Automated Analysis Algorithm Research Articles

Рекурсивное сравнение как основа поиска трансляционных эквивалентов в агглютинативных и флективных языках

The study offers a developed algorithm, aimed to observe cognitive-communicative syntactic specifiers based on recursive comparison in the process of computer-aided translation of statements in agglutinating languages. The key method that enables fast and adequate search for translation equivalent in the languages with different structures is the multilevel recursive comparison of interim forms with dictionary equivalents, as well with contextual matches within the frameworks of prospective modelling in the course of an invariant thesaurus development according to dynamic complicated codes. The combination of cognitive-semantic and semantemic-morphological parallel comparison with spiral references will make it possible to create not only an equivalent version of the target text that meets the requirements of lexico-morphological correctness, but also to ensure the transfer of cognitive and consituational elements of the original utterance. The inclusion of cognitive-communicative syntactic samples in the recursive comparison algorithm during automatic processing of the utterance, as the final stage of generating the target utterance, is designed to solve the problem of polysemic, synonymous and homonymous barriers that arise at the stage of generating the target text. The described automated analysis algorithm is demonstrated on the utterances in languages with different structures (Turkish, Russian and English). The article also provides examples of the interaction of the invariant thesaurus of commonly used constructions with variant correspondences while connecting recursive comparison with elements of cognitive-communicative syntax.

Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular function using an automated analysis algorithm is feasible for beginners and experts: comparison with invasive and non-invasive methods

AimsEchocardiographic measurement of left ventricular function using a user-friendly automated three-dimensional algorithm is highly attractive as it promises quick and accurate diagnosis, circumventing limitations associated with visual estimation or manual biplane measurements. We sought to assess the feasibility and correlation of such automated analysis with clinically established methods.MethodsA total of 198 patients undergoing transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) with assessment of left ventricular parameters by automated software algorithm (Philips 3D-Heartmodel; 3D-HM) which additionally had either left ventricular angiography (LVA) or cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) within 24 h of the TTE examination were analyzed. Left ventricular parameters (left ventricular end-diastolic volume, LVEDV, left ventricular end-systolic volume, LVESV as well as left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF) were compared between 3D-HM, CMR and LVA.ResultsCorrelation of left ventricular measurements was overall good to excellent and stronger for CMR (EF r = 0.824) than for LVA (EF r = 0.746). Unexperienced and expert clinicians yielded comparable good results. For CMR, highest correlation was detected in patients with BMI < 25 and excellent image quality. High agreement was seen between 3D-HM and CMR or LVA when stratifying patients according to heart failure categories.ConclusionsEchocardiographic quantification of left ventricular parameters using a software-based algorithm correlated well with established invasive and non-invasive modalities in the clinical setting, even for unexperienced clinicians. Such automated approaches are promising as they allow a reliable, more observer-independent as well as reproducible assessment of left ventricular function.

Automated measurement of endometrial peristalsis in cine transvaginal ultrasound images.

Objectives: Endometrial peristalsis (EP) in non-pregnant uterine can be assessed by visual assessment of transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS). However, visual assessment is subjective, and the outcome depends on the sonographers and video analysts. This study aimed to create a newly developed automatic analysis algorithm for measuring the EP compared to visual assessment. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed using the datasets from in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET), who underwent the evaluation of EP by TVUS within 5 days prior to transplantation. 158 cine TVUS images were used to develop the automated analysis algorithm, and 37 cine TVUS images were evaluated by both visual and automated analysis algorithms. The algorithm was developed by applying the optical flow technology and enabled objective analysis of the number, direction, and intensity of EP. Results: The number of peristaltic waves counted by visual assessment was 4.2 ± 2.3 (mean ± standard deviation) and 4.1 ± 2.1 for doctors one and two, respectively. The number of waves counted with the algorithm was 3.6 ± 2.1 at first evaluation and 3.7 ± 2.0 at repeated evaluation. A significant difference was found between the algorithm count and visual assessment (p = 0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.008). The ICC values for algorithm versus manuals ranged from 0.84 to 0.96 and 0.87 to 0.96. The numbers of the cervix-to-fundus (CF), fundus-to-cervix (FC), and both cervix-to-fundal and fundus-to-cervix (CF + FC) directions of EP counted by the algorithm were 50, 52, and 32, respectively. The numbers counted by visual assessment were 43, 45, and 46, respectively. The number of EP was the same in 87% of the two algorithm counts. The number was lower between the algorithm and visual analysis (79% with complete agreement). The EP intensity assessed by the algorithm was 2.6 ± 1.1, and the peristalsis velocity was 0.147 (0.07) mm/s. Conclusion: The fully automated analysis algorithm can be used to quantify uterine peristalsis comparable to visual assessment.

