Audit In General Practice Research Articles

Appropriate secondary prevention of stroke and transient ischaemic attack with antithrombotics: an audit in general practice.

Stroke is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Major advances have occurred in secondary prevention of stroke/transient ischaemic attack (TIA) during the past three decades. Primary care is a critical point of contact with patients in the implementation of secondary prevention, with the majority of patients with past stroke/TIA being managed in the community. To assess current practice at the New Queen Street and Stanground Surgeries, Peterborough, in reference to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines on secondary prevention of stroke/TIA. An audit at the above practices was undertaken by searching the SystmOne computer system for adult patients with previous stroke/TIA (311), excluding those with haemorrhagic stroke and those on aspirin. The patient records of the remaining group (37) were investigated to find whether they were on appropriate antithrombotic therapy and, if not, why. Of post-stroke/TIA patients, 234/236 were receiving antithrombotic therapy unless contraindicated. For those not on antithrombotics, risk of bleeding was the reason given in 10/13 of cases, though many of these patients did not have active bleeding (exact number unclear due to poor documentation). In 2/13 cases there was no documented reason given and informed dissent in one of the 13 cases. It was found that both practices implemented the guidelines to a satisfactory degree. However, to further improve secondary prevention outreach, bleeding risk should be assessed using a tool such as S2TOP-BLEED before withholding antithrombotic therapy, as, on balance, antithrombotic therapy may still be preferable. In addition, accurate and detailed documentation of the indications/contraindications to anticoagulation is paramount for such assessment.

Opioids Aware: a general practice audit of high-dose opioid prescribing NHS England Midlands and East.

There has been a marked increase in the number of patients in the UK taking opioids from 2.5% in 2000 to 5% in 2015.1 More patients are taking opioids at higher doses for chronic pain,2,3 for which there is limited evidence of effectiveness. A public facing4 audit with educational resources of high-dose opioids (≥120 mg oral morphine equivalent [OME]) prescribed for chronic pain was carried out in 74 general practices in the East of England, representing 663 418 patients. The dose of ≥120 mg OME was chosen as doses above this are not associated with increased benefit but are associated with increased harms.2 The aim of this study was to quantify: This study also aimed to record practice reflections and plans on their results. In total, 517 practices throughout NHS England Midland and East (East) were emailed (January 2018), inviting participation in an audit of high-dose opioids prescribed for chronic pain. Downloadable searches were provided. It was suggested that …

Piloting online self-audit of methadone treatment in Irish general practice: results, reflections and educational outcomes

BackgroundWork based learning underpins the training and CPD of medical practitioners. Medical audit operates on two levels; individual self-assessment and professional/practice development. In Ireland, annual practice improvement audit is an essential requirement for the successful completion of continuous professional development (CPD) as determined by the regulatory body, the Irish Medical Council. All general practice (GP) doctors providing methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) in Ireland have a contractual obligation to partake in a yearly methadone practice audit. The Irish College of General Practitioners (ICGP) as national training provider is tasked to facilitate this annual audit process. The purpose of this audit is to assess the quality of care provided to patients against an agreed set of national standards, enhance learning, and promote practice improvement and reflective practice. The aim was to present an online MTP self-audit and evaluate results from a 12-month pilot among GPs providing MMT in Ireland.MethodsA mixed method study describing three phases (design and development, pilot/implementation and evaluation) of a new online self –audit tool was conducted. Descriptive and thematic analysis of audit and evaluation data was conducted.ResultsSurvey Monkey is a suitable software package for the development and hosting of an easy to use online audit for MMT providing doctors. Analysis of the audit results found that the majority of GPs scored 80% or over for the 25 identified essential criteria for MMT provision. The evaluation of the GP audit experience underscores the positive outcomes of the online self-audit in terms of improving practice systems, encouraging reflective practice, enhanced patient care and doctor commitment to continued provision of MMT in addiction clinics and in primary care.ConclusionsResults from this audit demonstrate a high level of compliance with best practise MMT guidelines by Irish GPs providing MMT. The online self-audit process was well received and encouraged reflective practice. The audit process hinged on the individual GP’s ability to review and critically analyse their professional practice, and manage change. This model of audit could be adapted and used to monitor the management of other chronic illnesses in general practice.

A retrospective clinical audit of general practices in Australia to determine the motivation for switch to dolutegravir/abacavir/lamivudine and clinical outcomes.

