Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are two psychiatric disorders frequently encountered in children. ADHD is further categorized into three subtypes. The diagnostic processes for these conditions are complex and often prone to misclassification. We proposed a lightweight deep neural network, ADBrainNet, to differentiate ASD, ADHD combined, ADHD hyperactive/impulsive, ADHD inattentive and neurotypical individuals. Our methodology was benchmarked against prevalent ImageNet transfer learning methods, including AlexNet, MobileNet, ResNet18, and Xception, for training on resting-state fMRI images sourced from ABIDE and ADHD-200 datasets. ADBrainNet achieved superior performance on the independent external testing set through five-fold cross-validation, with a mean (± standard deviation) accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score of 61.87% (± 5.59%), 65.72% (± 6.98%), 61.87% (± 5.59%), and 62.50% (± 5.78%), respectively. Furthermore, the explainable artificial intelligence algorithm LIME was employed to explore the most significant features during ADBrainNet's decision process. Our model provides an interpretable computational framework for neuroimaging-based classification between ASD and ADHD subtypes. This approach may inform future research and, upon further validation and comparison with clinician performance, could potentially aid in patient assessment, stratification, and management of psychiatric disorders.

Environmental enrichment partially rescues neurodevelopmental milestone delays in the prenatal VPA rat model of autism spectrum disorders.

Zebrafish neural regeneration: mechanistic insights into human nervous system repair.

The microbiome-gut-brain axis has been increasingly recognized for its role in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a key modulator of gut-brain communication, may play a pivotal role in this axis. This study investigated the sex-specific molecular profile of the NPY system in gut-brain communication via a genetic mouse model of ASD, the Nf1+/- mice. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to assess the expression of NPY and its receptor transcripts in the amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and intestinal tissue of juvenile male and female Nf1+/- mice. Additionally, gut microbiota analysis focused on Lactobacillus species in stool samples. Special emphasis was placed on sex differences, an area underexplored in ASD research. Sex-specific differences in NPY and its receptor expression were observed in both the brain and intestinal tissues of Nf1+/- mice. In mutant females, estrous cycle fluctuations were partly associated with changes in the NPY system. Notably, distinct correlations between the brain and intestinal NPY systems were identified in both sexes of wild-type (WT) and Nf1+/- mice. Microbiota analysis revealed sex-dependent alterations in Lactobacillus abundance, which correlated with the intestinal NPY system. Importantly, the Y2 receptor exhibited sex-specific expression patterns in both the gut and brain of Nf1+/- mice. This study provides novel evidence that the NPY system may play a critical role in gut-brain communication in ASD, with sex-dependent alterations in both the brain and gut. The intestinal Y2 receptor has emerged as a potential molecular biomarker for ASD, underscoring the importance of incorporating sex as a biological variable in future ASD research.

The demand for children and adolescent mental health crisis services has risen dramatically in recent years, yet evidence on real-world implementation models remains limited. Rapids is a community-based crisis intervention service developed within Lambeth Children and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. The primary aim of this study was to examine how clinical presentations, risk profiles, and service outcomes changed over time among children and adolescents accessing Rapids over a 6-year period. We also aimed to describe the characteristics of individuals accessing Rapids. This service evaluation used routinely collected clinical data from all children and adolescents up to 18 years who accessed Rapids between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2024. Sociodemographic, diagnostic, pharmacological, and risk-related variables were evaluated. Diagnoses were coded using International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) criteria. Descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted to assess changes in clinical presentations and service outcomes. In total, 325 children and adolescents were included (mean age = 15.5 years, 61.8% females, 64.6% non-White). Anxiety disorders (29.5%), depressive disorders (42.2%), and autism spectrum disorder (33.5%) were the most common diagnoses. Inpatient admissions increased (1.5%-5.8%, p = 0.043), and high risk to self also rose notably (19.5%-31.7%, p < 0.001). Referrals accepted to adult services decreased significantly over time (38.5%-16.8%, p < 0.001). Diagnostically, eating disorders increased (3.7%-10.0%, p = 0.032), whereas emotionally unstable personality disorder traits decreased (14.1%-7.4%, p = 0.049). Rapids has evolved into an established model of crisis care within CAMHS, addressing acute needs through timely community-based interventions. We observed meaningful temporal changes in the clinical acuity, diagnostic profile, and service use outcomes of young people presenting to our community-based CAMHS crisis service. Our findings support the feasibility and scalability of intensive community-based crisis care and highlight the need for sustained investment in culturally responsive, multidisciplinary service models.

