Atmospheric Temperature Changes Research Articles

The future poleward shift of Southern Hemisphere summer mid-latitude storm tracks stems from ocean coupling

The latitudinal position of mid-latitude storm tracks has large climate impacts affecting the distribution of precipitation, temperature, humidity, and winds over the extratropics. By the end of this century, climate models project a poleward shift of summer mid-latitude storm tracks in the Southern Hemisphere. Most previous mechanisms for the poleward shift of the storm tracks focused on the role of atmospheric temperature changes. However, the relative roles of other climate system components in the projected storm tracks’ shift have not been examined to date. Here it is shown that thermodynamic ocean coupling is responsible for the future poleward shift of the storm tracks as it overcomes the effect of dynamic ocean coupling to shift the storm tracks equatorward. These results stress the importance of using full-physics ocean models to investigate the future shift of the storm tracks, and of better monitoring ocean coupling processes to improve our preparedness for future climate changes.

Deflections and Stresses in Rectangular, Circular and Elliptical Insulating Glass Units.

Insulating glass units (IGUs) are construction elements that react to climatic loads in a specific way. Under the influence of changes in atmospheric pressure and temperature, as well as the effect of wind, the gas closed in the tight gap between the glass panes changes its pressure, which affects the resulting static quantities of the loaded IGUs. The calculation models described in the literature mostly concern rectangular units, however, other shapes are being implemented more and more often in modern architecture. The aim of the article was to propose analytical and numerical models of circular and elliptical IGUs and to compare their results in terms of deflections and stresses with static values for square and rectangular units. Calculation examples were presented for various dimensions of IGUs loaded with changes in atmospheric pressure and an external wind effect. For elliptical IGUs, only the numerical calculations were presented, as it is not possible to formulate an applicable deflection function practically. The results were summarized in the form of tables and graphs, which illustrate the percentage differences between the deflection and stress values for the rectilinear and curvilinear shapes of IGUs for various dimensions and types of loads. It was found that in a single circular glass pane the maximum deflection is 4.2% greater, and the maximum stress is 13% greater than in a square unit of the same dimension. Meanwhile, in a circular, symmetrically loaded double-glazed IGU, the deflection in the circular IGU is smaller by 8–9% than in the square unit and the stress is practically identical.

Rain-Induced Stratification of the Equatorial Indian Ocean and Its Potential Feedback to the Atmosphere.

Surface freshening through precipitation can act to stably stratify the upper ocean, forming a rain layer (RL). RLs inhibit subsurface vertical mixing, isolating deeper ocean layers from the atmosphere. This process has been studied using observations and idealized simulations. The present ocean modeling study builds upon this body of work by incorporating spatially resolved and realistic atmospheric forcing. Fine‐scale observations of the upper ocean collected during the Dynamics of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation field campaign are used to verify the General Ocean Turbulence Model (GOTM). Spatiotemporal characteristics of equatorial Indian Ocean RLs are then investigated by forcing a 2D array of GOTM columns with realistic and well‐resolved output from an existing regional atmospheric simulation. RL influence on the ocean‐atmosphere system is evaluated through analysis of RL‐induced modification to surface fluxes and sea surface temperature (SST). This analysis demonstrates that RLs cool the ocean surface on time scales longer than the associated precipitation event. A second simulation with identical atmospheric forcing to that in the first, but with rainfall set to zero, is performed to investigate the role of rain temperature and salinity stratification in maintaining cold SST anomalies within RLs. Approximately one third, or 0.1°C, of the SST reduction within RLs can be attributed to rain effects, while the remainder is attributed to changes in atmospheric temperature and humidity. The prolonged RL‐induced SST anomalies enhance SST gradients that have been shown to favor the initiation of atmospheric convection. These findings encourage continued research of RL feedbacks to the atmosphere.

The affection of Crude Oil Physical Parameters on Heat Transfer

This paper used the partition method mathematical model, considering the oil’s latent heat effects and the cyclical changes of atmospheric temperature, studied on the influence of crude oil properties on heat and mass transfer during the process of shutdown in overhead pipe. This paper used UFD method to simulate the internal temperature field in shutdown overhead pipe with different crude oil’s physical parameters, and gave the solidification cloud charts of medium in typical shutdown time.