The most common reasons for switching HIV-1 therapy in patients with virologic suppression are treatment regimen simplification and resolving tolerability issues. Single-pill regimens that include an integrase inhibitor are recommended options. A retrospective clinical audit was performed to determine the motivations for switching to dolutegravir (DTG)/abacavir (ABC)/lamivudine (3TC) at high HIV-caseload general practice clinics in Australia. The most common reasons for switching from a prior suppressive therapy to DTG/ABC/3TC were simplification of regimen, resolving toxicity/intolerance and patient preference (73%, 13% and 12%, respectively). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that the probability of patients remaining on DTG/ABC/3TC therapy at 12 months was 95.1%. Switching to DTG/ABC/3TC from a range of other regimens was associated with a discontinuation rate of 3.2%, with 2.5% of patients discontinuing due to adverse events and no patients discontinuing due to virologic failure. Switching to DTG/ABC/3TC was a viable treatment strategy in this cohort of Australian patients.

Vaccine uptake in the Irish Travelling community: an audit of general practice records

Compared to the general population, the Traveller community has substantial health inequalities. Vaccination coverage in Traveller children is estimated to be low and Travellers are at higher risk of vaccine-preventable diseases due to their social circumstances. Audit of vaccination history of Traveller (n=214) and non-Traveller (n=776) children registered at a general practice in England. The Green Book childhood immunization schedule was used as a reference standard. There was significantly lower coverage for Traveller children compared to non-Traveller children for all vaccinations in the routine childhood immunization schedule. The percentage of children completing the schedule at all time points was significantly lower in the Traveller community. Traveller communities have significantly lower uptake of vaccinations, and therefore Travellers' children should be targeted by general practitioners for catch-up vaccination to improve outcomes for individuals and local herd immunity.

Accuracy of screening tools for Pap smears in general practice

BackgroundData extraction tools (DETs) are increasingly being used for research and audit of general practice, despite their limitations.ObjectiveThis study explores the accuracy of Pap smear rates obtained with a DET...

Primary care of women after gestational diabetes mellitus: mapping the evidence-practice gap.

To determine the extent to which preventive activities, including the ordering of an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) between 6 and 12 weeks of birth, are integrated into women's primary care postpartum visits after a gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)-affected pregnancy. Prospective survey and retrospective chart audit of general practices that provide maternity shared care in south-east Queensland, July 2011 to June 2012. General practitioners (n = 38) and medical records of women to whom they provided care (n = 43 women). GPs' awareness and knowledge of GDM guidelines and delivery of postpartum preventive care. The response rate for the survey/chart audit was 47%. All respondents recommended an OGTT between 6 and 12 weeks; a variety of guidelines informed practice; and weight, blood pressure and infant feeding practices were regularly checked. Mental health status and diet and exercise were discussed less consistently. GPs surveyed knew guidelines around the timing and type of test for women who have experienced GDM, and the audit demonstrated that this knowledge is translated into practice. Adherence to preventive screening and advice was less consistent. This problem may exist due to the absence of a systems approach to care, resulting in a lost opportunity to systematically reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes and promote the wellbeing of women and their infants.

Cardiovascular health monitoring in patients with psychotic illnesses: A project to investigate and improve performance in primary and secondary care.

Patients with psychotic illnesses are predicted to die 15 years younger than the national average. The chief cause is cardiovascular disease (1). Evidence-based guidelines including those produced by the National Institute of Health and clinical Excellence and the Quality Outcomes Framework, recommend regular monitoring of their cardiovascular risk (2,3,4).Primary health care audits were undertaken in an urban and a rural setting. These looked at the proportion of patients who had their physical health regularly monitored in line with NICE guidelines. Following an audit in general practice, it became clear that there was a group of patients that were chronic non-attenders. It was not clear whether these patients were the responsibility of the general practices or psychiatric services. An audit in secondary care then looked at the level of cardiovascular health monitoring in that setting, and the communication of results to primary care. These audits demonstrated that monitoring of cardiovascular health did not meet standards as set by NICE. Further to this, communication of findings between primary and secondary care was also poor.Primary care interventions included setting up Alert reminder boxes on the computer system and sending invitations for clinic attendance to ‘at risk’ patients. In secondary care interventions included redesign of the patient lists to include a way of monitoring cardiovascular health and generation of a new discharge summary to facilitate communication of cardiovascular indicators to primary care.These interventions have resulted in marked improvements in cardiovascular health monitoring in primary care, however, there is still room for considerable improvement. Discussions about further intervention strategies, and further audit cycles, are ongoing.

Are Family Doctors Compliant with Breast Family History Guidelines?

