related proteins were detected by western blot. Finally, the number of autophagolysosomes was detected by transmission electron microscopy. Sit or Ros alone reduced body weight, ovarian weight, fasting blood glucose, and insulin levels in PCOS rats. It also improved lipid metabolism, sex hormone levels, oxidative stress and pathological changes, restored the estrous cycle, and corpus luteum quantity. In addition, it could reduce the levels of IL-18, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, ATG3, and ATG12 mRNA, inhibit the expression of Beclin1, LC3, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and TLR4/NF-κB pathway proteins. The Sit+Ros group was more effective than single administration. In conclusion, Sit+Ros inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, TLR4/NF-κB pathways, thereby inhibiting the autophagy and inflammation of PCOS rats, which will provide a theoretical basis for PCOS.

Xiaoyaosan ameliorates depressive-like behavior and susceptibility to glucose intolerance in rat: involvement of LepR-STAT3/PI3K pathway in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus

BackgroundAccumulating evidence has demonstrated that arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus is likely responsible for the close association between chronic stress, depression, and diabetes. Xiaoyaosan (XYS), a Chinese herbal formula, remarkably improves depressive-like behavior and glucose intolerance, but the mechanism remains unclear. Leptin receptor (LepR) regulates energy expenditure and depression by mediating the action of leptin on the ARC. Therefore, we hypothesized that XYS may regulate depressive-like behavior and glucose intolerance via the leptin and its cascade LepR-STAT3/PI3K pathway in the ARC.MethodsA rat model of depressive-like behavior and susceptibility to glucose intolerance was induced by exposure to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for six weeks. XYS (2.224 g/kg) was orally gavaged for six weeks, and fluoxetine (2.0 mg/kg) was administrated to the positive control group. Depressive-like behaviors were assessed using the open field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT) and forced swim test (FST). Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were performed to evaluate the effects of XYS on blood glucose. Peripheral leptin and blood lipids were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and an automatic biochemical analyzer, respectively. The effects of XYS on the LepR-STAT3/PI3K pathway were detected by quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting.ResultsXYS ameliorated CUMS-induced depressive-like behaviors and elevated blood glucose. XYS improved the food intake but have no significant effects on the body weight. Peripheral leptin and its central receptor were also suppressed by XYS, accompanied by the downregulation of JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT pathway in the ARC. Additionally, XYS increased AGRP and NPY expression but inhibited POMC in the ARC.ConclusionsXYS improves depressive-like behaviors and susceptibility to glucose intolerance induced by CUMS, which may be achieved by the downregulation of the LepR-STAT3/PI3K signaling pathway in the ARC.

Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism and its Relationship with Lipid Profile in Thyroid Dysfunction Patients

Background: -&#x0D; Thyroid hormone synthesis is necessary for the growth, development, and healthy function of all body organs. Because thyroid malfunction causes a considerable shift in lipid levels, It is well known that thyroid hormones influence how lipid and lipoprotein metabolism is regulated. An essential regulator of intermediate metabolism are thyroid hormones. The purpose This study's objective was to look at the relationship between thyroid dysfunction patients' lipid profiles, hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism ..&#x0D; Materials and Methods:-&#x0D; In this study, the EIA method was used to evaluate the levels of T4, thyronine, and TSH in a sample of 50 patients and 50 healthy individuals. When assessing TG, LDL , TC ,and HDL , A fully automated biochemistry analyzer was employed.&#x0D; Results:-&#x0D; According to our research, HDL values are much lower in hypothyroidism cases compared to hyperthyroidism and control subjects, whereas TC, LDL, VLDL, and TG levels are significantly greater. When compared to control persons. Serum levels of, TG, TC, LDL, and VLDL are much lower in hyperthyroidism patients On the basis of a clinical examination of thyroid hormone., we found T4,T3 in serum sample wear higher than in control in hyperthyroid group while TSH wear low. In hypothyroid sample we found on the contrary .&#x0D; Conclusion:-&#x0D; In this research we found a significant correlation between thyroid dysfunction and lipid profile

Protective Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Against Central Nervous System Injury in Heat Stroke.

Heatstroke (HS) is a serious disease caused by central nervous system (CNS) injuries, such as delirium, convulsion, and coma. Currently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have demonstrated novel neuroprotective effects; therefore, this research explores the neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of MSCs against HS injury. HS rat models were induced in a 40°C and 65% humidity environment until the rectal temperature reached 42°C. The verified HS injury model rats were divided into the HS and MSCs-treated groups. Each rat in the treated group was infused with 1x106 MSCs suspended in 0.3 ml physiological saline via the tail vein. The HS- or MSCs-treated rats were further divided into early-stage (3d) and late-stage (28d). HS rat models were induced by a high-temperature and high-humidity environment at a specific time, the mortality was analyzed, and an automatic biochemical analyzer measured levels of liver and kidney function indicators in the blood. The neurons' morphologic changes were observed through Nissl staining, and neurological deficit scores were performed. Moreover, the levels of inflammatory factors in brain tissue were measured using a multi-cytokine detection platform, and the expression of BDNF, phosphorylated TrkB and P38 were detected by the Western Bolt. MSCs injection significantly reduced mortality and alleviated liver and kidney function. Moreover, the neurological deficit and neuronic edema of the hippocampus caused by HS at 3d and 28d were significantly ameliorated by MSCs administration. Specifically, the injection of MSCs inhibited high levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-17A caused by HS but elevated the levels of IL-10 and IL-13 in the early period (3d); while in the later period (28d), MSCs significantly increased the levels of IL-10 and IL-13 continuously and inhibited the high level of IL-17A. Furthermore, MSCs injection increased the expressions of BDNF and phosphorylated TrkB (BDNF receptor), meanwhile inhibiting the expression of phosphorylated P38 (inflammatory factor) in the brains of HS rats in the early period (3d) but had no significant influence on the later period (28d). These results suggested that MSCs injection may provide therapeutic effects for HS in rats by improving liver and kidney function and reducing CNS damage. Moreover, MSCs injection inhibited the brain inflammatory response of HS rats, and the BDNF-TrkB and P38/MAPK signal pathways may be involved, providing a potential mechanism for HS therapy by MSCs administration.