Air Pollution Exposure and Risk of Spontaneous Pneumothorax in Children: A Longitudinal, Nationwide Study.

Spontaneous pneumothorax (SP) involves the spontaneous appearance of air in the pleural space. Atmospheric pressure, temperature change, and seasonal factors may precipitate SP, but its association with air pollution remains unclear. Therefore, we conducted this nationwide, retrospective population-based study to evaluate the risk of SP in Taiwanese children exposed to air pollution. We collected data on SP incidence from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database; the Taiwan Air Quality-Monitoring Database provided daily concentrations of nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and hydrocarbons in 2000–2012. SP risk was evaluated for four quartiles (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4). The NO adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for Q2, Q3, and Q4 compared to Q1 were 1.11 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.77–1.61), 1.24 (95% CI: 0.88–1.76), and 1.66 (95% CI: 1.17–2.34), respectively. The NO2 aHRs for Q2, Q3, and Q4 were 1.12 (95% CI: 0.77–1.64), 1.31 (95% CI: 0.0.90–1.90), and 1.51 (95% CI: 1.04–2.19), respectively. Hydrocarbons aHRs for Q2, Q3, and Q4 were 0.87 (95% CI: 0.64–1.18), 1.16 (95% CI: 0.90–1.49), and 1.40 (95% CI: 1.06–1.85), respectively. Increased exposure to NO, NO2, and hydrocarbons is associated with increased SP risk in Taiwanese children.

Recent divergent changes in Alaskan pinniped trophic position detected using compound-specific stable isotope analysis

Over the past century, Alaskan pinnipeds have experienced dramatic changes in abundance, but these changes have been highly variable across species and regions. In recent decades, changes in atmospheric forcing and sea surface temperature have been particularly pronounced in the Gulf of Alaska and eastern Bering Sea, impacting the food webs in which Alaskan pinnipeds forage. We used compound-specific stable isotope analysis of nitrogen in amino acids to estimate historic and modern trophic positions of harbor seals Phoca vitulina and Steller sea lions Eumetopias jubatus in the Gulf of Alaska and Bristol Bay. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical framework to determine whether shared trends through time exist across pinnipeds (classified by region and species) on decadal scales. Model results identified both shared trends through time and classification-specific decadal changes in pinniped trophic position. The largest change in trophic position occurred in the 2000s and 2010s and was observed in both Steller sea lions (median: 2.8) and harbor seals (median: 3.1) in the Gulf of Alaska, but not harbor seals in Bristol Bay or Iliamna Lake. Divergent trophic position patterns in the 2000s were identified in the western stock of Steller sea lions, which increased in trophic position, and sympatric harbor seals in the northern Gulf of Alaska, which decreased in trophic position. Our results indicate that these species have been experiencing unique food web conditions in recent decades in the Gulf of Alaska, likely in response to recent climate-induced ecological change in the region.

Heat Stress Acclimatization Interventions for Employee Productivity in ISO 14001certified Firms in Kenya in the Context of Climate Change

Globally, extreme temperature occurrences associated with climate change and rise in atmospheric temperature have been observed to be increasing in frequency, duration and intensity. These have negative effects on human health and safety, employee productivity and rate of economic growth. Some organizations have taken steps to address these heat related public health issues. There is however inadequate knowledge on the extent of implementation, effectiveness and acceptability of the existing heat adaptation intervention measures in many vulnerable communities. The general objective of this study therefore was to assess heat acclimatization interventions and implementation outcomes in ISO 14001 certified firms in Kenya. The study adopted descriptive research design. The unit of observation was 37 purposively selected senior executives in the identified firms. Mean responses received in a Likert scale of 1 – 5 for each of the tested items was calculated using descriptive statistics. The study recorded 75.68% response rate, with 42.9% of the respondents indicating that their firm has implemented infrastructural heat adaptation interventions such as cool-housing, shade and water provision, while 42.9% disagreed that the firm has in place technological intervention measures such as personal heat stress sensors and specialised material. When asked to indicate whether employees are aware about heat related mental health issues such as depression, suicide and substance abuse, 46.4% were not sure. When asked to comment on the appropriateness and wide acceptance of the current heat adaptation interventions in their respective firms, 42.9% of the study participants responded in the affirmative, while 21.4% were not sure. The study revealed that a substantial number of respondents were not sure or disagree with the current heat adaptation interventions. This implies that there is vulnerability to health threats associated with prolonged exposure to extreme heat events, hence negative social and economic outcomes such as hospitalization burden, low employee productivity and reduction in household income. The study recommends need for more studies in heat stress areas in Kenya, sensitization activities, review of heat adaptation measures and legal framework to mitigate effects of climate change. The expected study output is employee wellbeing and enhanced productivity for economic growth.

