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- New
- Research Article
- 10.1016/j.mex.2026.103786
- Jun 1, 2026
- MethodsX
- Marziya Begum + 1 more
The Neurocultural Remake Reflex Model (NRRM) is an interdisciplinary qualitative and neuroscience-informed analytical method that integrates heuristic insights from intersubject correlation (ISC) literature, cultural memory theory and affect theory to make reception-centered, testable inferences about how remakes trigger recognition, emotion and reinterpretation. The six-steps involved in the framework, Attention Mapping, Cognitive Processing, Cultural Recall, Cultural Reframing, Emotional Resonance and Emotional Dissonanceare operationalized through systematic qualitative scene analysis rather than empirical neuroimaging. Most existing research on remakes has primarily focused on comparative textual analysis, often overlooking the neurocognitive and emotional aspects of audience reception. The NRRM addresses this gap by explaining how viewers attend to, interpret, remember, emotionally connect with, and sometimes resist or contest a remake's narrative and aesthetic cues. The paper demonstrates the method through a scene-level application of two case studies to show how remakes function simultaneously as mnemonic devices and affective tools. In doing so, NRRM reveals how remakes preserve cultural legacies while generating new meanings, offering film scholars, media psychologists and cultural analysts a reproducible framework for tracing how remakes conserve, reframe or disrupt cultural memory and affective experience. This study proposes a six-step systematic qualitative methodology for analyzing remakes. By integrating cognitive and cultural approaches, it introduces an interdisciplinary framework for remake analysis. This framework demonstrates how remakes function as neurocultural reflexes, triggering nostalgia through both resonance and disruption.
- New
- Research Article
- 10.64123/mijm.v2.i1.4
- May 31, 2026
- Multicore International Journal of Multidisciplinary (MIJM)
- Nur Aini Rafa Ayu + 1 more
Posters remain a strategic medium in visual communication due to their ability to attract attention quickly and convey information efficiently in public spaces. Beyond graphic design elements such as layout, typography, and imagery, surface finishing plays a critical role in shaping visual perception, readability, and audience response. Among the most widely used finishing techniques, glossy and matte (doff) lamination exhibit distinct optical, psychological, and functional characteristics that directly influence communication effectiveness. This study aims to comparatively review glossy and matte lamination applied to posters through a narrative literature review approach. Peer-reviewed journal articles, conference proceedings, and authoritative books indexed in reputable databases including Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar were systematically collected. A total of 42 relevant publications published between 2013 and 2023 were selected and thematically synthesized. The review reveals that glossy lamination enhances color vibrancy and contrast through specular reflection, thereby increasing immediate visual attraction, but often introduces glare that compromises readability and visual comfort. In contrast, matte lamination provides superior readability and reduced visual fatigue under diverse lighting conditions, conveying a professional and elegant impression, although with slightly reduced color saturation. The findings highlight that lamination selection is not absolute but context-dependent, influenced by message objectives, target audience characteristics, and installation environment. This review also identifies significant research gaps, particularly in neuro-cognitive audience response measurement, long-term durability under tropical environmental conditions, and cross-cultural perception of surface finishes. Based on these gaps, a structured research roadmap is proposed. The study contributes an evidence-based framework to support designers, printing practitioners, and visual communication scholars in making informed finishing decisions.
- New
- Research Article
- 10.69693/ijim.v4i2.714
- May 18, 2026
- Indonesian Journal of Innovation Multidisipliner Research
- Mufidatul Azmi + 2 more
This study examined audience responses toward the Pelangi di Mars movie trailer on YouTube using sentiment analysis and topic modelling approaches. The data were collected from the YouTube comment section on March 10, 2026, resulting in 3,006 comments used as the research dataset. The comments were processed through several preprocessing stages, including text cleaning, tokenization, stopword removal, stemming, and normalization. Sentiment analysis was conducted using the IndoBERT pre-trained model to classify comments into positive, neutral, and negative categories, while Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) was applied to identify dominant discussion topics within audience comments. The findings show that positive sentiment dominates audience responses, accounting for 73.7% of the total comments, followed by 13.9% neutral comments and 12.4% negative comments. Topic modelling reveals five major discussion themes related to animation quality, cinema enthusiasm, Hollywood comparison, story appreciation, and the development of the Indonesian animation industry. In addition, the IndoBERT model achieves an accuracy score of 94%, indicating strong performance in classifying Indonesian-language YouTube comments. The study concludes that YouTube comments function as electronic word of mouth (e-WOM) that influences public perception and supports digital film promotion and audience engagement in the entertainment industry.
