Executive function (EF) and emotion regulation (ER) have been proposed as transdiagnostic factors that contribute to the socio-emotional and behavioural difficulties observed in neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly autism and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Investigating potential differences in the association between EF and ER in autism, ADHD and autism/ADHD co-occurrence could be an important avenue to inform possible differential diagnosis. In this study, we present a systematic review examining the associations between EF and ER in autism, ADHD, and autism/ADHD. PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and Scopus datasets were searched for empirical articles, published between January 2013 and October 2024. Twenty-two articles were included. Of these, four analysed the relationship between EF and ER in autism, 16 in ADHD and two in autism/ADHD, demonstrating a clear focus on the study of these dimensions in ADHD over the past decade. Although age (i.e., children versus adults) and methodological (i.e., task-based versus report-based measures) differences may contribute to the variability of findings, the overall evidence suggests an association between EF difficulties and emotional dysregulation across conditions. Further research comparing autism, ADHD and autism/ADHD individuals is needed to draw clearer conclusions about how the association between EF and ER differs across these neurodevelopmental disorders, to inform more accurate diagnosis.

Children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often struggle with motor skill performance, which can reduce their participation in sports and physical activities. This may be due to a lack of personal relevance and a sensitivity to controlling environments that reduce motivation. Since autonomy support has been shown to enhance motor performance across different motor tasks and populations, this study aimed to investigate its effects on the immediate motor performance of adolescents with ADHD during a maximum force production task. Twenty-six adolescents aged 13 to 15 (mean age=14.1years, 20 boys and 6 girls) participated in a within-subjects experimental design, where each performed six maximum force attempts (three attempts each hand) using a dynamometer under two conditions: choice and no-choice. In the choice condition, participants selected the order in which they used their preferred and non-preferred hands, while in the no-choice condition, they completed six attempts in an order that matched the sequence chosen by the previous participant. A 20-s rest was given between each attempt. Once participants had finished six attempts in each condition, they were asked to fill out the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory. The results showed that maximum force production, as well as self-reported interest/enjoyment, and perceived competence, were all higher in the choice condition compared to the no-choice condition. No significant differences were found in the perception of choice or pressure/tension. These findings suggest that even small opportunities for autonomy-support can improve motor performance and positively influence factors that predict intrinsic motivation specifically, interest/enjoyment and perceived competence, in adolescents with ADHD.

Non-suicidal self-injury in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and Meta-analysis with Age- and Sex-stratified findings.

The role of ADHD in aggressive driving behavior among young adult drivers: effects of traffic aggressiveness and roadway environments.

Sleep-like slow waves in ADHD: Regional specificity in combined type.

Pharmacological treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are efficacious and safe; however, substantial interindividual variability in treatment response persists, with many patients experiencing suboptimal outcomes or early discontinuation. Although genetic factors have been proposed as contributors to this variability, clinically actionable predictors remain elusive. Here, we present the first meta-analysis evaluating whether polygenic liability for ADHD and related psychiatric and behavioral-cognitive phenotypes is associated with clinically meaningful response to methylphenidate in 1000 ADHD cases from Norway, Brazil, and Spain assessed in real-world settings. Polygenic scores (PGS) for ADHD, autism, bipolar disorder, educational attainment, major depressive disorder, neuroticism, and schizophrenia were calculated separately for each cohort. Treatment response was assessed using evaluations of global clinical improvement and harmonized by categorizing individuals as responders or non-responders. Cohort-specific associations were combined using fixed-effects meta-analysis. No PGS showed a significant association with treatment response. Effect sizes were small, consistent across cohorts, and characterized by minimal between-study heterogeneity. Sensitivity analyses incorporating clinical and treatment-related covariates yielded convergent results. As the first meta-analytic evaluation of polygenic predictors evaluating clinically meaningful ADHD stimulant response, these findings delineate the current limits of PGS in pharmacogenomic applications. Rather than supporting immediate clinical utility, our results highlight key methodological and conceptual constraints, including limited sample sizes, heterogeneous outcome definitions, and the indirect nature of susceptibility-based PGS for predicting treatment response. By mapping these boundaries, this study provides a framework to recalibrate research priorities and guide the next generation of ADHD pharmacogenomic studies toward larger, harmonized, and more informative definitions of treatment response.