Distributions and sources of isoprenoidal GDGTs in Lake Lugano and other central European (peri-)alpine lakes: Lessons for their use as paleotemperature proxies

Isoprenoidal glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (isoGDGT) lipids occur ubiquitously in freshwater and marine environments. Since their distribution varies with temperature, sedimentary isoGDGTs have been used as proxies for the reconstruction of past continental climate for almost two decades. Yet, their application in lacustrine sediments is still not well constrained because the niches of isoGDGT-producing microorganisms in lakes are often ill-defined. Here, we study the distribution of isoGDGTs and their hydroxy derivatives (OH-isoGDGTs) in the water column of the deep (288 m), meromictic northern basin of Lake Lugano (Switzerland) using quantitative analysis of various pools of isoGDGTs and the stable carbon isotopic composition of isoGDGT-derived biphytanes. We provide strong evidence for archaeal water column sources of the isoGDGTs, based on comparison of lipid data with microbial diversity determined by 16S rRNA next generation sequencing. We find highest concentrations (i.e., 40 ng L−1) of crenarchaeol, the isoGDGTs specific for thaumarchaea, in suspended particle matter (SPM) from deeper (30–100 m) waters below the thermocline. This correlates well with thaumarchaeal 16S rRNA gene abundances, comprised by a single thaumarchaeote of the order Nitrosopumilales. The concentrations of OH-isoGDGT with 0–2 cyclopentane rings follow this profile, suggesting an identical archaeal source. In the deeper anoxic waters, the archaeal community changes substantially and was comprised of various members of the Bathyarchaeota, Diapherotrites, Euryarchaeota, and Woesearchaeota. This change is accompanied by a changing distribution of isoGDGTs with a high contribution of GDGT-0 with a polar head group, and a more negative δ13C value of the acyclic biphytane derived thereof. Comparison of the isoGDGT composition (distribution and δ13C) in the surface sediment with that of the sinking particle flux studied over 1 year at three depths indicates substantial downward transport of isoGDGTs to the sediments from the waters between the thermocline and the anoxic hypolimnion, but not from the deeper (>100 m) waters. The relatively low value for the isoGDGT-based TEX86 value (ca. 0.40) in the surface sediment is similar to that of the in-situ produced isoGDGTs in the waters below the thermocline, and is consistent with the year-around low water temperatures (<6 °C). We also analyzed the isoGDGT composition in surface sediments of 36 additional (peri-)alpine lakes in Central Europe; their isoGDGT concentration and distribution show a clear-cut difference based on lake size. In relatively large and deep lakes, like the Lake Lugano North Basin, the crenarchaeol concentration was much higher than in small-sized and shallow lakes, because Nitrosopumilales spp. have seemingly no niche in shallower waters (0–∼30 m depth), and production, and hence preservation in the sedimentary record, of crenarchaeol (and other thaumarchaeal isoGDGTs) is much lower than in large lakes. We argue that in the mid-latitudinal large and deep (peri-)alpine lakes Nitrosopumilales spp. generally thrive in cold waters below the thermocline, where temperature is largely not affected by fluctuations in mean annual air temperature. Therefore, the TEX86 paleothermometer is relative insensitive to atmospheric temperature changes in these lakes. In the small-sized and shallow lakes and ponds crenarchaeol can still be present but is probably mainly derived from Nitrososphaerales spp. (either from in-situ production or soil erosion). These thaumarchaea are characterized by a higher relative content of the crenarchaeol isomer than the Nitrosopumilales spp. at the same temperature, which may compromise accurate paleotemperature estimations using the TEX86 for small/shallow lakes.