Regulatory authorities have raised concerns about potential teratogenic and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) risks associated with paternal valproate use during spermatogenesis, leading to restrictions. We aimed to investigate the association between paternal valproate exposure during spermatogenesis and the risk of NDDs in offspring in Sweden and Norway. We conducted a population-based cohort study of two nationwide cohorts from Sweden and Norway, including all singleton live births (≥22 gestational weeks) from 2007 to 2020. Paternal monotherapy exposure to valproate, lamotrigine or levetiracetam was defined as ≥1 prescription filled for only one of these medications during the 3 months prior to conception. NDDs were identified from health registers from age 1 through 2022. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate adjusted HRs (aHRs), accounting for relevant confounders. A random-effects meta-analysis combined results from both countries. The Swedish cohort included 1588 children with paternal valproate and 3093 with lamotrigine/levetiracetam monotherapy, while the Norwegian cohort included 463 and 1109, respectively. Compared with paternal lamotrigine/levetiracetam monotherapy, paternal valproate exposure was not associated with increased pooled risk of any NDD (aHR, 1.06; 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22), including autism spectrum disorder (aHR, 1.29; 95% CI 0.89 to 1.85), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (aHR, 0.98; 95% CI 0.76 to 1.25), intellectual disability (aHR, 1.20; 95% CI 0.65 to 2.21; Sweden only) or psychological development disorders (aHR, 1.28; 95% CI 0.84 to 1.97). Findings remained consistent in dose-response analyses and when restricted to fathers with epilepsy. In this large Nordic study, paternal valproate use during spermatogenesis was not associated with increased risk of NDDs in offspring, suggesting current regulatory restrictions may warrant re-evaluation.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a leading mental condition among adolescents globally and is associated with premature mortality. The analysis of hospitalization rates and trends in youth with ASD could be important for guiding earlier diagnosis and prompt interventions. We retrospectively analyzed all hospitalizations in children and adolescents aged 11-18years with ASD in Spain. The Spanish National Registry of Hospital Discharges was examined, spanning 2000 to 2021. During the 22-year study period, there were 2,015,589 hospitalizations among adolescents in Spain, of which 118,609 (5.9%) involved mental disorders. ASD was reported in 6,659 admissions, representing 5.6% of hospitalizations among youth with mental health disorders. Boys comprise 74.4%. Median age was 14years old. Admissions with ASD experienced a 74-fold increase during the study period (p < 0.001). The in-hospital mortality rate for youth with ASD was 0.33%. Adolescents with ASD, as compared to those with other psychiatric conditions, had a higher rate of comorbid mental health disorders. However, intellectual disability was more frequent in youth with ASD than in the rest. Admissions of adolescents with ASD slightly declined during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic but resumed their rising trend thereafter. Hospitalizations in adolescents with ASD have significantly increased in Spain during the last two decades. Boys represent nearly three-quarters of admissions.