Terahertz polarimetry with a monolithic metasurface

The state of polarization (SoP) is a fundamental property of electromagnetic radiation that can carry a rich set of important information in light transmitted through a test sample. Despite a wide range of applications in material identification, (thin-film) characterization, and defect analysis, the SoP remains difficult to exploit—especially at terahertz frequencies since its measurement requires complex apparatuses with multiple moving parts. We have addressed these challenges by designing a metasurface polarimeter (MSP) that incorporates the entire functionality of a division of aperture polarimeter (DoAP) with high efficiency into a single silicon layer without the need for moving parts. Collective simulations are in perfect agreement with experimental data, both confirming the intended operation. Furthermore, we present an automated analysis algorithm that allows for the complete determination of the SoP from a single image with an experimental accuracy of 92.1% ± 4.2%, following an initial calibration. We anticipate that the presented MSP will find applications in polarimetric sensing and imaging for non-destructive evaluation at terahertz frequencies.

Methodology for Assessing the Digital Image of an Enterprise with Its Industry Specifics

This study provides a framework for the comparative assessment of the key industry aspects of competitiveness among logistics services and the logistics systems of enterprises in the informational environment. Frequently, the relationships between a consumer and a company created by means of the informational environment determine how the enterprise positions itself in the market. For instance, the evaluation of a company’s representation in the information field is an essential aspect of determining the company’s competitiveness. The study suggests a set of special metrics for measuring the representation of digital components and other aspects of an enterprise’s digital image via data gathering and analysis of the most encountered tokens. The proposed automated analysis algorithm allows companies to examine their image in the digital environment and implement effective decisions. The functionality of the algorithm fosters data collection, helping to form the desired image of the company. Tokens of several thematic groups on social media are collected during the process, and the most significant of them that are valuable for the competitiveness of the enterprise are extracted. The outcome can be used for the tracking of the dynamics of key parameters of an enterprise’s image and for conducting a comparative analysis of the digital image of its competitors.

Is Fidgety Philip's ground truth also ours? The creation and application of a machine learning algorithm

BackgroundBehavioral observations support clinical in-depth phenotyping but phenotyping and pattern recognition are affected by training background. As Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Restless Legs syndrome/Willis Ekbom disease and medication induced activation syndromes (including increased irritability and/or akathisia), present with hyperactive-behaviors with hyper-arousability and/or hypermotor-restlessness (H-behaviors), we first developed a non-interpretative, neutral pictogram-guided phenotyping language (PG-PL) for describing body-segment movements during sitting. Methodology & resultsThe PG-PL was applied for annotating 12 1-min sitting-videos (inter-observer agreements >85%->97%) and these manual annotations were used as a ground truth to develop an automated algorithm using OpenPose, which locates skeletal landmarks in 2D video. We evaluated the algorithm's performance against the ground truth by computing the area under the receiver operator curve (>0.79 for the legs, arms, and feet, but 0.65 for the head). While our pixel displacement algorithm performed well for the legs, arms, and feet, it predicted head motion less well, indicating the need for further investigations. ConclusionThis first automated analysis algorithm allows to start the discussion about distinct phenotypical characteristics of H-behaviors during structured behavioral observations and may support differential diagnostic considerations via in-depth phenotyping of sitting behaviors and, in consequence, of better treatment concepts.

A web-based, branching logic questionnaire for the automated classification of migraine.