The Effects of Temperature and Prothrombotic Conditions on Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Frequency: An Institutional Experience.

Objectives:The pathogenesis of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is complex and involves the interplay of underlying provocative factors. Upon observing a higher frequency of CVST cases presenting to our hospital in summer, we hypothesized that CVST may be influenced by variations in climate.Materials and Methods:A retrospective review of all patients who were diagnosed with CVST at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan between January 2010 and December 2019 was conducted. After dividing patients into groups based on the type of risk, the frequency of CVST in these groups between four seasons (spring, summer, fall, and winter) was compared.Results:A total of 256 patients diagnosed with CVST were included, of which 129 were female and 127 were male. The mean age was 41.7 ± 15.2 years. Of the total patients, 91.4% had some sort of risk factor, either systemic (162 patients) or local (72 patients), while 22 patients did not have any identifiable risk factor. The number of patients with more than one known risk factor was 93 (36.3%). Of the total number of patients, 96 (37.5%) patients had hyperhomocysteinemia, followed by 85 patients (33.2%) with a prothrombotic risk factor other than hyperhomocysteinemia and 44 (17.2%) patients with central nervous system infections. The most commonly affected sinuses were a combination of the transverse sinus and sigmoid sinus (21%), There was a statistically significant seasonal variation in CVST cases among all patients (P = 0.03) and in the systemic risk factor group (P = 0.05), with the highest number of cases occurring in the summer season.Conclusions:CVST may be influenced by seasonal changes in atmospheric temperatures and humidity, especially in patients with underlying prothrombotic risk factors.

Limit of monsoonal precipitation in southern Tibet during the Last Glacial Maximum from relative moraine extents

Constraining the timing and extent of past glaciations can help understand how glaciers respond to climate change as well as study past changes in atmospheric circulation patterns, precipitation and temperature. Southern Tibet, thanks to its numerous, well-preserved, glacial deposits, is an ideal place to conduct such study, as it receives occasional winter precipitation from the mid-latitude Westerlies and abundant summer precipitation (snowfall at high elevation) from the Indian and East Asian monsoons. The fact that amounts of precipitation varied in space and time over the plateau, greatly influenced past glaciations, now recorded as successive moraine deposits. Here, we study two large moraines from the southern Yadong rift (China-Bhutan border) and determined (using 19 new 10Be cosmogenic samples) that at Jichu, which is located at the base of high summits (~7000 m), glacial deposits were abandoned during Marine oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS)-3 (~29–57 ka), and that at Qudui, located at the base of lower summits (~6000 m), the moraine was deposited during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 19–26.5 ka). Both moraines directly rest on top of presumably MIS-6 (~130–191 ka) remnant surfaces. We suggest that while abundant MIS-3 precipitation allowed MIS-3 moraines to be deposited at the base of the highest summits (such as at Jichu) despite warmer temperature than during the LGM, smaller amounts of precipitation occurred during colder MIS-2, blocked by high summits, preventing deposition of large LGM moraines. By contrast, where restricted LGM precipitation can easily reach across lower summits, large MIS-2 moraines exist at their base (such as at Qudui). In addition, we compiled published ages from 22 most extensive moraines (≤MIS-6) from the northern Himalaya to central Tibet (211 samples) along three N-S transects (~50–400 km-long). We found that the relative extent of LGM and MIS-3 moraines varies between different regions, that we infer is due to spatial variations in precipitation: in general, MIS-3 (or maybe MIS-4 at places) moraines are more extensive than MIS-2 moraines, except in the Yadong rift, where LGM monsoon was able to reach, thanks to low topographic barrier and proximity to the monsoonal front. This thus allows to draw the limit of monsoonal precipitation during the LGM.

Considerations of Thermodynamics and Kinetics for the Effects of Relative Humidity on the Electrolyte in Electrochemical Toxic Gas Sensors.