Fibromyalgia and its psychosocial determinants in mothers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A controlled cross-sectional study.

Neurodiversity and workplace relationships: The impact of ADHD on social network ties.

Individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, their families and clinicians may report worsening symptoms despite compliant use of medication, suggesting potential tolerance, but evidence remains conflicting. Some studies have also suggested tachyphylaxis, or acute tolerance, though research is limited. We conducted the first systematic review of empirical studies focussing on tolerance/tachyphylaxis to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication to clarify their potential clinical relevance. As registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024594759), we searched PubMed, OVID (including PsychInfo and MEDLINE) and Web of Knowledge up to 1 September, 2024, and assessed the risk of bias using National Institutes of Health quality assessment tools. The identified 17 studies were either interventional or observational, and varied greatly in design and duration. Four investigated tachyphylaxis, nine tolerance to the subjective and behavioural effects, and four tolerance to cardiovascular effects. We found preliminary evidence of tachyphylaxis to the affective or behavioural effects of stimulants, as well as tolerance to the subjective effects of d-amphetamine, such as drug liking and excitation, in neurotypical volunteers in the short term. Conversely, there was little or no evidence for tolerance to the therapeutic or cardiovascular effects of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication in clinical settings in the longer term. Quality was rated as low in most studies because of small sample sizes and methodological limitations. Overall, these results do not support the hypothesis that tolerance commonly develops to the therapeutic effects of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication, although robustly designed longitudinal studies are needed to provide more conclusive evidence. Clinicians may consider other potential explanations for reduced therapeutic effects over time, including natural fluctuations of symptoms, limited compliance, life events and co-occurrent mental health conditions.

Ribosome occupancy and miRNA-mediated silencing of upregulated genes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

ADHD With and Without Comorbid Specific Learning Disorder: Comparisons of WISC-R Profiles, Cognitive Disengagement and Psychiatric Symptoms.

Combined transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) and cognitive training (CT) for cognitive impairment: Evidence from clinical applications and basic research.

ADHD diagnosis and biomarker detection based on multimodal graph attention convolutional neural network.

The effect of sensory deprivation and mutant gene dosage on seizures and sustained attention in a mouse model of absence epilepsy.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) persists into adulthood in up to 60% of cases, affecting 2.5-6.8% of adults worldwide, with high comorbidity rates of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, and significant functional impairments, such as reduced quality of life, increased mortality, and economic burden. This review synthesizes etiological factors, including neuroimaging evidence of fronto-striatal and default mode network disruptions, high heritability up to 70-80% driven by common, polygenic and rare variants, and environmental risk factors. Treatment emphasizes multimodal approaches, with stimulants as first-line pharmacotherapy due to their superior efficacy over non-stimulants like atomoxetine and viloxazine. Novel agents in development, such as centanafadine triple reuptake inhibitor and solriamfetol target core symptoms and comorbidities, showing promising phase III results. Despite the high effect sizes of pharmacological treatment for ADHD, obstacles such as acceptance and adherence remain challenging. Neuromodulatory interventions, including transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and neurofeedback, demonstrate moderate effects on inattention and executive function. Psychotherapeutic options, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)-based interventions, improve symptom management and emotional regulation, often as adjuncts to medication. The review highlights the need for personalized strategies addressing adherence, comorbidity, and long-term outcomes, emphasizing integrated care to mitigate ADHD's lifelong impact.

The effectiveness and feasibility of the new Forest parenting programme for Chinese children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their families.

Abnormal spatial and temporal concordance between local spontaneous intrinsic brain activity measures across three major psychiatric disorders.

From noise to signal: Interpreting heterogeneity in ADHD-related non-suicidal self-injury.

Rare heterozygous de novo variants in RAPGEF2 are associated with a neurodevelopmental disorder.

Therapeutic application of fecal microbiota transplantation for neurological diseases: Exploring novel mechanisms and perspectives.