Introduction: Optimizing breast cancer care involves accurate risk assessment. Referrals to secondary care need to be appropriate both in terms of healthcare resource utilisation and the reduction of unnecessary patient anxiety. Aim: This study undertook an evaluation of family doctors compliance with NICE guidelines for asymptomatic family history referrals to a breast unit. Methods: A retrospective audit of general practice in County Donegal was carried out between January 2010 and May 2011. NICE guidelines and IBIS computerised model were used to assess whether referrals were appropriate. Results: 77.6% (90/116) met a criterion for secondary care referral. 51.7% (60/116) met the NICE criteria and 64.7% (75/116) met the IBIS criteria for referral to secondary care. 38.8% (45/116) met both. 6 were of low risk, 45 were of moderate risk and 1 was of high risk. 80.4% (45/56) of the patients who did not meet the NICE criteria, failed to do so because they had one 1st degree relative with breast cancer who was over the age of 40. Conclusion: 77.6% of referrals complied with international criteria for referral to secondary care. A greater understanding of what constitutes appropriate referral of 1st degree relatives would enhance the referral process.

Developing best practice for fungal specimen submission – fungal audit of general practice

The objective of this study was to investigate the management of suspected fungal nail infections by general practitioners (GPs) and determine whether guidance is sought when submitting specimens for investigation or treating cases. Questionnaires were sent to all GPs (n = 2420) served by five Health Protection Agency (HPA) collaborating laboratories in the South West of England. A total of 769 GPs responded - topical and oral antifungals were never used by 29% and 16% of GPs respectively. When antifungals were prescribed, topicals were normally given because of the severity of infection (32%); Amorolofine (53%) was the preferred choice. Oral antifungals were most often prescribed after receipt of a laboratory report (77%); Terbinafine was the preferred choice (86%). Seventy percent of GPs would only treat a suspected nail infection with oral antifungals after sending a sample for investigation, yet 27% never waited for a microscopy report before prescribing oral antifungal treatment. GPs routinely send specimens from suspected fungal nail infections for microbiological investigation, yet treatment is often prescribed before a result is received. With clinical signs of fungal infections often non-specific, GPs should rely on laboratory results before prescribing expensive and lengthy antifungal treatments. Laboratories could further reduce antifungal use by including guidance on microscopy and culture reports.

Urinary incontinence management in women: audit in general practice

In several Western European countries guidelines regarding urinary incontinence (UI) management in general practice have been drawn up. The aim of this study was to evaluate guideline adherence with feedback in general practice in order to improve UI management. First, a retrospective audit of female patient records was performed with Egton Medical Information System compared with the NICE Guideline regarding UI. Between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2006 patients, 18-65 years of age, with newly diagnosed UI (ICPC U04) were included in two general practices in Nottingham, UK. Second, results were presented to the general practitioners (GPs) in a feedback session. Sixty-five patients were identified to have newly reported UI. Gynaecological examination was performed in 51% of cases. Additionally, in 40% of patients a urine sample was obtained for dipstick. Follow-up was performed in 34% of the 65 cases. During a feedback session GPs became aware they do not adhere to these guideline items consistently. Patients often report UI as final after several other problems during one single consultation. Most women with UI were not managed according to the NICE Guideline. Audit feedback created awareness of current UI management in general practice and can therefore be used in improving UI management.

Patients' involvement in medical audit in general practice.

The paper considers how patients might be involved in medical audit. It argues that there are ethical, political and clinical justifications for widening the current ‘medical model’ to include patients' views of mainly sociopsychological matters, and that these are intrinsic to the delivery of health care and evaluations of its quality. The potential barriers to such involvement are doctor-patient relationships; the culture of general practice; the existing pattern of audit; and the lack of organization amongst patients. None of these barriers is seen as insurmountable and the paper concludes that audit could be extended to include practice-based initiatives within medically defined communities of interest.

Measures to improve knowledge and self-care among patients with COPD: a UK general practice audit

The Parchmore Partnership, London, audited 11 evidence-based criteria relating to patient knowledge and COPD morbidity during December 2004 to March 2005 using questionnaires and practice records. 32 patients with moderate to severe COPD participated, and during the project they received information and extra care. Patient knowledge and clinical indicators showed significant improvements.

Commentary: Asthma time trends—mission accomplished?

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The ethics of auditing diabetes in primary care

The modern general practitioner is able to examine and audit his practice diabetes population in great detail because of extensive computerisation and Read-coding. The ability to compare one practice statistics with another brings with it added pressures to be seen to achieve certain standards. Whilst this is a laudable concept, it results in some ethical issues that have hitherto not been explored. In this article, Dr Martin Cosgrove explores some ethical aspects of audit in general practice and outlines three pitfalls for general practitioners when undertaking audit in preparation for external assessment.