To identify migraineurs and headache-free individuals with an online questionnaire and automated analysis algorithm. We created a branching-logic, web-based questionnaire - the Penn Online Evaluation of Migraine - to obtain standardized headache history from a previously studied cohort. Responses were analyzed with an automated algorithm to assign subjects to one of several categories based on ICHD-3 (beta) criteria. Following a pre-registered protocol, the primary outcome was sensitivity and specificity for assignment of headache-free, migraine without aura, and migraine with aura labels, as compared to a prior classification by neurologist interview. Of 118 subjects contacted, 90 (76%) completed the questionnaire; of these 31 were headache-free controls, 29 migraine without aura, and 30 migraine with aura. Mean age was 41 ± 6 years and 76% were female. There were no significant demographic differences between groups. The median time to complete the questionnaire was 2.5 minutes (IQR: 1.5-3.4 minutes). Sensitivity of the Penn Online Evaluation of Migraine tool was 42%, 59%, 70%, and 83%, and specificity was 100%, 84%, 93%, and 90% for headache-free controls, migraine without aura, migraine with aura, and migraine overall, respectively. The Penn Online Evaluation of Migraine web-based questionnaire, and associated analysis routine, identifies headache-free and migraine subjects with good specificity. It may be useful for classifying subjects for large-scale research studies. Research study pre-registration: https://osf.io/sq9ef The following research study is a not a clinical trial.

A smart preparation strategy for point-of-care cellular counting of trace volumes of human blood.

Blood counting is one of the most commonly ordered clinical assays, and is often part of the basis for initial diagnosis and screening for disease. While substantial prior research has shown the ability of portable instruments to accurately produce blood counts through image- or flow-based cytometry, these methods require complex sample preparation using either costly commercial imaging chambers or complicated reagents. To address these issues, in this paper we developed a method to prepare trace volumes of whole blood aimed at portable blood counting. The strategy is based on pre-storing dry-form reagents and fabricating a specifically designed cell counter. In order to obtain total cell counts for red blood cells, platelets, and 3-part differentials of white blood cells, two parallel counting chambers with different depths are made from cost- and environmentally friendly materials using soft lithography. As little as 1μl of whole blood is prepared with pre-stored reagents in centrifuge vials, whereas red blood cells are sphered and white blood cells are stained at the same time. Driven by the capillary force, prepared blood samples enter the hydrophilic chambers automatically. Monolayers of cells are formed when the blood dilution factors and the chamber depths are co-optimized. Combined with our previous custom-built instrument and automated analysis algorithm, the sample preparation strategy allows producing counting results with excellent agreement to a gold-standard clinical hematology instrument. The success of this preparation method may further advance applications of our technology for global use in low-resource settings where central hematology laboratories are not accessible. Graphical abstract Graphical Abstract.

Automated remote fall detection using impact features from video and audio

Elderly people and people with epilepsy may need assistance after falling, but may be unable to summon help due to injuries or impairment of consciousness. Several wearable fall detection devices have been developed, but these are not used by all people at risk. We present an automated analysis algorithm for remote detection of high impact falls, based on a physical model of a fall, aiming at universality and robustness. Candidate events are automatically detected and event features are used as classifier input. The algorithm uses vertical velocity and acceleration features from optical flow outputs, corrected for distance from the camera using moving object size estimation. A sound amplitude feature is used to increase detector specificity. We tested the performance and robustness of our trained algorithm using acted data from a public database and real life data with falls resulting from epilepsy and with daily life activities. Applying the trained algorithm to the acted dataset resulted in 90% sensitivity for detection of falls, with 92% specificity. In the real life data, six/nine falls were detected with a specificity of 99.7%; there is a plausible explanation for not detecting each of the falls missed. These results reflect the algorithm’s robustness and confirms the feasibility of detecting falls using this algorithm.

Intraoperative Renal Resistive Index as an Acute Kidney Injury Biomarker: Development and Validation of an Automated Analysis Algorithm