- New
- Research Article
- 10.31937/ultimacomm.v17i2.4394
- May 18, 2026
- Ultimacomm: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi
- Rizky Kertanegara
Indonesia, with one of the highest Gender Inequality Index scores in ASEAN, provides a compelling context for examining how audiences respond to progressive brand messaging. This study investigates the reception of Heinz ABC Indonesia’s “Suami Sejati Masak” campaign, which promotes the idea that domestic work can also be performed by men. Using a qualitative constructivist approach, this research analyzed 25 YouTube comments posted between March 2020 and July 2021, applying Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding framework to identify dominant, negotiated, and oppositional readings. The findings show that dominant readings were the most prevalent, indicating acceptance of gender equality messages in domestic roles, while negotiated and oppositional readings highlighted skepticism toward the realism of the campaign and the persistence of patriarchal values. Theoretically, this study extends reception analysis into the domain of digital platforms by demonstrating how online comment sections can serve as spaces of meaning-making and cultural negotiation. Practically, the findings reveal how brand campaigns may function not only as marketing strategies but also as interventions in challenging traditional gender norms. This research thus contributes to media and communication studies by illustrating the dual role of advertising in both reflecting and shaping social values.
- Research Article
- 10.1080/10646175.2026.2663860
- May 8, 2026
- Howard Journal of Communications
- Ebuka A Ifeanyichukwu
This mixed-methods study analyzes how storytelling functions as a site of identity negotiation and resistance in American standup comedy. Quantitative content analysis of 14 Netflix specials (1,034 min) identified 83 discrete stories, revealing that comedians tell significantly more personal stories (n = 63) than stories about others (n = 20), χ2 (1, N = 83) = 22.28, p < .001. Race significantly predicted story themes (Cramér’s V = 0.35, p = .015), with White comedians emphasizing politics (20.48%) and Black comedians addressing race (8.43%) and LGBTQ issues (12.05%). Gender showed no significant relationship with themes, while audience reception was overwhelmingly positive. The Foucauldian discourse analysis approach revealed three discursive functions of story-driven standup: racial knowledge reconfiguration, confessional resistance to gender norms, and audience subjectification as complicit witnesses. Findings demonstrate that storytelling transforms standup from entertainment into a discursive arena where marginalized identities challenge dominant narratives and audiences participate in meaning-making. The study advances intersectional humor scholarship by identifying how comedians’ social positions shape narrative content while revealing storytelling’s power to generate empathy and critique through personal stories.
- Research Article
- 10.1080/17430437.2026.2668288
- May 7, 2026
- Sport in Society
- Lisa J Hackett
Using a corpus of 509 popular US sport films (1920–2024), this study aims to examine the disparity between audience reception, critical acclaim and financial success. It does this by using publicly available data from the Internet Movie Database (IMDb), critical reception (Metascores) and box office receipts (The Numbers). This study finds three key findings. Firstly, boxing narratives overwhelmingly dominate the genre, achieving high critical and popular acclaim alongside strong box office success. Secondly, while films featuring female protagonists are in a clear minority, their audience and critical ratings are comparable, and at times superior, those of male protagonists. This finding suggests that the underrepresentation of women’s stories is a product of industry bias rather than audience preferences. Finally, a clear cultural divide emerges between which sport stories resonate with domestic and international audiences; some quintessential American sports, such as American football and baseball, are less successful internationally, while boxing enjoys universal appeal.