Can routine information improve case finding of depression among 65 to 74 year olds in primary care?

The identification of groups with higher prevalence of major depression allows for more cost-effective investigation and treatment. The aim of this study was to examine whether the identification of patient groups with a higher prevalence of depression through information routinely available in primary care can increase the efficiency of active case finding. A cross-sectional two-stage survey was carried out of 2633 community residents between the age of 65 and 74 consisting of a structured interview with concurrent audit of general practice records. The 15-item geriatric depression scale (GDS-15) was used as a screening tool for depression. Individuals scoring > or =4 on the GDS-15 were offered a clinical interview using the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN). There were 1912 (72.6%) participants in the first stage interview, of whom 134 had GDS-15 scores > or =4 and were invited to take part in the second stage. Of these, 90 participants (67.2%) agreed to the clinical interview. To detect one case of major depression, the number needing to be assessed was 63 for the whole sample. The number needing to be assessed was lower among those receiving antidepressants (nine), frequent GP attenders (12) and those living alone (32). Although depression is more common among various subgroups, our data show that the investigation of each high prevalence subgroup would detect only a minority of all cases in the total population. It is not possible to rely on active case finding in high prevalence subgroups for a high detection rate of depression in a practice population.

Variability and predictors of mental disorder rates and medical practitioner responses across Australian general practices.

To determine the variation in prevalence of common mental disorders and general practitioner (GP) responses across Australian general practices, and to identify practice characteristics that predict these rates. Cross-sectional national audit of general practices throughout Australia in 1998-1999. 46515 ambulatory care patients attending 386 GPs. Practice-based prevalence of mental disorders (based on patient-reported symptoms) and GP-reported rates of psychological diagnoses and treatment (median and range, excluding the upper and lower 10% of practices); practice characteristics (patient, doctor and organisational) that predict prevalences and rates, determined by multiple regression analysis. Even after omitting the upper and lower 10% of practices, there were large variations between practices in prevalence of common mental disorders (range, 39% to 59% of patients; median, 48%), and substance misuse (range, 3%-13%; median, 7%). There were also large variations between practices in rates at which GPs made psychological diagnoses in each practice (range, 12%-51%; median, 27%), judged patients to be at risk to self or others (range, 6%-54%; median, 23%), provided psychological treatments (range, 8%-41%; median, 22%) and referred patients to specialist services (range, 1%-10%; median, 4%). Practice-based rates of disorders and GP responses were predicted not only by sociodemographic characteristics of patients in each practice (eg, mean age or proportion of unemployed people), but also by doctor characteristics (eg, age and sex) and practice organisation characteristics (eg, urban versus regional or rural location). We identified patient, GP and practice characteristics that predict rates of mental disorder and treatments provided. These could be used to guide mental health service reform in general practice and assist with targeting relevant education and practice support programs.

Unmet need for recognition of common mental disorders in Australian general practice.

To determine the rate and predictors of unmet need for recognition of common mental disorders in Australian general practice. Cross-sectional national audit of general practices throughout Australia in 1998-1999. 46 515 ambulatory care patients attending 386 GPs. Prevalence of common mental disorders--12 items from the 34-item SPHERE self-report questionnaire and associated classification system; prevalence of recognition of mental disorders by GPs--GPs reporting whether patients had depression, anxiety, mixed depression/anxiety, somatoform, or other psychological disorder; predictors of unmet need for recognition of mental disorders--self-report questions about demography for patients and GPs, and about practice organisation for GPs. Reported recognition of psychological disorders by GPs; actual prevalence of disorders; and patient, GP and practice characteristics predicting the failure to recognise disorders. GPs did not recognise mental disorder in 56% (11922/21210) of patients. These comprised 46% (5134/11060) of patients in the higher level of mental disorders, and (in the second level of disorders) 58% (2906/5036) of patients with predominantly psychological symptoms, and 76% (3882/5114) of those with predominantly somatic symptoms. Patients more likely to have their need for psychological assessment met had the following characteristics: middle-aged (odds ratio [OR], 1.76; 95% CI, 1.59-1.96), female (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.12-1.27), Australian-born (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.08-1.24), unemployed (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.64-1.89), single (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.41-1.61), presenting with mainly psychological symptoms (OR, 3.54; 95% CI, 3.28-3.81), and presenting for psychological reasons (OR, 4.20; 95% CI, 3.02-5.82). Characteristics of doctors associated with meeting patients' need for assessment were being aged over 35 years (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.09-2.08), having an interest in mental health (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.15-1.41), having had previous mental health training (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.15-1.45), being in part-time practice (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.09-1.39), seeing fewer than 100 patients per week (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.13-1.47), working in practices with fewer than 2000 patients (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.13-1.45) and working in regional centres (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.05-1.28). Unmet need for recognition of common mental disorders remains high. Predictors of unmet need include a somatic symptom profile and practitioner and organisational characteristics which impede the provision of high quality mental health services.