Intraoperative Doppler-determined renal resistive index (RRI) is a promising early acute kidney injury (AKI) biomarker. As RRI continues to be studied, its clinical usefulness and robustness in research settings will be linked to the ease, efficiency, and precision with which it can be interpreted. Therefore, the authors assessed the usefulness of computer vision technology as an approach to developing an automated RRI-estimating algorithm with equivalent reliability and reproducibility to human experts. Retrospective. Single-center, university hospital. Adult cardiac surgery patients from 7/1/2013 to 7/10/2014 with intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography-determined renal blood flow measurements. None. Renal Doppler waveforms were obtained retrospectively and assessed by blinded human expert raters. Images (430) were divided evenly into development and validation cohorts. An algorithm for automated RRI analysis was built using computer vision techniques and tuned for alignment with experts using bootstrap resampling in the development cohort. This algorithm then was applied to the validation cohort for an unbiased assessment of agreement with human experts. Waveform analysis time per image averaged 0.144 seconds. Agreement was excellent by intraclass correlation coefficient (0.939; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.921 to 0.953) and in Bland-Altman analysis (mean difference [human-algorithm] -0.0015; 95% CI -0.0054 to 0.0024), without evidence of systematic bias. The authors confirmed the value of computer vision technology to develop an algorithm for RRI estimation from automatically processed intraoperative renal Doppler waveforms. This simple-to-use and efficient tool further adds to the clinical and research value of RRI, already the "earliest" among several early AKI biomarkers being assessed.

P1324Fully automated measurements of left atrial volume are highly feasible and accurate compared to expert manual measurements: a comparative multi-center study using a novel automated analysis algorithm

P1324Fully automated measurements of left atrial volume are highly feasible and accurate compared to expert manual measurements: a comparative multi-center study using a novel automated analysis algorithm

Computed Tomography–Derived Parameters of Myocardial Morphology and Function in Black and White Patients With Acute Chest Pain

Blacks have higher mortality and hospitalization rates because of congestive heart failure compared with white counterparts. Differences in cardiac structure and function may contribute to the racial disparity in cardiovascular outcomes. Our aim was to compare computed tomography (CT)-derived cardiac measurements between black patients with acute chest pain and age- and gender-matched white patients. We performed a retrospective analysis under an institutional review board waiver and in Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliance. We investigated patients who underwent cardiac dual-source CT for acute chest pain. Myocardial mass, left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, LV end-systolic volume, and LV end-diastolic volume were quantified using an automated analysis algorithm. Septal wall thickness and cardiac chamber diameters were manually measured. Measurements were compared by independent t test and linear regression. The study population consisted of 300 patients (150 black-mean age 54 ± 12 years; 46% men; 150 white-mean age 55 ± 11 years; 46% men). Myocardial mass was larger for blacks compared with white (176.1 ± 58.4 vs 155.9 ± 51.7 g, p = 0.002), which remained significant after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, and hypertension. Septal wall thickness was slightly greater (11.9 ± 2.7 vs 11.2 ± 3.1 mm, p = 0.036). The LV inner diameter was moderately larger in black patients in systole (32.3 ± 9.0 vs 30.1 ± 5.4 ml, p = 0.010) and in diastole (50.1 ± 7.8 vs 48.9 ± 5.2 ml, p = 0.137), as well as LV end-diastolic volume (134.5 ± 42.7 vs 128.2 ± 30.6 ml, p = 0.143). Ejection fraction was nonsignificantly lower in blacks (67.1 ± 13.5% vs 69.0 ± 9.6%, p = 0.169). In conclusion, CT-derived myocardial mass was larger in blacks compared with whites, whereas LV functional parameters were generally not statistically different, suggesting that LV mass might be a possible contributing factor to the higher rate of cardiac events in blacks.

Monitoring of myocardial function by ultrasonic transducers

BackgroundThe aim of this PhD thesis was to provide a continuous method to monitor myocardial function during cardiac surgery with the superior sensitivity of ultrasonic technique and the continuity of electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring.MethodsAn ultrasound system with epicardial transducers was provided, presenting real‐time M‐mode LV wall images. In two experimental studies the transducers were tested. Their sensitivity in myocardial function assessment was compared to ECG and hemodynamics during ischemia and hypothermia. In one patient study during off‐pump coronary artery bypass surgery the transducers were used to monitor myocardial function, and an automated analysis algorithm was tested.ResultsIn the experimental studies the ultrasound system could detect myocardial dysfunction during ischemia, and diastolic dysfunction during hypothermia. In the patient study the ultrasound signal detected ischemia without concomitant ECG ST‐segment abnormalities or hemodynamic changes. The automated algorithm had equal sensitivity for detection of ischemic myocardial dysfunction as manual off‐line analysis.ConclusionsThe provided ultrasound system could give continuous real‐time monitoring of myocardial function, and detect myocardial dysfunction with superior sensitivity than ECG or hemodynamic monitoring. This could be used for improved monitoring of myocardial function during cardiac surgery.