- Research Article
- 10.3389/frai.2026.1815243
- May 5, 2026
- Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence
- Lorena Licenji + 1 more
Introduction Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly embedded in journalism, yet audience responses may depend on both AI provenance, meaning who or what is presented as having written the story, and transparency cues that disclose AI use. This systematic literature review synthesises empirical studies examining how AI provenance cues and AI disclosure cues in journalism affect perceived credibility and trust. Methods Following PRISMA 2020 and PRISMA-S, Scopus and Web of Science Core Collection were searched on 2 February 2026 for English-language, peer-reviewed journal articles and conference papers. Searches yielded 492 records. After deduplication and pre-screen exclusions, 290 records were screened at title/abstract level, and 47 studies with retrievable full texts were included. A structured narrative synthesis was conducted, guided by the Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM) guideline, to map study designs, cue operationalisations, outcome targets (message, source, outlet), and moderators. Results Across heterogeneous designs, AI provenance cues were not associated with a consistent “AI penalty”: most extractable results indicated no difference between AI-attributed and human-attributed news, and observed effects were typically conditional on topic, baseline trust, outlet/source cues, and whether human oversight was signalled. Evidence on disclosure cues was limited (10 studies) and was dominated by null or conditional findings. Scepticism appeared more likely when disclosures implied full automation without accompanying accountability or oversight information. Discussion A Cue–Inference–Target (CIT) framework is proposed to explain when AI cues shift epistemic-quality versus normative-legitimacy judgments. Future research should use factorial designs that separate provenance from disclosure and standardise reporting of cue wording, placement, and validated outcome measures.
- Research Article
- 10.63418/k5y0vr48
- May 4, 2026
- Revista Coletivo Cine-Fórum
- Brenno Anderson Azevedo Rodrigues + 1 more
This study examines how the aesthetic use of drones in tourism promotion on social media produces a new aerial aesthesis and contributes to the spectacularization of destinations. Based on a qualitative analysis of Brazilian promotional videos and grounded in the theoretical frameworks of remediation, phenomenology of perception, and spectacle theory, it demonstrates that aerial shots (drone footage) operate as a form of “vertical montage” that generates a strong sensory impact (“wow effect”), amplified by algorithmic logics and participatory culture. The study concludes that this drone aesthetics tends to homogenize representations and transform places into hyper-real visual commodities, with implications for authenticity and tourism management. It recommends further empirical research on audience reception and the development of policies that promote narrative diversity and visual sustainability.
- Research Article
- 10.51353/xntbja86
- May 4, 2026
- Journal of Diplomacy & Foreign Policy
- Ighfar Halifi Arsyad
This study examines the rearticulation of Indonesia's foreign policy identity in President Prabowo Subianto's discourse on the Gaza crisis during 2024–2025. Drawing on constructivism, role theory (National Role Conceptions), idiosyncratic leadership, and the two-level games framework with the win-set concept, this article argues thatPrabowo's diplomacy represents a shift in Indonesia's identity from a normative solidarity maker toward an affirmative operational peacekeeper. Using a qualitative discourse analysis approach across seven key presidential speeches and a corpus of audience responses, the findings reveal three central dynamics: first, a rearticulation of the nodal point from religious solidarity toward universal anti-colonialism and global humanitarianism; second, a shift in role conception manifested through the offer of 20,000 peacekeeping personnel, the deployment of a hospital ship, and proposed Gaza reconstruction schemes; third, the idiosyncratic dimension of Prabowo's leadershipthat combines military discipline with multi-alignment diplomacy. Nevertheless, this transformation faces constraints in the form of a narrowing domestic win-set due to resistance from Islamic mass organizations, parliament, and digital public opinion, alongside structural tensions between the role of Palestinian defender and strategicmediator. The study concludes that Prabowo's approach represents an effort to re-stitch the independent and active doctrine to remain relevant in the twenty-first century, preserving the anti-colonial anchor while constructing a more institutional and operational diplomatic architecture.
- Research Article
1
- 10.1123/jsm.2025-0076
- May 1, 2026
- Journal of Sport Management
- Weizhe Li + 3 more
Leagues increasingly feature athletes’ off-field romantic relationships on social media, yet little is known about how they shape the audience response. Our study sheds light on how textual–visual configurations depicting romantic relationships affected user engagement. Forty-one National Football League Instagram posts about Taylor Swift and Travis Kelce’s relationship and 201,472 user comments were examined. Findings revealed that posts visually presenting Swift and Kelce with minimal romantic cues generated higher likes and more favorable sentiment than explicitly romantic content. Furthermore, we identified brand image tensions stemming from the National Football League’s simultaneous engagement of pop-culture audiences and traditional football fans, leading to polarized reactions rooted in a gendered, resource-allocation conflict. Our study illustrated how cognitive schema conflicts influenced audience responses to cross-cultural social media marketing efforts while providing practical guidance for integrating athlete romance into social media content through optimal visual–textual combinations that effectively manage competing audience expectations.