Background Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) frequently co-occur, yet their comorbid presentation (ASD+ADHD) remains under- characterized. Clarifying cognitive and behavioral profiles is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective intervention. Methods A total of 207 children and adolescents (ages 6–16) were assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL 6–18). Participants were grouped into ASD (n = 21), ADHD (n = 103), and ASD+ADHD (n = 83) cohorts. Group differences were analyzed through ANOVAs with Bonferroni corrections; Pearson correlations explored associations between cognitive indices and behavioral outcomes. Results Children with ASD+ADHD scored significantly lower than the ASD group in working memory, processing speed, and full-scale IQ, while no significant differences emerged between the ASD+ADHD and ADHD groups. Behaviorally, ADHD participants exhibited higher externalizing symptoms (e.g., aggression, rule-breaking), while the ASD group showed greater withdrawn/depressed traits. The comorbid group presented the broadest dysregulation, with elevated scores across both internalizing and externalizing domains, including Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Notably, protective associations between cognitive abilities and behavioral regulation, present in ASD and ADHD, were absent in the ASD+ADHD group. Conclusions Findings suggest that ASD+ADHD comorbidity represents a distinct clinical profile, marked by compounded cognitive impairments and pervasive emotional-behavioral dysregulation. These patterns underscore the need for differential diagnostic approaches and tailored interventions that account for the unique neurocognitive architecture of comorbid presentations.

Abstract Most adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience challenges acquiring competitive employment (Bush &amp; Tassé, 2017; Holwerda et al., 2012). Of those employed, some settle for positions that do not match their skill level, offer fewer hours, or provide lower pay compared to their neurotypical counterparts (Scott et al., 2019). As such, service providers may feel compelled to accept positions for their autistic clients that do not match their employment preferences or aptitudes. Autistic adults employed in positions unmatched to their strengths or interests may demonstrate performance issues that could adversely affect employment outcomes. In the current investigation, the direct vocational assessment procedures developed by LaRue et al. (2020) were adapted to repair existing jobs held by autistic adults. A direct vocational assessment (DVA) was conducted with three severely impacted autistic adults demonstrating performance issues at their community-based jobs to determine the extent to which their existing job matched their preferences. Using a reversal design, results from individual DVAs informed modifications to primary job responsibilities of participants to evaluate the effects on their performance. Results suggested that modifying unmatched job responsibilities to more closely align with participants’ preferences reduced rates of challenging behavior and increased on-task behavior at work.

ABSTRACT Social communication, emotional understanding, and perspective-taking deficits are central features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and are closely linked to impairments in social cognition. This pilot study aimed to develop and evaluate a Social Cognition Training Module (SCTM) to improve social understanding and interpersonal functioning in children with ASD, grounded in Theory of Mind, Social Cognitive Theory, and Learning Theory. A pre-test–post-test design was employed with a purposive sample of three children aged 6–12 years diagnosed with ASD. Social cognition and related behaviors were assessed using the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) at baseline and post-intervention. The six-week intervention included twice-weekly sessions involving role-play, visual social stories, joint attention tasks, and emotion recognition activities. Qualitative feedback from parents and therapists supplemented quantitative findings. Post-intervention results showed improvements in SRS scores, increased eye contact, reduced self-stimulatory behaviors, and greater social initiation. Parent and therapist reports indicated improved attention and engagement. Findings suggest SCTM is a feasible and promising intervention for enhancing social cognition in children with ASD, warranting further large-scale investigation.

Associations Between Dietary Patterns, Inflammatory Biomarkers, and Behavioral Symptoms in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Case-Control Exploratory Study.

Abstract This article presents a proposal for personalised learning itineraries in the field of Ancient History, designed specifically for neurodivergent university students, particularly those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or dyslexia. Drawing on the flipped classroom model, the approach shifts the centre of gravity of learning to the students, who are asked to engage with historical content through autonomous preparation, artificial intelligence (AI)-supported tasks, and collaborative in-class activities. Two differentiated learning paths are outlined: one structured and linear and one open and creative. Both incorporate digital tools, such as Google Forms and Canva, and regulation strategies to support executive functioning and autonomy. The article discusses the inclusive potential of this model and reflects on how the integration of AI reshapes historical learning and critical engagement.