輝尽性蛍光体板を用いた Winston-Lutzテスト自動解析法の開発

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and radiotherapy (SRT) are intricate techniques that deliver a highly precise radiation dose to a localized target, usually a tumor. At our hospital, we perform SRS and SRT on brain tumors using a linear accelerator (linac) mounted with an external micro multi-leaf system. The Task Group TG-142 Report by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine recommends the coincidence of the radiation and mechanical isocenter to be within ±1 mm. The Winston-Lutz test is commonly used to verify the linac isocenter position: it has the advantages of being a simple method that uses a film or electronic portal imaging device (EPID). However, the film method requires a higher radiation dose, which makes it more time-consuming than the EPID method, and the results are highly dependent on the skills of the observer. The EPID method has certain advantages over the film method, but it has low resolution and can only be used for a few combinations of gantry and couch angles. This prompted us to develop an in-house-designed radiation receptor system based on digital radiography, using a photostimulable storage phosphor and automated analysis algorithm for Winston-Lutz test images using a template-matching technique based on cross-correlation coefficients. Our proposed method shows a maximum average absolute error of 0.222 mm (less than 2 pixels) for 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm displacement from the isocenter toward the inline and crossline directions. Our proposed method is thus potentially useful for verifying the Linac isocenter position with a small error and good reproducibility, as demonstrated by improved accuracy of evaluation.

Automated detection of myocardial ischaemia by epicardial miniature ultrasound transducers — a novel tool for patient monitoring during cardiac surgery☆

Early detection of myocardial ischaemia in cardiac surgery is important. We have developed an ultrasonic system for continuous myocardial monitoring by use of miniature transducers. The aim of this study was to investigate the system's ability to detect ischaemia in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and whether automated signal analysis could detect ischaemia. In 10 patients scheduled for CABG, ultrasound transducers were fixed to the epicardium in the area supplied by left anterior descending artery (LAD), and in a remote area for control. M-mode images with measurements of wall-thickening velocities were presented in real time and systolic (S') and post-systolic velocities (PSVs) were recorded. An automated algorithm for ischaemia detection was developed, using end-systolic wall thickening as a fraction of total wall thickening. Registrations were made at baseline and during LAD occlusion. Echocardiographic strain was used as reference. Nine of 10 patients developed ischaemia during LAD occlusion, with resulting decrease in systolic and increase in post-systolic wall-thickening velocities (P<0.001). In these nine patients, Vdiff shifted below zero with no overlap between baseline and LAD occlusion (P<0.001). The automated wall-thickening fraction was reduced from 0.93±0.05 to 0.57±0.15 (P=0.001). A cut-off value of 0.85 could completely separate normal from ischaemic myocardium in all patients. The ultrasonic system detected regional ischaemia during LAD occlusion. An automated analysis algorithm demonstrated excellent ability to detect ischaemia. This technology can develop into a useful tool to detect ischaemia in cardiac surgery.

Real time acquisition and PC to PC wireless transmission of human carotid pulse waveform

Carotid pulse is an established physiological parameter used to deduce cardiac information. Technological advances allow non-invasive measurement of carotid waveform, but involve complex electronics. Simple and relatively inexpensive method is devised here to acquire the carotid pulse. Measurements were made non-invasively on human subjects in various postures using piezoelectric sensor. Transducer output is interfaced directly to a computer in real time and carotid wave is viewed successfully on virtual oscilloscope. Stored data is digitally filtered, visually analyzed and transferred wirelessly from one computer to another using windows hyper-terminal and XBee RF transceiver module. Automated analysis algorithm can be further developed.