In this paper, the physical chemistry of the absorption and desorption of water vapor for electrochemical gas sensors with commonly used sulfuric acid as the electrolyte is investigated. Electrochemical gas sensors are being increasingly used for monitoring toxic gases in the environment, and they are, in principle, simple devices, but in practice, their operation is complex. In particular, changes in atmospheric humidity and temperature can have significant effects on the sensor output. A model has been developed for the calculation of sensor weight changes as humidity varies, which are in good agreement with the analysis of experimental results. This then allows for the calculation of the rather more important electrolyte volume variations. Changes in acid molarity and physical characteristics of the electrolyte have also been determined. The effects on working electrode (WE) electrocatalytic activity are discussed, and potential problems with sensors for environmental monitoring are highlighted. In particular, changes in the electroactive area of the WE and, consequently, of the sensor output, and flooding of the WE catalyst aggregates which can lead to problems with electrolyte leakage from sensors are considered.

Uniting the Global Gastroenterology Community to Meet the Challenge of Climate Change and Non-Recyclable Waste

Uniting the Global Gastroenterology Community to Meet the Challenge of Climate Change and Non-Recyclable Waste

Прогнозирование метеорологического показателя рассеивания загрязняющих веществ в приземном воздухе

An improved algorithm for calculating a meteorological indicator of pollution dispersion in surface air (MIPD) using the COSMO-Ru7 configuration forecast data with a discreteness of 1 hour is presented. Using the MIPD as a function of the transport rate and thermal stratification in the atmospheric boundary layer, precipitation and advective temperature changes, the entire range of atmospheric conditions affecting the dispersion of pollutants is divided into three types: weak (the first type), moderate (the second type), and strong (the third type) dispersion. The worst conditions for the pollutant dispersion are provided by the MIPD of the first type; the set of meteorological parameters that determines it corresponds to adverse weather conditions (AWC) that contribute to the accumulation of pollutants in surface air. The proposed detailing within each type of MIPD in the form of subtypes can be useful for predicting AWC for single sources. Illustrations of the MIPD connection with fluctuations in the level of air pollution during the AWC episodes are given using automated measurements of pollutant concentration and fixed network measurements. An algorithm for the probabilistic forecasting of the MIPD, that allows taking into account the uncertainty of the forecast when issuing AWC warnings, is proposed and implemented. Keywords: meteorological conditions of air pollution, adverse weather conditions, numerical prediction

Influence of Environmental Changes Due to Altitude on Performance, Fuel Consumption and Emissions of a Naturally Aspirated Diesel Engine

The present study shows the effects of environmental conditions (atmospheric temperature, pressure and relative humidity) due to altitude changes on performance, fuel consumption and emissions in a naturally aspirated diesel engine. Due to changes in altitude, the atmospheric conditions are altered, mainly the air density, associated to hydrostatic pressure, temperature profile and humidity and relative nitrogen/oxygen ratio, thus modifying the engine intake conditions. The study considers changes in altitude from sea level to 2500 m above sea level, which are representative of the orographic conditions in Ecuador. As a main part of this research, a parametric study of variation of atmospheric temperature, pressure and relative humidity is carried out in AVL BOOST™, showing the effects on mean effective pressure, fuel consumption and specific pollutant emissions (CO2, NOx, CO and soot). The study considers effects at regional level (change from an altitude to another) and local level (changes in the atmospheric conditions due to local anticyclone or storm, temperature and humidity). The quantitative effects are expressed in the form of sensitivity coefficients, e.g., relative change in an engine output variable due to the change in atmospheric pressure, temperature or humidity. In addition, several global correlations have been obtained to provide analytical expressions to summarize all results obtained, showing the separate effect of pressure and temperature on each engine performance variable.

Using Climate Model Simulations to Constrain Observations

AbstractWe compare atmospheric temperature changes in satellite data and in model ensembles performed under phases 5 and 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5 and CMIP6). In the lower stratosphere, multidecadal stratospheric cooling during the period of strong ozone depletion is smaller in newer CMIP6 simulations than in CMIP5 or satellite data. In the troposphere, however, despite forcing and climate sensitivity differences between the two CMIP ensembles, their ensemble-average global warming over 1979–2019 is very similar. We also examine four properties of tropical behavior governed by basic physical processes. The first three are ratios between trends in water vapor (WV) and trends in sea surface temperature (SST), lower-tropospheric temperature (TLT), and mid- to upper-tropospheric temperature (TMT). The fourth property is the ratio between TMT and SST trends. All four ratios are tightly constrained in CMIP simulations but diverge markedly in observations. Model trend ratios between WV and temperature are closest to observed ratios when the latter are calculated with datasets exhibiting larger tropical warming of the ocean surface and troposphere. For the TMT/SST ratio, model–data consistency depends on the combination of observations used to estimate TMT and SST trends. If model expectations of these four covariance relationships are realistic, our findings reflect either a systematic low bias in satellite tropospheric temperature trends or an overestimate of the observed atmospheric moistening signal. It is currently difficult to determine which interpretation is more credible. Nevertheless, our analysis reveals anomalous covariance behavior in several observational datasets and illustrates the diagnostic power of simultaneously considering multiple complementary variables.