Safety of Acetaminophen Use in Pregnancy: Review of Existing Evidence.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction, as well as restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, or activities. Despite advancements in our understanding of ASD, identification, screening, diagnosing, and treating this condition present significant challenges. This review article comprehensively examines the current diagnostic and treatment landscape for ASD, addressing key issues and opportunities for improvement. The diagnostic criteria for ASD, as outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5), provide a framework for identifying the condition. Still, the heterogeneity of presentation and the presence of comorbidities contribute to diagnostic complexity. Early intervention is crucial for improving outcomes in individuals with ASD; however, accessing timely and appropriate interventions can be challenging. A diverse range of interventions exists for individuals with ASD, including behavioural therapies, pharmacological treatments, gene expression, and alternative therapies. However, the efficacy and accessibility of these treatments vary, and navigating the treatment landscape can be daunting for caregivers and clinicians alike. Moreover, due to the persistence of healthcare disparities, , underserved populations face barriers to diagnosis and treatment. Transitioning to adulthood poses unique challenges for individuals with ASD, including finding employment and accessing support services. Additionally, ASD affects not only individuals diagnosed with the condition but also their families and caregivers. Addressing caregiver stress and burnout is essential for providing holistic care to individuals with ASD and their families. This review also identifies areas needing further research, such as personalized medicine and healthcare disparities, and discusses policy implications for enhancing ASD care and support. By highlighting research needs and policy considerations, this review aims to inform future efforts to improve ASD Screening, diagnosis, and treatment, ultimately striving to enhance outcomes for individuals with ASD and their families.

We examined whether specific congenital malformations (CM) detected at birth are associated with increased likelihood of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), by a case-control study nested within a 12-year birth cohort derived from the Israel National Birth Registry. The cohort included all registered ASD cases (n = 2099) and 1:1 age- and sex- matched controls. Overall, CM were more prevalent in the ASD group as compared with controls [odds ratio (OR) 1.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29-2.38]. This association remained robust after adjusting for birth weight, parental age, parental ethnicity, and maternal immigration [adjusted OR (aOR) 1.61, 95% CI 1.14-2.29]. The most prevalent CM types among the ASD group were circulatory system (2.1 vs. 1.2% among controls) and urogenital organs (1.8 vs. 0.8%). The association between ASD and genital CM was limited to males and persisted in the adjusted models (aOR 2.24, 95% CI 1.16-4.34). In the stratified by sex analysis, a strong association between all non-genitourinary CM and ASD was found in females (aOR 3.47, 95% CI 1.13-10.65). In conclusion, CM, most notably genitourinary in males exclusively, and others (mostly circulatory) in females, are more prevalent in newborns later diagnosed with ASD, as compared with age- and sex-matched controls. These sex-specific CM might represent useful pre- and postnatal markers of ASD, and their presence in newborns at-risk of ASD might indicate earlier and more frequent neurodevelopmental assessments. Our findings might also guide future research of plausible genetic, epigenetic, and prenatal underpinnings of ASD.

Meta-analysis of aberrant white matter microstructure and gray matter volume in autism spectrum disorder.

Morphometric dissimilarity in association cortices linked to autism subtype with more severe symptoms.

Alterations of static and dynamic brain functional network connectivity in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder.

The aim of this study is to propose and apply a systematic narrative analysis protocol for one of the tasks included in the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS-2), in order to compare narrative production in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and typical development, as well as to examine the relationship between narrative ability and ASD severity. Twenty-four children (12 with ASD without intellectual disability; 12 with typical development) were assessed using the story "Goodnight, Gorilla". The narratives were analyzed in terms of length, syntactic complexity, content and internal state language. The ASD group produced significantly shorter narratives with fewer main ideas. No significant differences were found in syntactic complexity and internal state language. No correlations were found between ASD severity and narrative indicators. Although children with ASD produced narratives with similar syntactic complexity, they showed difficulties in selecting and integrating essential information, indicating a dissociation among the linguistic abilities involved in narrative discourse. The applied protocol may serve as a useful resource for ASD assessment and for planning interventions aimed at fostering narrative skills in this population.

Genetics of Autism Spectrum Disorder underscores the role of altered spontaneous neuronal activity as a catalyst for the neurodevelopmental anomalies.