Treatment of common mental disorders in Australian general practice.

To determine the rates and predictors of treatments for patients with common mental disorders in Australian general practice. Cross-sectional national audit of general practices throughout Australia in 1998-1999. 46 515 ambulatory care patients attending 386 GPs. Prevalence of common mental disorders--12 items from the 34-item SPHERE self-report questionnaire and associated classification system; pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment provided, as reported by the GPs--questions relating to treatments provided; predictors of treatments--self-report questions about demography for patients and GPs, and about practice organisation for GPs. GPs' reported provision of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments; and patient, GP and practice characteristics predicting treatment provision. There were complete data on treatment for 39 983 patients. 27% (10752) of all patients received some form of intervention; 21% (8304) received non-pharmacological and 12% (4765) received pharmacological treatments. Non-pharmacological treatments were mostly non-specific counselling and support (83%; 6892/8304). Among the 10303 patients with the most severe level of psychological disorders, only 50% (5152) received any intervention (38% [3872] received non-pharmacological and 27% [2766] pharmacological treatments). Evidence-based treatments were provided to only 12% (4961) of all patients (and only 27% [2802] of the 10303 with the most severe disorders). Although the newer antidepressant agents were commonly prescribed, older medications (mainly tricyclic antidepressants) were prescribed to older (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.07-1.56), less educated (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.12-1.79) and female (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.23-1.70) patients. Among the 8304 patients receiving non-pharmacological treatments, specific (evidence-based) treatments were provided to only 17% (1412); these patients were typically middle-aged (OR, 2.94; 95% CI, 2.32-3.73) and the providing GPs were typically not in full-time practice (OR, 3.34; 95% CI, 2.56-4.17). Practitioners largely provide non-specific, non-pharmacological interventions for patients with common mental disorders. Even among those with the most severe disorders, only a minority receive pharmacological or specific evidence-based non-pharmacological treatments.

Comorbidity of common mental disorders and alcohol or other substance misuse in Australian general practice.

To determine in patients attending general practice 1) the extent of comorbidity of mental disorders and alcohol or other substance misuse, and consequent disability; and 2) GPs' diagnosis and management of patients with comorbidity. Cross-sectional national audit of general practices throughout Australia in 1998-1999. 46 515 ambulatory care patients attending 386 GPs. Prevalence of common mental disorders--12 items from the 34-item SPHERE self-report questionnaire and associated classification system; prevalence of alcohol or other substance misuse--two self-report screening questions, defining "probable" misuse (a positive response to both questions) and "possible" misuse (a positive response to one of the questions); disability--four items from the Brief Disability Questionnaire, and self-reported "days out of role" and "days in bed" in the past month; and rates of psychological diagnosis, treatment and referral by GPs, and GPs' rating of patients' psychological risk. Comorbidity of mental disorders and alcohol or other substance misuse; disability; and correlation with GPs' diagnosis and management. The screening questions revealed possible alcohol or other substance misuse in 11% of patients (5171/46515), and probable misuse in an additional 8% of patients (3593/46515). Comorbidity of mental disorders and substance misuse occurred in 12% (5672/46515) of patients. Patients with comorbidity (compared with those with alcohol or other substance misuse alone) were: more disabled--mean "days out of role in the last month", 8.4 (95% CI, 7.7-9.1) v 3.6 (95% CI, 2.9-4.3); at greater psychological risk (as rated by GPs)--22% v 7%, respectively; more frequently given psychological diagnoses by GPs--51% v 21%; more frequently treated for a psychological condition by GPs--47% v 17%; and more frequently referred to mental health specialists by GPs--9% v 2%. Comorbidity of mental disorders and alcohol or other substance misuse is common in patients attending general practice, and results in considerable disability. Such patients receive inadequate attention (diagnosis and management) from GPs. GPs identifying one of these two types of behaviour disorder in a patient should ascertain whether the other type is also present.