- Research Article
- 10.31185/wjfh.vol22.iss2.1671
- May 1, 2026
- مجلة واسط للعلوم الانسانية
- Eman Hilal Nheir
This study examines how online platforms such as Facebook and X contribute to the spread of fake news as a persuasive communicative practice influencing opinions, attitudes, and decision-making. It searches to fill the gap of the cognitive frames underlying fake news and analyze pragmatically how these frames function to achieve persuasion. The research adopts a descriptive design based on content analysis of sixty highly engaged fake reports by adopting cognitive blend theory, evenly selected from both platforms. Findings show that fake news frequently relies on fear, victimhood, moral polarization, and conspiracy frames, expressed through emotionally charged and strategic language. Persuasive techniques include hyperbole, implicatures, presuppositions, and indirectness to shape audience interpretation and response. These linguistic and cognitive strategies intensify message impact and credibility. The study concludes that understanding pragmatic cognitive framing is crucial for designing effective media-literacy interventions and strengthening public resistance to misinformation in digital communication environments.
- Research Article
- 10.3390/h15050064
- Apr 23, 2026
- Humanities
- Haoyuan Gao + 1 more
This article examines how the discourse of “for your own good” functions as a moral framework through which parental violence is reinterpreted as care in Sinophone family cinema. Focusing on family-centered films as a key site of representation, we analyze how reconciliation is constructed not merely as a narrative resolution but as an ethical expectation. Drawing on theoretical perspectives from Michel Foucault and Louis Althusser, we develop the concept of “moralized parental violence” to describe how authority, discipline, and emotional control are legitimized through moral discourse. Through a typological analysis, identify three recurring models of reconciliation: deathbed reconciliation, retrospective understanding, and silent reconciliation. The study further explores works that resist reconciliation, arguing that such narratives suspend ethical closure and challenge normative expectations of forgiveness. By examining narrative structure, visual emphasis, and affective strategies, we demonstrate how cultural texts guide audience responses and shape moral interpretation. Rather than rejecting family values, this study reconsiders how ethics, power, and care are intertwined in cultural narratives and how the refusal of reconciliation opens a critical space for rethinking the limits of moral obligation.
- Research Article
- 10.3390/app16094154
- Apr 23, 2026
- Applied Sciences
- Artūras Serackis + 10 more
Digital social platforms have transformed political discourse into complex socio-technical environments characterized by rapid narrative diffusion, emotional amplification, and large-scale audience interaction. Understanding how sentiment and semantic alignment interact within such environments is important for analyzing polarization and patterns of audience response. This study examines narrative–audience interaction in Telegram political ecosystems using a combination of sentiment analysis, semantic similarity measures, and engagement metrics. Transformer-based language models are applied to quantify relationships between source posts and user-generated comments, enabling joint analysis of affective tone and topical alignment. The results reveal a consistent affective–semantic asymmetry: user responses tend to remain semantically aligned with source narratives while shifting toward more negative sentiment. This pattern indicates that disagreement is predominantly expressed through affective reframing rather than through divergence from the original topic. Further analysis shows systematic differences across ideological groups. Pro-government channels exhibit higher reach and more stable discourse alignment, while pro-opposition channels generate stronger engagement and more pronounced negative sentiment shifts. Neutral channels display intermediate characteristics. These findings demonstrate that online political discourse in Telegram is characterized by stable topical anchoring combined with systematic variation in emotional response.
- Research Article
- 10.58578/arzusin.v6i2.9651
- Apr 20, 2026
- ARZUSIN
- Lestiayuaningsih Lestiayuaningsih + 1 more
The phenomenon of social media use, particularly TikTok, has attracted attention in various studies, but research that specifically discusses creators’ communication styles in endorsement activities, especially in local contexts such as Padang City, remains limited. This study aims to analyze Curip Almahdi’s communication style in endorsing products on TikTok social media and to understand its influence on audience responses. This study employed a qualitative approach with a case study design, involving a number of informants consisting of the creator, business actors, and audiences selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation of TikTok content, and documentation, and were then analyzed using thematic analysis techniques. The results showed that the communication style used was interpersonal, relaxed, open, and expressive, thereby creating emotional closeness and increasing audience engagement. In addition, the dominance of endorsement content, which reached around 70%, accompanied by high audience interaction, indicates that communication style plays an important role in the effectiveness of delivering promotional messages. These findings contribute to the development of communication style theory and interpersonal communication in the context of digital media, as well as broadening understanding of endorsement practices on social media. The conclusion of this study affirms the importance of an authentic and communicative style in enhancing the effectiveness of digital promotion, and implies the need for content creators and business actors to develop communication strategies that are more adaptive and creative. This study also opens opportunities for further research on the relationship between communication style and consumer behavior on social media.