Cardiac Myosin Binding Protein-C Is Essential for Thick-Filament Stability and Flexural Rigidity

Using atomic force microscopy, we examined the contribution of cardiac myosin binding protein-C (cMyBP-C) to thick-filament length and flexural rigidity. Native thick filaments were isolated from the hearts of transgenic mice bearing a truncation mutation of cMyBP-C (t/t) that results in no detectable cMyBP-C and from age-matched wild-type controls (+/+). Atomic force microscopy images of these filaments were evaluated with an automated analysis algorithm that identified filament position and shape. The t/t thick-filament length (1.48 ± 0.02 μm) was significantly (P < 0.01) shorter than +/+ (1.56 ± 0.02 μm). This 5%-shorter thick-filament length in the t/t was reflected in 4% significantly shorter sarcomere lengths of relaxed isolated cardiomyocytes of the t/t (1.97 ± 0.01 μm) compared to +/+ (2.05 ± 0.01 μm). To determine if cMyBP-C contributes to the mechanical properties of thick filaments, we used statistical polymer chain mechanics to calculate a per-filament-specific persistence length, an index of flexural rigidity directly proportional to Young's modulus. Thick-filament-specific persistence length in the t/t (373 ± 62 μm) was significantly lower than in +/+ (639 ± 101 μm). Accordingly, Young's modulus of t/t thick filaments was ∼60% of +/+. These results provide what we consider a new understanding for the critical role of cMyBP-C in defining normal cardiac output by sustaining force and muscle stiffness.

Role Of Myosin Binding Proteins On The Structural Stability And Flexural Rigidity Of Thick Filaments

Despite the fundamental role of thick filaments in muscle contraction, little is known about the mechanical behavior of these filaments and how myosin associated proteins dictate differences between muscle types. Insect flight muscle (IFM) and vertebrate cardiac muscle share common physiological properties such as their cyclical contraction for producing either a wing beat or a heart beat, as well as their reliance on a pronounced stretch activation response to produce oscillatory power. We used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study the morphological and biomechanical properties of native thick filaments from age-matched normal (+/+) and mutant (t/t) mice heart lacking cardiac myosin binding protein C (cMyBPC) and from IFM of normal (fln+) and mutant (fln0) Drosophila lacking flightin. AFM images of these filaments were evaluated with an automated analysis algorithm that identified filament position and shape. The t/t thick filament length (1.48 ± 0.02 μm) was significantly (P < 0.01) shorter than +/+ (1.56 ± 0.02 μm). To determine if cMyBP-C contributes to the mechanical properties of thick filaments, we used statistical polymer chain mechanics to calculate a per filament specific persistence length (PL), an index of flexural rigidity directly proportional to Young's modulus. PL in the t/t (373 ± 62 μm) was significantly lower than +/+ (639 ± 101 μm). Accordingly the Young's modulus of t/t thick filaments was approximately 60% of +/+. Thick filaments from newly eclosed fln0 IFM have longer contour length (3.90±1.33 μm) than fln+ filaments from same age flies (3.00±0.38 μm), and a PL less than half that of IFM filaments from fln+ flies. These results provide a new understanding for the critical role of myosin binding proteins in defining normal cardiac and IFM output by sustaining force and muscle stiffness.

Visual evoked potential-based acuity assessment in normal vision, artificially degraded vision, and in patients

Aims:To assess visual acuity (VA) objectively using visual evoked potentials (VEPs), avoiding subjective trace evaluation and providing an acuity estimate with associated confidence limits.Methods:40 normal subjects and 24 patients (with...

Pavement Integrity Scanner to Characterize Modulus Contrast between Near-Surface and Deeper Material in Concrete Pavements

A major distress problem in rigid concrete pavements is early deterioration of near-surface layers. The quality of near-surface material governs the long-term performance of concrete pavement. If the near-surface material of the concrete layer is cured sufficiently well at an appropriate moisture and temperature, the concrete pavement system can be expected to endure fatigue loading of traffic throughout its design life span. A field measurement device, referred to as a pavement integrity scanner (PiScanner), was developed for use in quality control and quality assurance programs for concrete layers of pavement systems. PiScanner is based on the enhanced resonance search (ERS) technique, which evaluates the vertical variation of elastic modulus or compressive strength of the concrete layer in pavement systems. This information can be used in the construction period of a concrete pavement to evaluate the curing process of near-surface materials. In the implementation of the PiScanner, two design schemes were incorporated: a dedicated hardware device to perform measurements and an automated analysis algorithm to minimize user expertise required for analysis. The resulting PiScanner allows ERS measurements to be performed in about 2 min with complete analysis of the measurements in about 3 min. Two field investigations were performed on a concrete test slab and at an express highway to prove the reliability and feasibility of PiScanner. Vertical variations of elastic modulus of concrete layer were successfully obtained by PiScanner.