Middle Atmosphere Temperature Changes Derived from SABER Observations during 2002-2020

AbstractUsing temperature data measured by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument from February 2002 to March 2020, the temperature linear trend and temperature responses to the solar cycle (SC), Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) were investigated from 20 km to 110 km for the latitude range of 50°S-50°N. A four-component harmonic fit was used to remove the seasonal variation from the observed monthly temperature series. Multiple linear regression (MLR) was applied to analyze the linear trend, SC, QBO, and ENSO terms. In this study, the near-global mean temperature shows consistent cooling trends throughout the entire middle atmosphere, ranging from -0.28 to -0.97 K/decade. Additionally, it shows positive responses to the solar cycle, varying from -0.05 to 4.53 K/100sfu. A solar temperature response boundary between 50°S and 50°N is given, above which the atmospheric temperature is strongly affected by solar activity. The boundary penetrates deep below the stratopause to ~ 42 km over the tropical region and rises to higher altitudes with latitude. Temperature responses to the QBO and ENSO can be observed up to the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere. In the equatorial region, 40%-70% of the total variance is explained by QBO signals in the stratosphere and 30%-50% is explained by the solar signal in the upper middle atmosphere. Our results, obtained from 18-year SABER observations, are expected to be an updated reliable estimation of the middle atmosphere temperature variability for the stratospheric ozone recovery period.

Ionospheric Response to the December 14, 2020 Total Solar Eclipse in South America

AbstractThe Southern Andes, in Patagonia, are a well‐known hotspot of orographic gravity waves (oGWs) during winter when atmospheric conditions, such as temperature, wind speed, and wind direction, favor their generation and propagation. In the summer, oGWs above the mesosphere and oGW‐induced ionospheric perturbations are rarely observed because vertical wave propagation conditions are unfavorable. Nevertheless, when atmospheric conditions deviate significantly from those typical of summer, for example, during a solar eclipse (SE), the atmospheric temperature and wind changes can allow oGWs to reach ionospheric heights. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)‐based ionospheric total electron content (TEC) studies of the 2017 North American eclipse showed oGW‐compatible observations near the totality zone around the Rocky Mountains, and it was suggested, but not shown, that these were likely oGWs. In this work, we report, model, and interpret GNSS TEC perturbations observed during the December 14, 2020 total SE in South America. TEC data recorded near the Andes during this total SE are in good agreement with predictions by the SAMI3 ionospheric model until shortly after the passage of the umbra. TEC data after totality can best be explained with the interpretation that the observation of oGWs was favored by the passage of the eclipse over the Andes Mountains.