- Research Article
- 10.2196/93003
- Apr 20, 2026
- JMIR human factors
- Michael Pantförder + 4 more
Smart home emergency response systems (SHERS) leverage existing smart home infrastructure to detect critical events and alert emergency services without manual activation. Unlike personal emergency response systems, which require users to trigger alarms, SHERS initiate alerts autonomously. Although technically feasible, user acceptance has received limited empirical attention. This study examined factors influencing the intention to adopt SHERS in private households, identifying key facilitators and barriers to acceptance. A mixed methods study followed the Double Diamond framework. In the discover/define phases, expert interviews (n=3) and secondary data analysis informed persona and scenario development. In the "develop" phase, brainwriting workshops (6-3-5 method, n=12) generated design requirements translated into a low-fidelity prototype. In the "deliver" phase, an online survey (n=85) assessed acceptance using the Technology Usage Inventory. Structural equation modeling tested hypothesized relationships, and methodological triangulation integrated qualitative and quantitative findings. Perceived accessibility was the strongest positive predictor of intention to use (β=0.33, P=.02), while skepticism showed a marginally negative effect (β=-0.34, P=.06). The model explained 66% of variance in behavioral intention (R²=0.66). Triangulation confirmed that concerns about complexity, false alarms, and data privacy underlie these effects. Experts emphasized that technology should support rather than replace human decision-making; workshop participants stressed intuitive setup and user control over alarm cancellation. SHERS acceptance is primarily associated with perceived accessibility, while skepticism may act as a barrier. Developers should prioritize seamless integration with existing ecosystems, clear feedback mechanisms to prevent false alarms, and strong data protection.
- Research Article
- 10.55606/juitik.v6i2.2213
- Apr 20, 2026
- Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Informatika dan Komunikasi
- Tarra Khansa Savina + 2 more
Tarra Khansa Savina, 210510220075, Communication Management Study Program, Faculty of Communication Sciences, Padjadjaran University. This research is titled “Narrative Construction of ‘Problematic Men’ in Romantic Relationships (A Netnographic Study of the ‘Man of the Year’ Trend on TikTok)” with Dr. Ira Mirawati, M.Si as the Primary Supervisor and Detta Rahmawan, S.I.Kom., MA. as the Co-Supervisor. This research aims to analyze the process of narrative construction regarding the figure of “problematic men” in romantic relationships through the Man of the Year trend on the social media platform TikTok. The study focuses on the transformation process of private personal experiences into public consumption, as well as the variations in collective audience responses to these narratives. This research employs a qualitative approach with a netnographic method to examine digital interactions and the storytelling practices of users. Data collection was conducted through participant observation of 49 primary video contents, alongside an in-depth analysis of comment sections and reaction videos. The results indicate that the Man of the Year trend functions as a digital theater facilitating self-disclosure through dramatic digital storytelling strategies. The researcher identified three major themes of male behavior constructed as problematic figures: Relational Manipulation, Relational Dominance, and Emotional Neglect. TikTok's algorithmic infrastructure acts as a lubricant that accelerates instantaneous social penetration, while the comment features and reaction videos create a safe space and "Digital Sisterhood" among women. Overall, this trend serves as a collective defense mechanism for women to redefine the standards of an ideal partner by establishing problematic behavior as a moral boundary in modern relationship dynamics.
- Research Article
- 10.29121/shodhkosh.v7.i5s.2026.7255
- Apr 18, 2026
- ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts
- Priya Palanimurugan + 5 more
Realism occupied an important place in Tamil cinema, especially as a counter-movement to dramatic and commercial film traditions. Among its leading practitioners, Balu Mahendra was widely recognized for his naturalistic cinematography, intimate storytelling, and emotionally nuanced female characters. His films were often celebrated for their aesthetic minimalism and psychological depth. However, while their realism was critically acclaimed, limited research examined how contemporary youth audiences interpreted their gender politics through a feminist framework. In particular, a gap existed in reception-based studies exploring how Generation Z audiences re-evaluated these narratives in the context of modern gender discourses. The study adopted a qualitative, interview-based research design involving 40 Gen Z participants aged 18-27. Following the selected film screenings, semi-structured interviews were conducted, and responses were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings revealed a significant generational reinterpretation of realism. While participants appreciated the emotional authenticity and visual subtlety of the films, they also identified examples of patriarchal undertones, sacrificial femininity, and the male gaze embedded within the narratives. The study revealed that realism was not ideologically neutral but was open to critical feminist rereading. By integrating audience reception theory with feminist film studies, this research contributed to expanding contemporary discourse in film and gender studies.
- Research Article
- 10.1515/lass-2026-0012
- Apr 17, 2026
- Language and Semiotic Studies
- Shahinaz Hesham Elsamadoni
Abstract Digital platforms have transformed political talk shows from one-directional broadcast formats into participatory environments in which audiences actively evaluate, reinterpret, and publicly judge mediated debates. YouTube enables users to engage with political infotainment content through visible interaction metrics such as likes, comments, and emojis. Drawing on the theory of participatory culture, this study examines how YouTube users collectively construct power relations through engagement with a viral political talk-show episode: “Israel-Hamas War: Piers Morgan vs. Bassem Youssef on Palestine’s Treatment.” Conceptualizing audience engagement as participatory endorsement, the study argues that users do not merely react to political content but publicly evaluate speaker credibility and performance, producing a “winner versus loser” narrative through collective evaluative practices. Using quantitative content analysis, the study examines 486 top comments. The analysis focuses on verbal appraisal, emoji use, and engagement metrics to assess how users evaluate and endorse the two main social actors. Findings reveal a strong asymmetry in audience response: Youssef is overwhelmingly endorsed through positive language, high engagement, and affective emojis, while Morgan is predominantly framed through criticism, and disbelief. These patterns suggest that YouTube’s participatory affordances facilitate audience-constructed symbolic authority, enabling users to collectively position Youssef as the rhetorical “winner” of the debate.
- Research Article
- 10.1080/08838151.2026.2656714
- Apr 15, 2026
- Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media
- Omnya Abdelwahab
ABSTRACT This article investigates the audience’s responses to Netflix’s docudrama series Queen Cleopatra, employing case study design and analyzing YouTube comments, exploring key themes such as misinformation, cultural appropriation, representation, historical accuracy, and creative license. It adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative thematic analysis and quantitative sentiment analysis. Guided by reception theory and social identity theory, the study analyzes how representations construct viewers’ interpretations. Findings reveal a significant concern related to historical accuracy, raising a debate on cultural appropriation and misrepresentation. Terms like “blackwashing” and “stealing culture” were commonly used, while low voices defended artistic freedom. Overall, negative sentiment was dominant.
- Research Article
- 10.1002/ase.70231
- Apr 14, 2026
- Anatomical sciences education
- Xue Luo + 2 more
Active learning strategies (ALS) are increasingly employed in undergraduate medical education to promote student engagement across behavioral, emotional, and cognitive dimensions; however, there remains limited integrative understanding of the pedagogical mechanisms through which ALS activate engagement and the contextual conditions shaping this process. This systematic review synthesized empirical studies published between 2015 and June 2025 to examine how ALS activate multidimensional student engagement and to develop an integrative, mechanism-oriented framework for engagement activation in undergraduate medical education. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, six academic databases were systematically searched for quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods studies involving undergraduate medical students, yielding 22 eligible studies. Thematic synthesis indicated that strategies such as gamification, scenario-based learning, team-based learning, and audience response systems demonstrated robust engagement activation when instructional designs integrated authentic tasks, structured collaboration, and timely feedback, rather than through instructional format alone. Across studies, discrepancies were frequently observed between perceived engagement and actual learning outcomes, highlighting the limitations of relying on self-report measures. Contextual moderators, including instructional culture, facilitation practices, and learning environments, further shaped how engagement was activated, expressed, and sustained across settings. These findings informed the development of the Active Learning Engagement Activation model, which conceptualizes engagement as a dynamic, context-sensitive process arising from interactions among instructional design features, learner-interface mechanisms, and contextual moderators, providing a mechanism-oriented framework to support engagement-informed curriculum design and future research in undergraduate medical education.