Study on Patients’ Adaptation in Sanatoriums

There are indications, contraindications and risks of the climatotherapy application. The impact of weather factors on the human body during the period of sanatorium-resort treatment is not only able to trigger the mechanisms of sanogenesis, but also cause a breakdown in adaptation and a deterioration in the course of cardiovascular diseases. According to various domestic sources, pronounced weather sensitivity is observed in 80-85% of patients with common diseases of the circulatory system. Aim. To assess the influence of biotropic weather conditions on the occurrence of exacerbation and progression of meteorological diseases of the circulatory system associated with the passage of sanatorium-resort treatment in another region, in order to draw up a personalized forecast of the exacerbations progression as well as to develop programs for the prevention and treatment of weatherdependent circulatory system diseases. Material and methods. Two series of studies were conducted on a single patient population: a study of adaptation depending on the climatic conditions of the residence region r(n=200) and a retrospective study on symptoms – weather events linkage, the relationship of symptoms with a region of sanatorium-resort treatment (n=148). Designs of retrospective and longitudinal prospective clinical trials were used. To evaluate the presence of weather factors and patient complaints linkage, the method of hierarchical agglomerative clustering was used. The ARIMA moving variable method was used to assess risks and build predictive models. Results. The greatest impact on the well-being of patients with hypertension treated in Sanatorium and Resort Complex «Vulan», a scientific and clinical branch of the National Medical Research Center of Rehabilitation and Balneology, are rapid changes in atmospheric pressure (1.7 points out of 3 maximums possible) and temperature (1.3 points), “magnetic storms” (1.9 points), as well as high atmospheric pressure (1.2 points), the least influence is frost (0.2 points) and snow (0.1 points). Patients with essential hypertension who came to undergo sanatorium-resort treatment in the Southern Federal District (FD) (Gelendzhik) showed pronounced adaptive changes, manifested in an increase in the amplitude of changes in subjective indicators from 3-5 to 10-14 days of treatment. Adaptation of patients who arrived from the Central FD and the Ural FD was distinguished by the onset of the adaptive changes peak on the 3 day and attenuation of adaptive reactions by 10-14th days. In patients coming from the Southern FD, the adaptive reactions were poorly expressed, had no significant peaks and subsided on 10-14th days. Conclusion. The severity of meteopathic reactions depends on the region of the patient’s residence, the region of the sanatoriumresort treatment, the duration of the patient’s staying in the resort area. The questionnaire and the self-control diary developed in the course of the study allow an adequate assessment of the meteorological factors influence on the human body.

Rapid functional shifts across high latitude forests over the last 65years.

Global environmental changes have strongly affected forest demographic rates, particularly amplified tree mortality in high latitude forests (e.g., two to five times greater mortality probability over the half-century). Although forest functional composition is critical for multitrophic biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, it remains unclear how functional composition has changed over time across large high latitude regions, which have been warming twice the rate of the globe as a whole. Using extensive spatial and long-term forest inventory data (17,107 plots monitored 1951-2016) across Canada, we found that after accounting for stand age-dependent functional shifts, functional composition shifted toward fast-growing deciduous broadleaved trees and higher drought tolerance over time. The temporal shift toward deciduous broadleaved trees was consistent across the baseline climate. However, over the study period, drought tolerance increased (or shade tolerance decreased) by 300% in colder boreal regions, while drought tolerance did not shift significantly in warmer temperate climates. A further analysis accounting for temporal changes in atmospheric CO2 , temperature, and water availability indicated that the functional composition of colder regions shifted toward drought tolerance more rapidly with rising CO2 than warmer regions, suggesting the greater vulnerability of boreal forests than temperate forests under ongoing global environmental changes. Future ecosystem management practices should consider spatial differences in functional responses to global environmental change, focusing on high latitude forests experiencing higher rates of warming and compositional changes.

Potential effects of climate changes on evaporation from a temperate deep lake

Study regionLake Ikeda, Japan. Study focusFew previous studies on the contribution of meteorological factors to lake evaporation (E) have been conducted with comprehensive analyses of lake surface temperature (Ts) under different climate scenarios. This study aimed to compute and compare the sensitivities of monthly and annual E to changes in solar (Rs) and atmospheric radiation (Ra), air temperature (Ta), relative humidity (RH), and wind speed (u) under two climate scenarios through a 36-year numerical simulation for Lake Ikeda. New hydrological insights for the regionWhere climate shifted unidirectionally, Rs and Ra were the greatest driving forces for E. The mean contributions of Rs and Ra to annual E change were approximated to be 2.4- and 5.4-times larger than that of Ta (or RH), respectively. Thus, under warming or cooling condition around the lake, Ra working with Ta was dominant for E. In contrast, considering seasonal climate variability, a remarkable effect of the seasonal variability in Ta on E, indicating negative correlation, was estimated. E changes were characterized by the dilatory thermal-reaction of Ts, enhanced by the seasonal switching effect of heat conduction between the lake and atmosphere, and seasonal temperature dependency of vapor pressure. The driving factors of E and Ts, correlations between E and meteorological factors, and variabilities of meteorological factors were compared and summarized for lakes located between 30°N−45°N worldwide.